|
Mucous membranes are a part of
the complement system.
humoral immunity.
adaptive defense.
innate defense.
cell-mediated immunity.
|
innate defense
|
|
According to the animation, B cells interact directly with
phagocytes.
the complement system.
helper T cells.
inflammation.
|
Helper T cells
|
|
Which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally-infected cells?
Humoral immunity
T lymphocytes
Phagocytosis
Complement system
|
T lymphocytes
|
|
According to the animation, antibodies interact with which innate defenses?
Phagocytosis
First-line defenses
Phagocytosis and the complement system
Phagocytosis, inflammation, and the complement system
The complement system
Inflammation
|
Phagocytosis and the complement system
|
|
Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body?
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
B cells
Phagocytes
|
cytotoxic T cells
|
|
Phagocytosis is a process for engulfing large particles (>1μm). Which feature of antibodies will help to make particles larger, therefore enhancing phagocytosis?
neutralization
agglutination
complement activation
opsonization
|
agglutination
|
|
The flu virus mutates fairly frequently. Its adhesive proteins change such that we have different "strains" of influenza each year. When a particular flu virus mutates such that its adhesive proteins change, which function of antibodies is disrupted?
agglutination
complement activation
opsonization
neutralization
|
neutralization
|
|
__________________ stimulated with ___________ differentiate into __________, which secrete antibodies into the bloodstream.
Antigen, plasma cells, B-cells
Phagocytes, antigen, B-cells
Plasma cells, antigen, B-cells
B-cells, antigen, plasma cells
|
B-cells, antigen, plasma cells
|
|
Antigen processing and presentation
is a way for a cell to give information about its activities.
is the way foreign cells engulf macrophages.
is a way for viruses to infect cells.
is only accomplished by bacterial cells
|
is a way for a cell to give information about its activities
|
|
Why would a body cell that is not a phagocyte need to present antigens?
Non-phagocytic body cells can become infected with a virus.
All cells of the body can engulf invading cells.
Antigens are infectious and can spread to normal cells.
Antigens are required for cell-to-cell attachment
|
non-phagocytic body cells can become infected with a virus
|
|
How do phagocytes communicate to other cells what they have captured?
They engulf virally infected cells.
They spread viruses to other cells.
They present antigens from engulfed foreign cells.
|
they present antigens from engulfed foreign cells
|
|
Which of the following best characterizes clonal selection?
The production of identical T cells producing the same antibody
The production of identical B cells producing the same antibody
The production of different antigens by the same B cell
The production of identical B cells producing different antibodies
|
The production of identical B cells producing the same antibody
|
|
What is produced by the process of clonal expansion?
Plasma cells
Plasma cells, T cells, and memory B cells
Memory B cells
Plasma cells and memory B cells
|
Plasma Cells, and memory B cells
|
|
An antigen that is potent enough to activate a B cell on its own is known as
T-dependent antigens.
T-independent antigens.
antibodies.
BCR.
|
T- independent antigens
|
|
Based on the animation, T cells recognized the antigen displayed by what protein of the B cell?
BCR
CD4
TCR
MHC
Antigen
|
MHC
|
|
How can a sufficient humoral immune response occur if a plasma cell only lives for a few days?
Each plasma cell can proliferate into more plasma cells.
Each plasma cell can produce up to 2000 antibodies every second.
T cells can also produce antibodies.
Memory B cells can also produce antibodies.
|
Each plasma cell can produce up to 2000 Antibodies every second
|
|
Which receptor on the helper T-cell recognizes the specific antigen from an antigen-presenting cell?
CD4
IL-1 Receptors
IL-2 Receptors
TCR
|
TCR
|
|
TH2 cells produce cytokines that activate
cytotoxic T-cells.
macrophages.
natural killer cells.
B cells.
|
B cells
|
|
Which proteins on the antigen-presenting cell are recognized by the helper T-cell?
IL-1 receptors
MHC proteins
CD8 receptors
IL-2 receptors
|
MHC proteins
|
|
When do helper T-cells develop into TH1 or TH2 cells?
Immediately after the binding of the CD4 receptor
Before autostimulation
After proliferation into a clonal population
After B cell activation
|
After proliferation into colonel population
|
|
Natural killer cells are activated by
bacterial cells.
TH1 cells.
antigen-presenting cells.
TH2 cells.
|
TH1 cells.
|
|
What is apoptosis?
The receptor on a cytotoxic T-cell that recognizes MHC molecules.
A protein molecule that forms a pore in the membranes of infected cells.
The proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells.
The process of programmed cell death.
|
The process of programmed cell death
|
|
What is the function of the CD8 receptor?
Bind to MHC molecules
Produce gamma interferon
Activate cytokines
Produce IL-2
|
Bink to MHC molecules
|
|
What is the fate of activated cytotoxic T-cells?
They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen; some of these cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells, while others mature to attack infected cells.
Each activated cytotoxic T-cell proliferates, forming a clone of cells specific to the same antigen.
They can differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells.
They can mature and attack infected cells.
They are infected by viruses.
They are destroyed via apoptosis.
|
They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen; some of the cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T cells, while other mature to attack infected cells
|
|
Which molecule triggers apoptosis?
MHC
Perforin
Granzyme
Gamma-interferon
IL-2
|
Granzyme
|
|
Which event happens first during cytotoxic T-cell activation?
Clonal proliferation
Secretion of granzymes and perforin
CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells
Production of IL-2 and gamma-interferon receptor
|
CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells
|
|
Which of the following statements concerning cellular immunity is FALSE?
Cellular immunity involves cells that recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them.
The lymphocytes involved with cellular immunity are found primarily in lymphoid organs and blood.
The thymus is necessary for development of cells involved in cellular immunity.
T cells respond to antigens when the antigens bind to receptors on their surface.
|
cellular immunity involves cells that recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them
|
|
The primary immune response involves
an immediate increase in the concentration of antibodies, followed by an immediate and sharp decline.
a slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a gradual decline.
a slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a rapid decline.
an immediate increase in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a slow decline.
|
a slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a rapid decline
|
|
According to the animation, for approximately how many days is IgG present in the serum?
Fifteen days
Five days
Ten days
Twenty days
|
Ten days
|
|
According to the animation, on what day does IgM first appear?
Day ten
Day fifteen
Day five
Day one
|
five days
|
|
Cytokines are protein-based chemical messengers that allow for communication between cells of the immune system.
True
False
|
true
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of B cells?
They recognize antigens associated with MHC I.
They are responsible for antibody formation.
They originate in bone marrow.
They are responsible for the memory response.
They have antibodies on their surfaces.
|
they recognize antigens associated with MHC I
|
|
Plasma cells are activated by a(n)
T cell.
antigen.
memory cell.
APC.
B cell.
|
antigen
|
|
What makes agglutination by antibodies possible?
Antibodies are produced by plasma cells.
Antibodies can inactivate toxins.
Antibodies can recognize bacteria as well as viruses.
Each antibody has at least two antigen-binding sites
|
Each antibody has at least two antigen-binding sites
|
|
What is the role of plasma cells in humoral immunity?
Plasma cells produce antibodies.
Plasma cells neutralize toxins.
Plasma cells activate the complement system.
Plasma cells engulf viruses.
Plasma cells are phagocytes.
|
PLASMA CELLS PRODUCE ANTIBODIES
|
|
How might a pathogenic bacterium be affected by antibodies?
The antibodies may coat the surface of the bacteria (opsonization), allowing for it to be tagged for phagocytosis.
The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host, may opsonize the bacterium, or may agglutinate bacteria.
The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host.
The antibodies may stick to multiple bacteria, causing agglutination.
|
The antibodies may block proteins necessary for binding the pathogen to the host, may opsonize the bacterium, or may agglutinate bacteria.
|
|
Which of the following statements is NOT a possible outcome of antigen-antibody reaction?
ADCC
agglutination
clonal deletion
activation of complement
opsonization
|
colonel deletion
|
|
When an antibody binds to a toxin, the resulting action is referred to as
opsonization.
neutralization.
agglutination.
apoptosis.
ADCC.
|
neutralization
|
|
Where are MHC molecules located on a cell?
In the nucleus
They are not associated with any one location on the cell
On the surface of the cell
Inside the cell cytoplasm
|
On the surface of the cell
|
|
What is a feature of the small fragments presented by MHC-I proteins?
They are small fragments of nucleic acids, 8-10 nucleotides in length.
They are large proteins from the host.
They are derived from bacteria.
They are small peptides, roughly 8-10 amino acids long.
|
They are small peptides, roughly 8-10 amino acids long.
|
|
Which organelle assists directly with the presentation of MHC-I antigens?
The phagosome
The endoplasmic reticulum
The mitochondria
The Golgi apparatus
The nucleus
|
The endoplasmic reticululm
|
|
When does MHC-II loading occur?
After passing through the endoplasmic reticulum
During viral infection
During the fusion of vesicles containing MHC-II proteins with vesicles containing digested pathogens
During phagocytosis of an invading pathogen
|
During the fusion of vesicles obtaining MHC-II proteins with vesicles containing digested pathogens
|
|
Which of the cells listed below can present antigens on Class II MHC proteins?
Virus infected epithelial cells
Healthy epithelial cells
Tumor cells
Macrophages
|
Macrophages
|
|
Which type of cell directly attacks infected cells?
Cancerous cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
Bacterial cells
Helper T-cells
|
cytotoxic T-cells
|
|
Immune cells that secrete cytokines and activate other immune cells are:
Cytotoxic T-cells
Helper T-cells
Virally infected cells
Invading pathogenic bacteria
Abnormal body cells
|
Helper T Cells
|
|
HIV directly infects T-cells. Why is this problematic for cell-mediated immunity?
HIV transforms the T-cells into cancer cells.
HIV reprograms these cells to attack the body cells.
Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body.
HIV causes cytokines to be produced at much higher levels, altering the normal function of the immune system.
|
Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body.
|
|
How do helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells work together?
Helper T-cells produce cytotoxic T-cells.
Cytotoxic T-cells produce cytokines to activate helper T-cells.
Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system.
Cytotoxic T-cells attack abnormal body cells, while helper T-cells attack virally infected cells.
|
Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system.
|
|
Which of the following cells is NOT an APC?
mature B cells
dentritic cells
macrophages
natural killer cells
None of the answers is correct; all of these are APCs.
|
natural killer cells
|
|
CD4+ T cells are activated by
cytokines released by dendritic cells.
cytokines released by B cells.
complement.
interaction between CD4+ and MHC II.
interaction between TCRs and MHC II.
|
interactions between CD4+ and MHC II
|
|
Which of the following recognizes antigens displayed on host cells with MHC II?
natural killer cell
B cell
basophil
TH cell
TC cell
|
TH cell
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cellular immunity?
It can inhibit the immune response.
Cells are processed in the thymus gland.
The cells originate in bone marrow.
T cells react with antigens.
B cells make antibodies.
|
B cells make antibodies
|
|
Which of the following destroys virus-infected cells?
Treg
dendritic cells
B cells
TH
CTL
|
CTL
|
|
Which of the following statements about natural killer cells is FALSE?
They destroy virus-infected cells.
They destroy cells lacking MHC I.
They are stimulated by an antigen.
They destroy tumor cells.
None of the answers are correct; all of these statements are true.
f
|
They are stimulated by an antigen
|
|
A Treg cell deficiency could result in
increased number of viral infections.
autoimmunity.
increased number of bacterial infections.
increased severity of bacterial infections.
transplant rejection.
|
autoimmunity
|
|
Which of the following statements concerning antigen-presenting cells is true?
They transport antigens to the liver, where they can be degraded.
They are a type of T cell.
They are involved in activating T cells.
They are found only in lymphoid tissues.
|
They are involved in activating T celsl
|
|
Which type of T cell is involved in activating macrophages and stimulating development of cytotoxic T cells?
TH2 cells
CD8+ T cells
Treg cells
TH1 cells
|
TH1 Cells
|
|
Apoptosis results in significant leakage of cellular contents.
True
False
|
False
|
|
Which structure do antigen presenting cells utilize to directly help them present bacterial antigens?
Phagolysosome
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
|
Phagolysosome
|
|
Which of the following are likely to be found on an MHC-I protein?
Damaged mitochondrial fragment
Bacterial DNA
Membranes from a neighboring dead host cell
Bacterial flagella
Bacterial cell wall fragment
|
Damaged mitochondrial fragment
|
|
What would a virally infected skin epithelial cell have on its cell surface?
Class I MHC with skin cell antigens
Class II MHC with liver cell antigens
Class II MHC with macrophage antigens
Class II MHC with viral antigens
|
Class I MHC with skin cell antigens
|
|
Which of the following would you likely see on the surface of a human dendritic cell following phagocytosis of a bacterium?
Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens
Class II MHC with dendritic cell antigens
Class II MHC with engulfed bacterial antigens
Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria
|
Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria
|
|
Tom has a genetic disorder in which he does not synthesize class I MHC proteins or functional NK cells. Which of the following statements would be true for Tom?
Tom would be less susceptible to helminth infections.
Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells.
Tom would be more susceptible to bacterial infections.
Tom would not be able to produce antibodies against viruses.
|
Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells
|
|
Consider a helminthic infection in which an individual is colonized by a parasitic worm. The worm is too big to be engulfed by a phagocytic cell. How does the immune system respond?
Antibodies bind to the worm and disrupt its plasma membrane.
The worm gets coated with antibodies, which activate other cells in the immune system to secrete chemicals that kill it.
Blood flow is reduced to the area, which starves the worm of nutrients.
Numerous phagocytes work cooperatively to ingest the worm.
|
The worm gets coated with antibodies, which activate other cells in the immune system to secrete chemicals that kill it.
|
|
Which of the following statements concerning immunological memory is true?
The memory response is due to production of long-lived cells that can respond very rapidly upon second exposure.
Antibodies produced in response to a secondary infection are mostly IgM.
The memory response involves only B cells.
The memory response is usually faster but not as strong.
|
The memory response is due to production of long-lived cells that can respond very rapidly upon second exposure.
|
|
What type of immunity results from vaccination?
innate immunity
naturally acquired active immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
artificially acquired active immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity
|
artificially acquired active immunity
|
|
An individual may be exposed to a pathogen and become infected without actually getting sick. This is known as a subclinical infection. Even in subclinical infections, the individual’s adaptive immune system can generate memory for the pathogen. What type of adaptive immunity is this?
naturally acquired passive immunity
naturally acquired active immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity
artificially acquired active immunity
|
naturally acquired active immunity
|
|
Which cells are involved in a secondary response?
Memory B cells
T cells
Plasma cells
Memory B cells and plasma cells
|
Memory B cells and plasma cells
|
|
How is the secondary response different from the primary response in terms of antibody concentration in the blood?
The secondary response is faster, but does not produce more antibodies than the primary response.
The secondary response is faster and produces more antibodies than the primary response.
There is no difference with regard to antibody concentration in the blood.
The secondary response is slower, but produces more antibodies than the primary response.
|
The secondary response is faster and produces more antibodies than the primary response.
|
|
According to the animation, on which day does the production of IgG occur in the secondary response?
Day ten
Day two
Day fifteen
Day five
|
Day five
|
|
An anamnestic response is
the term used to describe the production of antibodies from a plasma cell.
another name for primary response.
the appearance of antibodies in serum.
another name for secondary response.
|
another name for secondary response
|
|
Which part of the adaptive immune response involves B cells?
Neither humoral nor cell-mediated
Both humoral and cell-mediated
Cell-mediated
Humoral
|
Humoral
|
|
Antibodies are a part of which type of immunity?
Cell-mediated
Both humoral and cell-mediated
Humoral
Neither humoral nor cell-mediated
|
Humoral
|
