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All of the following are true of hypersensitivity EXCEPT
A) it occurs in the presence of an antigen.
B) it is synonymous with "allergy."
C) it occurs when an individual is exposed to an allergen for the first time.
D) it is due to an altered immune response.
E) it requires previous exposure to an antigen.
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C
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The chemical mediators of anaphylaxis are
A) found in basophils and mast cells.
B) antibodies.
C) antigens.
D) antigen-antibody complexes.
E) the proteins of the complement system.
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A
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Which of the following may result from systemic anaphylaxis?
A) hay fever
B) asthma
C) shock
D) hives
E) immunodeficiency
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C
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Which antibodies will be in the serum of a person with blood type B, Rh+?
A) anti-A, anti-B, anti-Rh
B) anti-A, anti-Rh
C) anti-A
D) anti-B, anti-Rh
E) anti-B
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C
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Which of the following types of transplant is least compatible?
A) autograft
B) allograft
C) isograft
D) xenotransplant
E) All of these types of tranplant are equally compatible.
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D
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All of the following are used to determine relatedness between a donor and a recipient for transplants EXCEPT
A) HLA antigens.
B) ABO blood group antigens.
C) MHC antigens.
D) HLA and MHC antigens.
E) HLA, MHC, and ABO blood group antigens.
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E
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Graft-versus-host disease will most likely be a complication of a(n)
A) skin graft.
B) bone marrow transplant.
C) blood transfusion.
D) Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus.
E) corneal transplant.
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B
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A positive tuberculin skin test is an example of
A) delayed cell-mediated immunity.
B) autoimmunity.
C) acute contact dermatitis.
D) psoriasis.
E) innate immunity.
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A
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A healthy immune system destroys cancer cells with
A) tumor-specific antigens.
B) CTLs.
C) CTLs and activated macrophages.
D) activated macrophages.
E) CD+ T cells.
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C
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The symptoms of an immune complex reaction are due to
A) destruction of the antigen.
B) complement fixation.
C) phagocytosis.
D) antibodies against self.
E) cytokines.
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B
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Rheumatoid arthritis is due to deposition of
A) IgG and IgA complexes in joints.
B) IgA antibodies in joints.
C) IgD and IgE complexes in joints.
D) complement in joints.
E) complexes of IgM and IgG and also complement in joints.
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E
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Allergic contact dermatitis is due to
A) sensitized T cells.
B) IgG antibodies.
C) IgE antibodies.
D) IgM antibodies.
E) activated macrophages.
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A
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Attachment of HIV to the target cell depends on
A) gp120 combining with the CD4+ receptor.
B) gp120 combining with the chemokine receptor CCR5.
C) gp41 binding to the CD4+ receptor.
D) gp120 binding to the CD4+ plasma membrane.
E) CXCR4 binding to the CD4+ receptor.
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A
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All of the following pertain to serological tests EXCEPT
A) they can detect antibodies but not antigens.
B) they can be used to diagnose various diseases.
C) reactions can be detected by uptake of trypan blue by damaged cells.
D) they are used to test for specific HLAs on lymphocytes.
E) they are used to detect compatible tissues for transplantation
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A
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The process of desensitization to prevent allergies involves the injection of increasing amounts of
A) IgE.
B) IgG.
C) antihistamine.
D) antigen.
E) RhoGAM.
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D
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Which of the following statements about type I reactions is FALSE?
A) They involve helper T cells.
B) They involve IgE antibodies.
C) The symptoms are due to histamine.
D) Antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils.
E) The symptoms occur soon after exposure to an antigen.
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A
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Which of the following statements about type IV reactions is FALSE?
A) Reactions are primarily due to T cell proliferation.
B) Reactions are not apparent for a day or more.
C) Cytokines initiate tissue damage.
D) Allergic contact dermatitis is an example.
E) Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an example.
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E
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn can result from an
A) Rh+ mother with an Rh- fetus.
B) Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus.
C) AB mother with a B fetus.
D) AB mother with an O fetus.
E) Rh- mother and an A fetus.
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B
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All of the following are false regarding Herceptin EXCEPT
A) it neutralizes the growth factor EGF.
B) it acts as an immunotoxin to target and kill cancer cells.
C) it is used to treat some breast cancer patients.
D) it is a vaccine to prevent the development of cancer.
E) it is an endotoxin that stimulates TNF by macrophages.
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C
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Which of the following utilizes a combination of monoclonal antitumor antibody and immunotoxin?
A) immunologic enhancement
B) immunologic surveillance
C) immunotherapy
D) immunosuppression
E) immune complex
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C
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All of the following are reasons why an HIV vaccination has not been developed EXCEPT
A) there is no known organism that can provide a model of natural immunity.
B) use of a weakened virus would potentially transmit the infection.
C) small and inexpensive animals for vaccine research are not available.
D) vaccines are not effective against viral infections.
E) HIV has a high mutation rate so one vaccination would not be effective to treat the world-wide pandemic.
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D
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Treatment with certain drugs to reduce transplant rejection can cause
A) immunologic enhancement.
B) immunologic surveillance.
C) immunotherapy.
D) immunosuppression.
E) autoimmunity.
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D
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Which of the following statements about human embryonic stem cells is FALSE?
A) They express few MHC I antigens.
B) They express no MHC II antigens.
C) They are pluripotent.
D) They are undifferentiated.
E) They are typically obtained from the blastocyst stage of embryonic development.
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B
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Worldwide, the primary method of transmission of HIV is
A) heterosexual intercourse.
B) homosexual intercourse.
C) intravenous drug use.
D) blood transfusions.
E) nosocomial.
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A
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HIV spikes attach to CD4+ receptors found on
A) T helper cells.
B) macrophages.
C) dendritic cells.
D) T helper cells and macrophages.
E) T helper cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
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E
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Which of the following is the least likely vaccine against HIV?
A) attenuated virus
B) glycoprotein
C) protein core
D) subunit
E) All of these vaccines are equally likely
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A
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Which of the following is a possible outcome of an HIV infection?
A) Virions may remain latent.
B) There may be persistent yeast infections .
C) Infection may initially be asymptomatic.
D) The disease does not progress to AIDS.
E) All of the answers are correct.
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E
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Which of the following regions has the greatest distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in the world?
A) North America
B) Eastern Europe and Central Asia
C) South and Southeast Asia
D) sub-Saharan Africa
E) Latin America
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D
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Chemotherapy to inhibit the progression of HIV infection utilizes all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT
A) termination of viral DNA.
B) inhibition of viral proteases.
C) blockage of viral attachment.
D) prohibition of viral integration into host cell DNA.
E) destruction of viral ribosomes.
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E
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During asymptomatic phase I of HIV disease, HIV infection is diagnosed by
A) measuring viral RNA.
B) measuring antibodies against HIV.
C) counting CD4+ T cells.
D) counting CD8+ T cells.
E) testing for seroconversion
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A
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Anaphylaxis is the term for reactions caused when certain antigens combine with
A) IgE antibodies.
B) macrophages.
C) IgG antibodies.
D) complement.
E) histamine.
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A
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All of the following regarding "privileged sites" are true EXCEPT
A) they include corneal and brain tissue.
B) they do not have lymphatic vessels.
C) they are rarely rejected.
D) they include any tissue transplanted from a pig.
E) they explain how animals tolerate pregnancies without rejecting the fetus.
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D
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All of the following are considered examples of type I hypersensitivity EXCEPT
A) asthma.
B) dust allergies.
C) penicillin allergic reactions.
D) pollen allergies.
E) transplant rejections.
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D
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All of the following lead to drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura. Which occurs first?
A) Antibodies and complement react with platelets.
B) Antibodies against haptens are formed.
C) Drug binds to platelets.
D) Platelets are destroyed.
E) Purpura occurs on the skin
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C
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Immunodeficiencies are a result of all of the following EXCEPT
A) HIV infection.
B) cyclosporine.
C) DiGeorge syndrome.
D) Hodgkin’s disease.
E) autoimmune diseases
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E
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Which of the following describes a cytotoxic autoimmune reaction?
A) Antibodies react to cell-surface antigens.
B) Antibodies are not made.
C) Cells are killed.
D) Immune complexes form.
E) Mediate by T cells.
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A
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Symptoms of delayed cell-mediated reactions are due to
A) IgE antibodies.
B) neutrophils.
C) cytokines.
D) IgG antibodies.
E) antigens.
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C
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Desensitization involves injection of
A) antigens.
B) IgG antibodies.
C) IgE antibodies.
D) antihistamine.
E) histamine.
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A
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The following events occur if human cells expressing HLA-I are mixed with anti-HLA-I, complement, and trypan blue. What step indicates the cells are HLA-I?
A) Enzyme is released from neutrophils.
B) Cells are damaged by complement.
C) Trypan blue enters the cells.
D) Anti-HLA antibodies bind to HLAs on lymphocytes.
E) None of the answers are correct; the T cells are missing.
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C
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In rheumatoid arthritis, IgM, IgG, and complement deposit in joints. This is an example of
A) cytotoxic autoimmunity.
B) immune complex autoimmunity.
C) cell-mediated autoimmunity.
D) immunosuppression.
E) acquired immunodeficiency.
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B
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The number of T cells drops to below 200 cells/microliter in which phase of HIV infection?
A) phase 1
B) phase 2
C) phase 3
D) initial phase
E) asymptomatic phase
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C
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The initial symptom of HIV infection is
A) loss of T cells.
B) lymphadenopathy
C) appearance of thrush.
D) significant weight loss
E) high viral load.
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B
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Individuals who do not express CCR5 are highly resistant to infection by HIV
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True
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Vaccines against HIV have proven to be very effective in halting the spread of disease
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False
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All hypersensitivities involve antibody-antigen reactions.
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False
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Skin tests are reliable indicators for the diagnosis of food-related allergies
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False
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HIV attack of CD4+ T cells causes suppression of both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.
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True
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Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system is unable to discriminate "self" from "nonself."
|
True
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Xenotransplantation is an effective alternative to using isografts.
|
False
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All stem cells are derived from embryonic stem cells.
|
False
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Cancer is similar to an infectious disease in that it is due to a failure of the body’s defenses.
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True
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HIV is a retrovirus with single-stranded RNA
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True
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