What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress? |
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress? |
adrenocorticotropic hormone |
The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release catecholamines during sympathetic autonomic nervous responses. |
True |
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________. |
cortisol |
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. |
cortisol |
The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. |
aldosterone |
Aldosterone ________. |
functions to increase sodium reabsorption |
Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces? |
zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids |
Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands but the least abundant. |
False |
Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands? |
They have ducts. |
Which of the following is an endocrine gland? |
thyroid, pituitary, adrenal |
What is the primary function of hormones? |
alter cell activity |
Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids. |
False --Steroid hormones are lipid-based hormones synthesized from cholesterol. |
What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane? |
lipid-soluble |
At which point has the hormone bound to its intracellular receptor but not yet entered the nucleus? |
The receptor-hormone complex has formed and is about to enter the nucleus |
What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method? |
thyroxine |
The benefit of using a second messenger signaling system is rapid speed of communication. |
False--The benefit of second messenger signaling is the amplification that occurs inside of the cells; small amounts of signal create a large response. |
Which of the following is a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? |
humoral neural hormonal |
Water-soluble hormones are metabolized quickly by the liver. |
False--Water-soluble hormones are removed from the blood quickly because they are filtered and removed by the kidneys. |
What allows a cell to respond to a hormone? |
the presence of a specific hormone receptor |
Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. |
False--Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. |
Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified? |
synergism |
__________ is the situation when one hormone exaggerates the effects of another hormone at the target cell? |
Synergism |
Which of the following are characteristics of water-soluble hormones? |
-act through second messengers -free in plasma -short half-life in blood |
What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release? |
humoral |
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. |
hormones |
John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from the diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? |
testosterone |
All amino acid based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane. |
False |
Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular ________. |
second messengers |
Which of the following is a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? |
-induces secretory activity -activates or deactivates enzymes -alters plasma membrane permeability |
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. |
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ |
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. |
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene |
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. |
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP |
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. |
G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers |
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? |
It does not require a second messenger to cause a response. |
Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system. |
False |
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? |
humoral stimulation |
The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus? |
humoral |
Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system. |
True |
Which of the following is a type of hormone interaction? |
permissiveness synergism antagonism |
n circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. |
up-regulation |
Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone? |
will be bound to a transport protein in the blood |
Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored? |
C) --The axon terminals of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secrete ADH and oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery. |
The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland. |
False--The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the pituitary gland, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland. |
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. |
runs through the infundibulum |
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. |
hypophyseal portal system |
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is true endocrine gland because ________. |
it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional |
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. |
first enter into the hypophyseal portal system |
Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? prolactin |
None of the listed responses is correct. |
What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones? |
hormonal stimuli |
What material is stored in the thyroid follicles? |
iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be released --Follicular cells prepare thyroglobulin, which is released and bound with iodine in the follicle. This material is stored in the follicle until thyroid hormone is needed by the body. |
Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone? |
melatonin |
The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin. |
True |
What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation? |
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism in the individual in the center of this image? |
Growth Hormone |
What gland secretes growth hormone? |
anterior pituitary |
Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? |
hypothalamus |
What is the target organ of thyroid hormones' metabolic effects? |
cells of the body |
Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload? |
antidiuretic hormone |
Growth Hormone |
Bones and muscles |
Prolactin |
Mammary glands |
Follicle- stimulating Hormone |
testes and ovaries |
Thyroid- stimulating Hormone |
Thyroid |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
Adrenal cortex |
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ________. |
secretion is inhibited by alcohol |
Which anterior pituitary hormone targets another endocrine gland? |
luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
The major targets of growth hormone are ________. |
bones and skeletal muscles |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ________. |
secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone |
What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs? |
tropins --Tropins, or tropic hormones, are hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands. |
Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? |
prolactin |
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones. |
True |
LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin. |
True |
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions. |
True |
Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary. |
False |
Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine. |
True |
What hormone is released by the cells pictured in letter D? |
calcitonin--These humorally-stimulated cells respond to increasing levels of calcium in the blood and secrete calcitonin to counteract it |
The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid. |
False |
If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result? |
Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys. |
Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels? |
parathyroid |
Which of the following is a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? |
activation of osteoclasts increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys |
Which of the following best describes the hypoglycemic effect of insulin? |
Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells. |
Variance in which of the following hormones is responsible for diabetes mellitus (DM)? |
insulin |
Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? |
a decrease in blood glucose levels |
Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis? |
synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources |
The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. |
False |
Pituitary Gland |
The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. |
Adrenal Medulla |
Is part of the sympathetic nervous system. |
Pancreas |
Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body. |
Parathyroid Glands |
Primary regulators of blood calcium levels. |
Thyroid Gland |
Produces the body's major metabolic hormones. |