|
formed elements |
The cellular elements of blood; erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. (plural) |
|
plasma |
colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended (singular) |
|
erythrocytes |
Red blood cells that transport oxygen (plural) |
|
buffy coat |
a thin light colored layer of white blood cells and platelets than lie between a top layer of plasma and red blood cells (singular) |
|
leukocytes |
White blood cells (plural) |
|
platelets |
tiny, disk-shaped bodies in the blood, important in blood clot formation (plural) |
|
55 |
% of blood that is plasma |
|
1 |
% of blood that is buffy coat |
|
45 |
% of blood that is Erythrocytes |
|
hematocrit |
a measuring instrument to determine (usually by centrifugation) the relative amounts of corpuscles and plasma in the blood (singular) |
|
slightly alkaline |
pH of blood |
|
8 |
% of body weight attributed to blood |
|
albumin |
Protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood (singular) |
|
hemoglobin |
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells (singular) |
|
hemocytoblasts |
stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood (plural) |
|
hemopoiesis |
formation of blood cells |
|
plasma proteins |
function to buffer blood, transport molecules, and maintain osmotic pressure (plural) |
|
globin |
The protein portion of hemoglobin (singular) |
|
heme |
a complex red organic pigment containing iron and other atoms to which oxygen binds (singular) |
|
oxyhemoglobin |
compound formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin (singular) |
|
deoxyhemoglobin |
hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it, a dull red color. (singular) |
|
carbaminohemoglobin |
the compound formed by the union of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin (singular) |
|
erythropoiesis |
process of RBC production, is a negative feedback system |
|
reticulocyte |
an immature red blood cell containing a network of filaments or granules (singular) |
|
erythropoietin |
A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. (singular) |
|
ferritin |
primary iron storage protein; soluble in blood; serum level reflects marrow storage iron (singular) |
|
hemosiderin |
iron-containing pigment derived from breakdown of hemoglobin (singular) |
|
transferrin |
a globulin in blood plasma that carries iron (singular) |
|
120 |
red blood cells have a lifespan of approximately ______ (number) days |
|
bilirubin |
Orange-yellow pigment in bile. It is formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die. (singular) |
|
anemia |
"lacking blood" lack of a normal number of red blood cells (singular) |
|
hemorrhagic anemia |
acute or chronic loss of blood (singular) |
|
hemolytic anemia |
extreme reduction in circulating RBC’s due to their destruction (singular) |
|
aplastic anemia |
failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow (singular) |
|
microcytes |
small pale iron deficient rbcs (plural) |
|
macrocytes |
abnormally large RBC (plural) |
|
thalassemias |
genetic anemia in which one of the globin chains is faulty or absent and the rbcs are thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin (common in people of Mediterranean ancestry) (plural) |
|
sickle cell anemia |
a genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape (singular) |
|
hemoglobin S |
sickle cell hemoglobin |
|
polycythemia |
a disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood (singular) |
|
blood doping |
"induced erythrocythemia"-procedure to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells. Increases Concentration of RBC |
|
diapedesis |
passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue |
|
amoeboid motion |
when WBCs form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that move them along (singular) |
|
positive chemotaxis |
movement toward a chemical stimulus |
|
leukocytosis |
abnormal increase of white blood cells |
|
never let monkeys eat bananas |
mnemonic for remembering leukocytes in order of most abundant to least abundant |
|
granulocytes |
A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. (plural) |
|
neutrophils |
The most abundant type of white blood cell, are phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days. (plural) |
|
polymorphonuclear |
pertaining to a many-shaped nucleus; a type of white blood cell (polys) |
|
eosinophils |
white blood cell that are responsible for combating infection by parasites (2-4 % of WBC’s) (plural) |
|
basophils |
Blood cells that enter damaged tissues and enhance the inflammation process and contain histamine and heparin (.5-1% of WBC’s) (plural) |
|
agranulocytes |
A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei; lymphocytes, monocytes. (plural) |
|
lymphocytes |
the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. (25 % of WBC’s) (plural) |
|
monocytes |
an agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage (3-8% of WBC’s) (plural) |
|
leukopoiesis |
the formation of white blood cells, begins in the marrow. |
|
interleukins |
proteins that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes (plural) |
|
colony stimulating factors |
Stimulate progenitor cells in bone marrow to increase numbers of leukocytes, thereby improving immune function (plural) |
|
myeloid stem cell |
secondary stem cell; produces all formed elements (except lymphocytes) (singular) |
|
lymphoid stem cell |
secondary stem cell; produces lymphocytes (singular) |
|
leukopenia |
an abnormal lowering of the white blood cell count |
|
leukemia |
malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal white blood cells formed in the bone marrow |
|
mononucleosis |
a condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood, along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis) |
|
megakaryocytes |
the large multinucleate cells that platelets are fragments of (plural) |
|
thrombopoietin |
hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation (singular) |
|
hemostasis |
the stoppage of bleeding |
|
vascular spasm |
1st step in hemostasis, important phase that platelets play in blood clotting which helps to prevent blood loss by the contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessels |
|
platelet plug formation |
2nd step in hemostasis, When vessels are damaged, platelets will adhere to the rough edges. This may stop the leak. The platelets also release clotting factors. |
|
coagulation |
3rd step in hemostasis, blood clotting |
|
procoagulants |
compounds that promote clotting,Activated when injury occurs. (plural) |
|
intrinsic pathway |
coagulation pathway involving coagulation factors circulating within the bloodstream (singular) |
|
extrinsic pathway |
coagulation pathway initiated by the release of thromboplastin from injured tissue (singular) |
|
prothrombin |
plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process (singular) |
|
thrombin |
an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot (singular) |
|
fibrinogen |
Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process (singular) |
|
fibrin |
a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots (singular) |
|
anticoagulants |
Substances that inhibit coagulation (plural) |
|
clot retraction |
after a clot has formed, it begins to condense into a more compact structure by this process (singular) |
|
serum |
plasma minus clotting proteins and cells (singular) |
|
fibrinolysis |
a normal ongoing process that dissolves fibrin and results in the removal of small blood clots |
|
plasmin |
an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots (singular) |
|
heparin |
anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells (singular) |
|
thromboembolic disorders |
diseases associated with the undesirable formation of blood clots (plural) |
|
bleeding disorders |
abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation (plural) |
|
disseminated intravascular coagulation |
widespread clotting in the blood vessels causing obstruction to the tissues (singular) |
|
thrombus |
a blood clot formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its place of origin (singular) |
|
embolus |
A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream. (singular) |
|
embolism |
the sudden closure of a blood vessel by a traveling blood clot, or embolus (singular) |
|
warfarin |
an anticoagulant (trade name Coumadin) use to prevent and treat a thrombus or embolus (singular) |
|
thrombocytopenia |
a blood disease characterized by an abnormally small number of platelets in the blood (singular) |
|
hemophilias |
hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors (plural) |
|
agglutinogens |
Antigens formed on the surface of red blood cells, whose presence and structure are genetically determined. (plural) |
|
ABO blood groups |
Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells; phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O. (plural) |
|
Rh blood groups |
the extensive, genetically determined system of red blood cell antigens defined by the immune serum of rabbits injected with rhesus monkey erythrocytes, or by human antisera (plural) |
|
AB |
blood type that can receive A,B,AB, or O |
|
B |
blood type that can receive B or O |
|
A |
blood type that can receive A or O |
|
O |
blood type that can receive O |
|
erythroblastosis fetalis |
hemolytic disease in the newborn caused by a blood groop (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus (singular) |
|
A |
identify blood type #1 |
|
B |
identify blood type #2 |
|
AB |
identify blood type #3 |
|
O |
identify blood type #4 |
|
transfusion reaction |
a serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match (singular) |
|
autologous transfusion |
a transfusion prepared from a donor’s own blood (singular) |
|
thrombo- |
clot of blood (prefix) |
|
erythro- |
red (prefix) |
|
-penia |
deficiency (suffix) |
|
-poietin |
that which causes production (suffix) |
|
-phils |
phagacyte (suffix) |
|
hemolytic |
relating to that which is destructive to red blood cells (singular) |
|
-hemia |
blood condition (suffix) |
|
Monocyte |
Kidney shaped clear background |
|
Lymphocyte |
Spherical |
|
Eosinophil |
Bi-lobed granular background |
|
Neutrophil |
Multi-lobed granular background |
|
Most common white blood cell found in whole blood |
Neutrophil |
|
Mounts an immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies |
Lympocyte |
|
Kills parasitic worms |
Eosinophil |
|
Becomes a macrophage |
Monocyte |
|
Main bacteria killer during acute infections |
Neutrophil |
|
SEE Figure 17.1 and 17.2 |
Study guide! |
|
Nucleus has two lobes; contains granules of lysosomal enzymes; functions in attacking parasitic worms. |
Eosinophil |
|
Nucleus is multilobed; functions as a phagocyte; contains fine indistinct granules |
Neutrophil |
|
Transports CO2 and oxygen |
Erythrocytes |
|
Contains a U- or an S-shaped nucleus; granules stain very dark; releases histamine and heparin |
Basophils |
|
Largest of the WBCs; crucial in defense against viruses; associated with chronic infections |
Monocytes |
|
The major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure. |
Albumin |
|
Thrombin catalyzes the activation of these molecules present in plasma. |
Fibrinogen |
|
Forms the structural framework of a blood clot. |
Fibrinogen |
|
Makes up most of plasma protein. |
Albumin |
|
Main contributor to osmotic pressure. |
Albumin |
|
Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response. |
Gamma Gobulins |
|
Forms fibrin thread of blood clot. |
Fibrinogen |
|
Transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins. |
Alpha and Beta Gobulins |
|
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte. |
Neutrophil |
|
White blood cell with dark-staining nucleus. |
Monocyte |
|
Protein capable of changing shape and color in the presence of O2. |
Hemoglobin |
|
Adverse reaction of donor blood cells with recipient plasma. |
Agglutination |
|
Lacking in hemophilia type A. |
Factor VIII |
|
Produced by platelets. |
Prostaglandin derivates such as Thrombozane A2 |
|
A fibrous protein that gives shape to an RBC plasma membrane. |
Spectrin |
|
Hormone that stimulates production of RBCs. |
Erythropoietin |
|
Stimulates WBC production. |
Interleukins and CSF’s |
|
Natural anticoagulant found in basophils. |
Heparin |
|
Universal donor. |
Type O |
|
Universal recipient. |
Type AB |
|
Cancerous condition involving white blood cells. |
Leukemia |
|
Condition in which blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity. |
Anemia |
|
Abnormal excess of erythrocytes resulting in an increase in blood viscosity. |
Polycythemia |
|
Free-floating thrombus in the bloodstream. |
Embolism |
|
The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones. |
False – Found in the bones of Axial Skeleton and Girdles – and in the proximal epipsys of humerus and femur |
|
Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions of white blood cells. |
True |
|
The immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting. |
False – It’s Vascular Spasm |
|
The process of fibrinolysis disposes of bacteria when healing has occurred. |
False – removes clots when healing has occurred. Without blood vessels would becomes blocked |
|
The RBC "graveyard" is the liver. |
False – The RBC graveyard is the SPL |
|
Hemorrhagic anemias result from blood loss. |
True |
|
White blood cells are produced through the action of colony-stimulating factors. |
True – 2 families 1) Interlukeins 2) Colony stimulating factors |
|
Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin. |
False – Protein globin and red heme pigment |
|
Each HEME contains an atom of iron and can transport one molecule of oxygen. |
True – each iron can combine reversibly w/one molecule of oxygen |
|
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen. |
False – 4 molecules of oxygen |
|
Diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries. |
False – WBC’s are able to do this NOT WBC |
|
Positive chemotaxis is a feedback system that signals leukocyte migration into damaged areas. |
True |
|
A condition of leukocytosis indicates over 11,000 white blood cells per cubic millimeter in the blood. |
True |
|
Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs. |
False – eosinophils |
|
Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes. |
True |
|
A person with type B blood could receive blood from a person with either type B or type O blood. |
True |
|
Leukocytes move through the circulatory system by amoeboid motion. |
False- they move through tissue spaces at the site of infection |
|
Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types. |
True |
|
All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes. |
True |
|
Myelocytic leukemia involves a cancerous condition of lymphocytes. |
False – involves myeloblast descendants |
|
Which of the following is a pivotal molecule associated with the external surfaces of aggregated platelets and is involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of blood clotting? |
PF3 |
|
What is the average normal pH range of blood? |
7.35-7.45 |
|
The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________. |
hemoglobin F ( Hbf ) |
|
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood? |
Pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblast) |
|
Which blood type is called the universal donor? |
O |
|
Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood? |
maintenance of normal pH in body tissues |
|
Which of the following is a protective function of blood? |
prevention of blood loss |
|
Which of the statements below is an incorrect or false statement? |
Blood typing for the Kell, Lewis, and Duffy factors is always done before a blood transfusion. |
|
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? |
hypoxia of EPO-producing cells |
|
As red blood cells age ________. |
membranes "wear out" and the cells become damaged – 100-120 days |
|
An individual who is blood type AB negative can ________. |
receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen |
|
The most abundant plasma protein is ________. |
albumin |
|
When neither anti-A sera nor anti-B sera clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ________. |
O |
|
Select the correct statement regarding blood cell formation. |
Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life. |
|
Blood volume restorers include all of the following except ________. |
packed cells |
|
James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is ________. |
within the normal range |
|
Which of these is not a normal plasma protein? |
thromboplastin |
|
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except ________. |
low blood viscosity |
|
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________. |
monocytes |
|
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? |
fibrinolysis |
|
Place the following in correct developmental sequence: |
2, 4, 3, 1 proerythroblast, late erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte |
|
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________. |
pernicious anemia |
|
The slowest step in the clotting process is ________. |
formation of prothrombin activator |
|
Thromboembolic disorders ________. |
include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system |
|
Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders? |
excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) |
|
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes? |
they are nucleated |
|
Which of the following is true about blood plasma? |
It is about 90% water |
|
Platelets ________. |
stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break |
|
Which sequence is correct for the following events? |
3,4,1,2 formation of thromboplastin, prothrombin → thrombin, fibrinogen → fibrin, clot reaction |
|
Fred’s blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean? |
There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma. |
|
Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by ________. |
travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise |
|
All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________. |
vascular spasm |
|
When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother? |
when the father is Rh- |
|
Complications of aplastic anemia generally do not include ________. |
increase of leukocytes as a result of erythrocyte loss |
|
Blood is a ________. |
suspension |
|
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? |
kidney |
|
The formed element ________ can kill parasitic worms. |
eosinophil |
|
A(n) ________ is a committed granular leukocyte stem cell that produces neutrophils. |
myeloblasts |
|
The rarest leukocyte is the ________. |
basophil |
|
Potent platelet aggregates that attract more platelets to the site of an injury are ________ and ________. |
ADP and Thromboxane Serotonin |
|
The universal recipient blood type is ________. |
AB |
|
When monocytes migrate into the interstitial spaces, they are called ________. |
macrophages |
|
Destruction of the hematopoietic components of red marrow leads to a condition called ________. |
aplastic anemia |
|
________ is the stage of development in the life of an erythrocyte during which the nucleus is ejected. |
normoblast |
|
Hemoglobin is composed of ________ polypeptide chains. |
4 |
|
List the general factors that limit normal clot growth |
removal of clotting factors Aspirin – an antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2 Heparin – an anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care Warfarin (trade name Coumadin) – used for those prone to atrial fibrillation |
|
When are whole blood transfusions routinely given? |
Substantial and rapid blood loss |
|
List the most common causes of bleeding disorders |
Thrombocytopenia – condition of decreased circulating platelets with vitamin K deficiency and defective clotting cascade |
|
List one example for each of these three functions of blood: distribution, regulation, and protection |
Distribution – delivering O2 from lungs and waste Regulation – maintenance of normal ph in body tissues Protection – prevention of blood loss |
|
List the granulocytes and describe their granules |
Neutrophil – fine, faint pink granules Eosinophil – full of pink-orange granules Basophil – large dark deep purple ganules |
|
Why is iron not stored or transported in its free form? In what form(s) is it stored or transported in blood? |
Because iron can be toxic. Intracellular iron is stored in protein-iron complexes such as ferritin and hemosiderin. *FYI* The body stores iron in Hb (65%), the liver, spleen, and bone marrow Circulating iron is loosely bound to the transport protein transferrin |
|
What determines whether blood is bright red or a dull, dark red? |
the amount of oxygen |
|
What is the buffy coat found in centrifuged whole blood? |
Leukocytes and platelets |
|
Name the granulocytes and state their average percentage in whole blood. |
Neutrophil 50-70% Eosinophil 2-4% Basophil .5-1% |
|
Blood plasma |
A specialized type of connective tissue in which living the formed elements are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called _________? |
|
Hematocrit |
Erythrocytes normally constitute about 45% of the total volume of a blood sample, a percentage known as the? |
|
Hematocrit |
blood fraction |
|
between 7.35 and 7.45 |
Blood is slightly alkaline, with a PH ___________, and its temperature is always slightly higher body temperature. |
|
Regulatory functions of blood include |
Maintaining appropriate body temperature, Maintaining normal pH in body tissues, and Maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system. |
|
Protective functions of blood include |
Preventing blood loss, and Preventing infection. |
|
Albumin |
Accounts for some 60% of plasma protein and is the major blood protein contributing to the plasma osmotic pressure. |
|
Osmotic Pressure |
The pressure that helps to keep water in the bloodstream. |
|
Formed Elements |
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and platelets have some unusual features |
|
Globin |
consists of four polypeptide chains 2 alpha and 2 beta, each binding a ring like heme group. |
|
Hematopoiesis or Hemopoiesis |
Blood cell formation |
|
Hemo, Hemato |
Blood |
|
Poiesis |
To make |
|
Red Bone Marrow |
Hemopoiesis occurs in the |
|
Hemocytoblast |
Stemcell* |
|
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell |
Another name for the hemocytoblast |
|
Kidneys |
What play a major role in EPO production |
|
Hypoxic |
When certain kidney cells become ________oxygen enzymes are unable to carry out their normal functions of degrading an intracellular signaling molecule called hypoxia-inducible factors. |
|
Hypoxic |
have inadequate oxygen |
|
Hypoxia-Inducible factor |
As _________ accumulates it accelerates the synthesis and release of erythropoietin. |
|
Red blood cells |
___________are confined to the bloodstream, and they carry out their functions in the blood. |
|
White Blood cells |
__________ are able to slip out of the capillary blood vessels in a process called diapedesis, and the circulatory system is simply their means of transport to areas of the body where they are needed to mount inflammatory or immune responses. |
|
Diapedesis |
leaping across |
|
Positive Chemotaxis |
By following the chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells or other leukocytes, a phenomenon called ________, they can pinpoint areas of tissue damage and infection and gather there in large numbers to destroy foreign substances or dead cells. |
|
Eosinophils |
The most important role of _________ is to lead the counterattack against parasitic worms, such as flatworms and roundworms. |
|
T Lymphocyte |
Function in the immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells. |
|
B Lymphocyte |
give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies that are released to the blood. |
|
Antibodies |
immunoglobulins |
|
Leukemia |
"White blood", refers to a group of cancerous conditions involving white blood cells. |
|
Platelets, Megakaryocytes |
are not cells in the strict sense. About one-fourth the diameter of a lymphocyte, they are cytoplasmic fragments of extraordinarily large cells called ______ |
|
Platelets |
By sticking to the damaged site, __________ form a temporary plug that helps seal the break. |
|
Thormbus |
A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called a _____________ |
|
Embolus |
If the thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream, it becomes an ____________ |
|
Hemophilia |
The term _______________ refers to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that have similar signs and sypmtoms. |
|
Mediastinum |
The medial cavity of the thorax |
|
12 14 Rib Intercoastal |
The heart extends obliquely for ___ to___ cm from the 2nd ____ to the 5th __________ space. |
|
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium |
The heart wall, richly supplied with blood vessels, is composed of three layers: the ___________, the _____________, and the ___________. |
|
Papillary Muscles |
Still other muscle bundles, the conelike ____________________ (2 words) , which play a role in valve function, project into the ventricular cavity . |
|
Pulmonary Veins , Left |
The freshly oxygenated blood is carried by the ___________________ (2 words) back to the _______ side of the heart |
|
Systemic Circuit Pump |
The left side of the heart is the _______________________ (3 words) |
|
Coronary Circulation |
The _____________________ ( 2 words), the functional blood supply of the heart. |
|
Cardiac Veins |
After passing through the capillary beds of the myocardium, the venous blood is collected by the ______________________ (2 words), whose path roughly follow those of the coronary arteries . |
|
Coronary Sinus |
These veins join together to form an enlarged vessel called the ____________________ (2 words), which empties the blood into the right atrium |
|
Tricuspid, Mitral |
The two atrioventricular (AV) valves – the right AV valve has three flexible cusps therefore it is known as the _________ valve- the Left AV valve has two flexible cusps and is known as the ________ valve or bicuspid. |
|
Aortic,Pulmonary Valves |
The ________ and _________________ ( 2 ws) guard the bases of the large arteries issuing from the ventricles and prevent backflow into the associated ventricles |
|
Intrinsic cardiac conduction system |
The ______________________________ (4ws) consist of noncontractile cardiac cells specialized to initiate and distribute impulses throughout the heart, so that it depolarizes and contracts in an orderly sequential manner. |
|
Autorthythmic cells |
THE _________________ (2ws) making up the intrinsic conduction system do not maintain a stable resting membrane, They have a unstable resting potential that continuously depolarizes. |
|
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, and ventricular walls. |
Autorthythmic cardiac cells are found in the following areas ____________ (5) |
|
Sinoatrial (SA) node |
The cresent-shaped _________________ is located in the right atrial wall, just inferior to the entrance of the superior vena cava. |
|
Heart black |
Because the only route for impulse transmission from atria to ventricles is through the AV node, any damage to the AV node interferes with the ability of the ventricles to recieve pacing impulses. This is referred to as a ___________ __________. |
|
P wave |
depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria. |
|
QRS complex |
the large _________ results from ventricular depolarization. |
|
T wave |
The ___________ is caused by ventricular repolarization |
|
Heart sounds |
These ______________, often descrived as lub-dup, or (doom-doom), are associated with the closing of heart valves. |
|
Cardiac Output (CO) |
_________________ is the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute. |
|
Cardiac reserve |
________________ is the difference between resting and maximal CO. |
|
pg 684 ??? |
… |
|
Foramen ovale |
The _____________ connects the two atria and allows blood entering the right heart to bypass the pulmonary circuit and the collapsed, nonfunctional fetal lungs. |
|
Ateries |
___________ carry blood away from the heart chambers |
|
Veins |
_________ carry carry blood towards the heart chambers. |
|
Tunic intima, endothelium |
The innermost tunic is the ____________. This tunic contains the ______________. |
|
Tunic media |
The ________________ is the bulkiest layer in the arteries, which bear the chief responsibility for maintaining blood pressure continuous blood circulation. |
|
Muscular, or Distrivuting , ateries |
Distally the elastic arteries give the way to the __________, or __________, ___________, which deliver blood to specific body organs and account for most of the named arteries studied in the anatomy laboratory. |
|
Capillaries |
Given their location and the thinness of their walls, _________ are ideally suited for their role-exchange of materials between the blood and the interstitial fluid. |
|
Fenestrated capillaries |
________________ are riddled with oval pores, or fenestration. |
|
Precapillary sphincter |
A cuff of smooth muscle fibers, called a ____________, surronunds the root of each true capillary at the metarteriole and acts as a valve to regulate blood flow into the capillary. |
|
Blood viscosity, vessel lenght, and vessel diameter |
There are three important sources of resistance. |
|
Pulse pressure |
Ther difference betweeen the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ____________. |
|
Vasomotor center |
_______________ a cluster of neurons in the medulla. |
|
Cardiovascular center |
This center plus the cardiac centers described earlier make up the _______________ that integrates blood pressure control by altering cardiac output and blood vessel disameter. |
|
Baroreceptors |
When arterial blood pressure rises, it stretches _______________, neural receptors located in the caratid sinuses (dilations in the internal carotid arteries, which provide the major blood supply to the brain), in the aortic arch, and in the walls of nearly every large artery of the nek and thorax. |
|
Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine |
During periods of stress, the adrenal gland releases _____________ and _____________ to the blood, and both hormones enhance the sympathetic fight or flight response. |
|
Autoregulation |
_________________ the automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue on proporition to the tissue’s requirements at any instant. |
|
Capillary beds |
When the skin surface is exposed to heat, warm blood flushes into the ______________ and heat radiates from the skin surface. |
|
diffusion |
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, most nutrients, and metabolic wastes pass between the blood and interstitial fluid by ____________. |
|
Hydrostatic pressure |
______________ is the force exerted by a fluid pressing against a wall. |
|
Colloid osmotic pressure |
_________________, the force opposing hydrostatic pressure, is created by the presence in a fluid of large nondiffusible molecules, such as plasma proteins, that are unable to cross the capillary wall. |
|
Hypovolemic shock |
The most common form of shock is _______________, which results from large scale loss of blood, as might follow acute hemorrhage, severe vomiting or diarrhea, or extensive burns. |
|
Cardiogenic shock |
______________, or pump failure, occurs when the heart is so inefficient that it cannot sustain adequate circulation. its usual cause is myocardial damage, as might follow numerous myocardial infarcts. |
|
Lymphatic system |
the _________________ actually consists of three parts. 1. a meandering network of _____________, 2. _________, the fluid contained in those vessels, and 3. __________, that cleanse the lymph as it passes through them. |
|
Lymph |
once interstitial fluid enters the lymphatics it is called _________. |
|
Lymphatic capillaries |
The lymphatic vessels form a one way system in which lymph flows only toward the heart. this transport system begins in microscopic blind ended _____________. these capillaries weave between the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose connective tissues of the body. |
|
Lacteals |
Highly specialized lymphatic capillaries called ___________ are present in the fingerlike villi of the intestinal mucosa. |
|
White, Clear |
The lymph draining from the digestive viscera is milky ________ rather than _________ because the lacteals play a major role in absorbing digested fats from the intestine. |
|
Chyle |
Fatty lymph called __________ (juice), is also delivered to the blood via the lymphatic stream. |
|
Lymphatic trunks |
___________ Are formed by the union of the largest collecting vessels, and drain fairly large areas of the body. |
|
Right Lymphatic Duct |
The _______________ drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax. |
|
Thoracic Duct |
The much larger ____________ receives lymph from the rest of the body. |
|
Lymphatic System |
____________ lacks an organ that acts as a pump. |
|
Lymphatic Vessels |
Under normal conditions, ____________ are low pressure conduits, and the same mechanisms that promote venous return in blood vessels act here as well — the milking action of active skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax during breathing, and valves to prevent backflow. |
|
Lymphocytes |
____________, the main warriors of immune system, arise in red bone marrow (along with other formed elements.) |
|
Lymphoid Macrophages |
____________ play a crucial role in body protection and in the immune response by phagocytizing foreign substances and by helping to activate T cells. |
|
Houses and Provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes |
Lymphoid tissue is an important component of the immune system, mainly because_________ |
|
Lymphoid follicles (nodules) |
_____________ are solid spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed reticular element and cells. |
|
Lymph Node |
The principal lymphoid organs in the body are the ________, which cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. |
|
Cortex & Medulla |
The lymph node has two histologically distinct regions,the_____ &______ |
|
Medullary Cords |
__________ are thin inward extensions from the cortical lymphoid tissue, and contain both types of lymphocytes plus plasma cells. |
|
Hilum, efferent lymphatic vessels |
The lymph meanders through these sinuses and finally exits the node at its ______, the indented region on the concave side, via _____________ |
|
Spleen |
__________ is about the size of a fist and is the largest lymphoid organ. |
|
Thymus |
The bilbed __________ has important functions primarily during the early years of life. |
|
T Lymphocyte |
The thymus is the site where the __________ precursors mature to become immunocomptetent lymphocytes. |
|
Tonsils |
______ forms a ring of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the pharynx (throat), where they appear as swellings of mucosa. |
|
Pharyngeal tonsil |
_________ are referred to as adenoids if they are enlarged. |
|
Peyer’s Patches, small intestines |
____________ are aggregated lymphoid nodules, are large clusters of lymphoid follicles, structurally similar to the tonsils. They are located in the wall of the distal portion of the __________. |
|
erythrocytes |
red blood cells |
|
leukocytes |
white blood cells |
|
thrombocytes |
platelets |
|
90 |
% water in plasma |
|
gas, hormones, nutrients, waste |
list alphabetically material in plasma other than water (seperate with commas) |
|
erythrocytes |
most dense material in blood |
|
plasma |
least dense material in blood |
|
55 |
% of blood that is plasma |
|
45 |
% of blood that is buffy coat and erythrocytes |
|
100.4 |
temperature of blood (in Fahrenheit) |
|
more |
scarlet red blood has (less/more) _______ oxygen |
|
less |
dark red blood has (less/more) _______ oxygen |
|
7.35 |
lowest normal ph value for blood |
|
7.45 |
highest normal ph value for blood |
|
water |
blood is 3 to 4 times more viscous than ________ |
|
salt |
reason why blood is more viscous than water. water is attracted to _______ |
|
hematocrit |
a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood |
|
47 |
range of hematocrit for males (+/- 5%) |
|
42 |
range of hematocrit for females (+/- 5%) |
|
muscles |
males have higher hematocrit because they have more __________ |
|
biconcave disc |
RBC are a ________ shape |
|
organelles |
RBC’s have no _________ |
|
120 |
RBC’s live for _____ days |
|
4 |
Hemoglobin have ____ iron containing sections |
|
hemoglobin |
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells |
|
erythropoiesis |
RBC creation |
|
matrix |
plasma is the _______ of blood |
|
formed elements |
erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are collectively called __________ |
|
centrifuge |
an apparatus that uses centrifugal force to separate particles from a suspension |
|
buffy coat |
leukocytes and platelets compose this after centrifugation |
|
38 |
temp of blood in celcius |
|
8 |
blood composes what % of body weight? |
|
5-6 |
males typically have _____ Liters of blood |
|
4-5 |
females typically have ______ Liters of blood |
|
100 |
Plasma contains over ______ dissolved solutes |
|
albumin |
composes 60% of plasma proteins |
|
globulins |
composes 36% of plasma proteins |
|
fibrinogen |
composes 4% of plasma proteins |
|
liver |
most plasma proteins are produced by the ______ |
|
kidneys |
blood transports waste to the lungs and the ______ |
|
hormones |
blood transports these endocrine system molecules |
|
plasma proteins |
________ and platelets initiate clot formation |
|
250 million |
each red blood cell contains about ________ molecules of hemoglobin |
|
valene |
Amino acid which is defective in hemoglobin that causes sickle cell |
|
folic acid, iron, protein, vitamin B12 |
alphabetically name the items necessary to produce healthy hemoglobin (seperated by commas) |
|
folic acid |
lack of this can cause neural tube defects in a fetus |
|
hypoxia |
deficiency of oxygen |
|
kidneys |
all blood is filtered through the _______ |
|
kidneys |
organ that produces EPO |
|
erythropoieitin |
hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC’s |
|
red bone marrow |
erythrocytes are produced in ________ |
|
cancellous bone |
red bone marrow is found in ________ |
|
pus |
Thick yellowish-white fluid that is formed in infected wounds. It is composed of dead and dying white blood cells (principally neutrophils), tissue debris, and dead microorganisms. |
|
hemocytoblast |
stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood |
|
erythroblast |
immature form of erythrocyte with a nucleus |
|
megakaryoblast |
The precursor to Megakaryocyte, which becomes platelets |
|
megakaryocyte |
A large cell in the bone marrow that has an irregularly-shaped, multi-lobed nucleus, and that produces platelets |
|
hemocytoblast, erythroblast, erythrocyte |
list, from immaturity to maturity, the cells involved in erythropoesis (separated by commas) |
|
hemocytoblast, megakaryoblast, mekakaryocyte, thrombocyte |
list, from immaturity to maturity, the cells involved in platelet production (separated by commas) |
|
Heme |
identify A |
|
beta chains |
identify B |
|
alpha chains |
identify C |
|
plasma |
|
|
buffy coat |
|
|
erythrocytes |
|
|
pathogen |
bacteria, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause disease. |
|
mucous membranes, skin, stomach acid |
list in alphabetical order the first lines of innate defense |
|
lysosome |
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell |
|
leukocytosis |
increase in the number of white blood cells |
|
margination |
When Phagocytes adhere themselves to capillary walls and perform diapedisis, walking through capillary and tissues to get to site of infection. |
|
diapedesis |
passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue |
|
chemotaxis |
movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus |
|
phagosome |
Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis. |
|
lysozyme |
enzyme that kills bacteria |
|
antigen-presenting cells |
B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells |
|
major histocompatability complex |
genetic region that encodes "self" proteins. MHC proteins function as molecular reference points (several 100 genes in human pop) |
|
MHC type 2 |
macrophage,dendritic and B cells. Most selective. Just showing the foreign object |
|
antigen |
any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates the production of antibodies |
|
inflammation |
limits spread of pathogens, removal of damaged cells, increases molecular energy |
|
hyperemia |
increased blood in an organ or other body part |
|
swelling |
an increase in capillary permeability |
|
mast cell |
a large connective tissue cell that contains histamine and heparin and serotonin which are released in allergic reactions or in response to injury or inflammation |
|
histamine |
a regulating body substance released in excess during allergic reactions causing swelling and inflammation of tissues |
|
pyrexia |
Fever (a rise in the temperature of the body) |
|
onset |
first stage of pyrexia – temperature rise, clammy hands |
|
stadium |
second stage of pyrexia – temperature levels out |
|
defervescence |
third stage of pyrexia – temperature returns to normal |
|
seizure |
a rapid temperature rise in the body can cause ______ |
|
decrease |
(increase or decrease) fevers effect on the reproduction of bacteria and viruses |
|
increase |
(increase or decrease) fever’s effect on metabolic rate |
|
increase |
(increase or decrease) fever’s effect on tissue repair |
|
increase |
(increase or decrease) fevers effect on interferon activity |
|
humoral response |
The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids. |
|
membrane-bound antibodies |
antibody sticks in membrane (B cell antigen receptor) |
|
immunoglobulins |
Antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgC, IgM, and IgD that are secreted by plasma cells in humoral immunity. |
|
1 |
each b-cell contains (number) ____ type(s) of membrane-bound antibodies |
|
epitope |
a localized region on the surface of an antigen that is chemically recognized by antibodies; also called antigenic determinant |
|
memory cell |
long-lasting lymphocyte formed during the primary immune response that is reactivated on exposure to the same pathogen, quickly producing many clones |
|
plasma cell |
An activated B cell that is secreting antibody. |
|
antigen-antibody complex |
Structure formed when the antibody binds to the antigen to help disable a pathogen |
|
opsonization |
process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis |
|
Blood |
Made up of plasma & formed elements |
|
Blood |
Complex transport medium that performs vital pickup & delivery service for the body |
|
Blood |
Keystone of body’s heat-regulating mechanism |
|
Young adult female has approximately how many liters of blood? |
4-5 liters |
|
Young adult male has approximately how many liters of blood? |
5-6 liters |
|
Blood volume varies according to |
Age, Body Type, Sex, and Method of Measurement |
|
Erythrocytes |
Another name for red blood cells (RBC’s) |
|
Mature red blood cells or erythrocytes |
Have no nucleus & shaped like tiny biconcave disks; do not contain ribosomes, mitochondria and other organelle typical of most body cells; primary component is hemoglobin; most numerous of the formed elements |
|
Hemoglobin |
Critical role of red blood cells in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide depend on |
|
Carbonic Anhydrase |
Enzyme in RBC’s that catalyzes a reaction that joins carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid |
|
Carbonis Acid |
Dissociates and generates bicarbonate ions, which diffuse out of the RBC and serve to transport carbon dioxide in the blood plasma |
|
Within each RBC there are approximately how many molecules of hemoglobin? |
200-300 million molecules |
|
Hemoglobin |
Made up of 4 globin chains, with each attached to a heme molecule |
|
Oxyhemoglobin |
Hemoglobin is able to unite with 4 oxygen molecules to form |
|
Oxyhemoglobin |
This allows RBC’s to transport oxygen where it is needed |
|
Who has the greater amount of hemoglobin males or females? |
Males |
|
Anemia |
A decrease in number or volume of functional RBC’s in a given unit of whole blood |
|
Erythropoiesis |
Entire process of RBC formation |
|
RBC formation begins where? |
In the red bone marrow |
|
RBC formation begins in the red bone marrow as what? |
Hematopoietic stem cells |
|
4 days or 96 hours |
Entire maturation of RBC’s |
|
Erythrocytes/red blood cells |
Created and destroyed at approximately 100 million per minute in an adult |
|
Homeostatic mechanisms |
Operate to balance the number of cells formed against the number of cells destroyed |
|
105-120 days |
Life span of a circulating RBC averages |
|
Mecrophage cells phagocytes |
The aged, abnormal or fragmented erythrocytes |
|
Amino acids, iron, and bilirobin |
When hemoglobin is broken down this is released |
|
Leukocytes |
Another name for white blood cells |
|
Granulocytes (WBC with cytoplasmic granules) include what 3 leukocytes that have granules in cytoplasm |
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
|
Neutrophils |
Make up approximately 65% of total WBC count in a normal blood sample |
|
Neutrophils |
Highly mobile & very active phagocytic cells |
|
Neutrophils |
WBC capable of diapedisis |
|
Neutrophils |
WBC whose cytoplasmic granules contain lysosomes |
|
Eosinophils |
Account for 2-5% of circulating WBC’s |
|
Eosinophils |
WBC numerous in lining of respiratory & digestive tracts |
|
Eosinophils |
WBC with weak phagocytes |
|
Eosinophils |
WBC’s capable of ingesting inflammatory chemical and proteins associated with antigen-antibody reaction complexes |
|
Eosinophils |
WBC that provides protection against infections caused by parasitic worms & allergic reaction |
|
Basophils |
Accounts for only 0.5-1% of circulating WBC’s |
|
Basophils |
WBC motile & capable of diapedisis |
|
Basophils |
WBC’s whose cytoplasmic granules contain histamine and heparin |
|
There are 2 types of granulocytes (WBC’s without cytoplasmic granules) |
Lymphocytes, and Monocytes |
|
Lymphocytes |
Smallest of the WBC’s |
|
Lymphocytes |
2nd most numerous WBC |
|
Lymphocytes |
Account for approximately 25% of circulating WBC’s |
|
T – Lymphocytes |
This lymphocyte directly attacks an infected or cancerous cell |
|
B – Lymphocytes |
These lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific antigens |
|
Monocytes |
Largest leukocytes |
|
Monocytes |
WBC mobile and highly phagocytic cells |
|
1 mm3 of normal blood usually contains what amount of leukocytes |
5000-9000 leukocytes |
|
Why do WBC numbers have clinical significance? |
Because they change with certain abnormal conditions |
|
Where do granular and agranular leukocytes mature from? |
The undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cell |
|
What originates in red bone marrow? |
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, A few lymphocytes & monocytes |
|
Where do most lymphocytes and monocytes develop from? |
Hematopoietic stem cells in lymphatic tissue |
|
In circulating blood, platelets are small, pale bodies that appear as what? |
Irregular spindles or oval disks |
|
3 important properties of platelets |
Agglutination, Adhesiveness, and Aggregation |
|
What is the average platelet count of an adult? |
250,000/mm3 of blood |
|
What is the normal range for platelets? |
150,000-400,000/mm3 of blood |
|
Platelets |
Plays an important role in hemostasis & blood coagulation |
|
Homeostasis |
Refers to stoppage of blood flow; however, if injury is extensive, the blood clotting mechanism is activated to assist |
|
1-5 seconds |
How long after injury to vessel wall, platelets adhere to damage endothelial lining and to each other, forming a platelet plug |
|
Temporary plated plug |
An important step in hemostasis |
|
Normal platelets (positive charge) |
Adhere to damaged capillary wall and underlying collagen fibers, which both have a negative charge |
|
"Sticky platelets" |
Form physical plug and secrete several chemicals included in the coagulation process |
|
Where & how are platelets formed? |
In red bone marrow, lungs & spleen by fragmentation of megakaryocytes |
|
Formation and lifespan of platelets |
7-10 days |
|
How many ABO groups are there? |
4 |
|
How is ABO blood groups named? |
According to antigens present on RBC membranes |
|
4 types of ABO groups |
A-antigen A on RBC, B-antigen B on RBC, AB-antigen A&B on RBC, and O-no antigens on RBC |
|
Type O |
universal donor |
|
Type AB |
universal recipient |
|
Rh+ blood |
Means Rh antigen is present on the RBC’s |
|
Rh-blood |
Means Rh is not present on the RBC’s |
|
What antibodies are not normally present in blood? |
Anti Rh antibodies |
|
What causes anti Rh antibodies? |
Rh-blood comes in contact with Rh+ blood |
|
Liquid part of blood; clear, straw-colored fluid |
Plasma |
|
Plasma |
This part of human blood is made up of 90% water and 10% solutes |
|
What % of plasma solute is protein? |
6-8% protein |
|
3 main compounds of plasma solutes |
Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen |
|
Albumins |
Help maintain osmotic balance of the blood |
|
Globulins |
Essential component of the immunity mechanism |
|
Fibrinogen |
Key role in blood clotting |
|
Plasma proteins |
Have an essential role in maintaining normal blood circulation |
|
Blood clotting or coagulation |
To stop bleeding and prevent loss of vital body fluid in a swift & sure method |
|
Classic theory of coagulation |
4 components critical for coagulation: prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin |
|
Current explanation of coagulation stage I |
Production of thromboplastin activator by either: chemicals released from damaged tissues (extrinsic pathway); chemicals present in the blood (intrinsic pathway) |
|
Current explanation of coagulation stage II |
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin |
|
Current explanation of coagulation stage III |
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and production of fibrin clot |
|
Factor that opposes clotting |
Perfectly smooth surface of the normal endothelial lining of blood vessels does not allow platelets to adhere. |
|
Antithrombins |
Substances in the blood that oppose or inactivate thrombin; prevent thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin (e.g., Heparin). |
|
Conditions that hasten clotting |
A rough spot in the endothelium and abnormally slow blood flow |
|
Fibrinolysis |
Physiological mechanism that dissolves |
|
Fibrinolysin |
Enzyme in the blood that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fibrin, causing it to dissolve |
|
Aid clotting dissolution |
Fibrinolysis, Fibrinolysin, Additional factors (e.g. Substances that activate profibrinolysin) |
|
Blood plasma |
Transports substances, including heat, around the body, linking all body tissues together |
|
Blood plasma transports |
This allows substances can be transported between almost any two points in the body. |
|
Blood tissue |
Contains formed elements – blood cells and platelets |
|
"RBC’s" Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) |
Assist in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
|
"WBC’s" White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) |
Assist in the defense mechanism of the whole body. |
|
Platelets |
Prevent loss of fluid that constitutes the internal environment. |
|
Blood |
No organ or system of the body can maintain proper levels of nutrients, gases, or water without direct or indirect help from what? |
|
Blood |
Useless unless it continues to transport, defend, and maintain balance. |
|
The ______ is the fluid portion of the blood. |
plasma |
|
In a centrifuged sample of blood, what makes up the buffy coat? |
white blood cells and platelets |
|
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? |
hormone production |
|
The main protein in blood plasma is: |
albumin. |
|
Which of the following is not a formed element of the blood? |
Antibodies |
|
In adults, red blood cell production occurs in__________. |
red bone marrow |
|
Bilirubin is cleared from the body by: |
the liver |
|
Which of the following is correctly matched? |
Pernicious anemia: results from a vitamin B12 deficiency |
|
The most abundant leukocytes are: |
neutrophils. |
|
Platelet formation is regulated by: |
thrombopoietin. |
|
Which of the following is NOT a functional characteristic of leukocytes? |
leukocytosis |
|
Which leukocyte functions in phagocytizing bacteria? |
neutrophil |
|
You observe a large cell with a "U" shaped nucleus. This cell is most likely a(n): |
monocyte. |
|
The enzyme ______ digests fibrin clots. |
plasmin |
|
A person who lacks agglutinogens A and B would have blood type: |
O. |
|
Which ABO blood type is considered to be the universal donor? |
O |
|
What is an embolus? |
a blood clot that has broken loose and is floating freely in the blood stream |
|
The first step in hemostasis is: |
vascular spasm. |
|
Hemostasis leads to: |
stoppage of bleeding. |
|
Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to osmotic pressure? |
albumin |
|
An abnormal excess of erythrocytes is called__________. |
polycythemia |
|
Which of the following represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting cascades? |
One is faster than the other. |
|
Which of the following scenarios could result in HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn)? |
B- female pregnant with an AB+ baby. |
|
Choose the compatible transfusion. |
Donate type O blood to a recipient with type AB blood. |
|
Which of the following is NOT a part of hemostasis? |
vascular relaxation |
|
What protein involved in coagulation provides the scaffolding for tissue repair? |
fibrin |
|
Which of the following does not stimulate erythrocyte production? |
Hyperventilating |
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