Historically, why has little attention been paid to childhood psychopathy? |
Childhood disorders were viewed as childhood versions of adult disorders |
Suppose you were the director of a mental health center that provided treatment for children. Based on research, you would expect that |
more boys would be diagnosed with maladjustment disorders than girls |
Among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are |
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and separation anxiety disorders |
What complicates the diagnosis of maladaptive behavior in childhood? |
Behavior that is problematic for a child of one age is normal behavior for a child of a different age. |
A crucial aspect of developmental psychopathology is understanding individual maladaptaion |
in the context of normal developmental changes. |
Which of the following protects children from environmental influences, but also makes them more vulnerable? |
Dependence on adults |
A young child who tries to kill him/herself |
may have unrealistic beliefs about death and not really understand what it means to die |
What was the greatest problem that emerged as a classification system for childhood disorders was being developed? |
The same classification system that had been developed for adults was used for children. |
Children with ADHD that have symptoms of hyperactivity |
are usually viewed negatively by their peers because of their behaviors. |
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
is the most frequent psychological referral to mental health facilities. |
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by |
difficulties that interfere with effective task-oriented behavior. |
Georder is in second grade and is having trouble. He frequently is out of his seat, looking at the other work of other students and annoying them by making comments. He interrupts the teacher, blurts out answers before she finishes the question, and usually needs directions repeated multiple times. At home, his mother says he is always "on the go". The most likely diagnosis for George is |
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
Which of the following is not a symptom of ADHD? |
A. Anxiety |
Currently, the cause of ADHD is believed to be |
both biological and psychological factors |
Treatment of ADHD with drugs such as Ritalin is thought to be effective as it |
increases the ability to concentrate |
What is the advantage of using Pemoline to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder instead of Ritalin? |
Pemoline has fewer side effects |
The evidence suggests that medication for ADHD |
work well for the short-term but show little long-term effects |
In studies looking at the effectiveness of treatment for ADHD, what was found? |
While good results are achieved when medication is combined with therapy, behavioral methods have been quite successful short-term. |
As children with ADHD become adolescents and adults, |
many continue to experience symptoms |
What two childhood disorders are characterized by aggressive or antisocial behavior? |
Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder |
the term ''juvenile delinquent'' is |
defined by the legal system |
Brad has been diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The disorder began around age 12 and is characterized by disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures. What aspect of this case is unusual? |
it is unusual for the onset of ODD to occur at age 12 |
In order of diagnosis, ____ occurs before antisocial personality just as ____ occurs before conduct disorder. |
conduct disorder, ODD |
What is the relationship between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder? |
Children who develop conduct disorder often have oppositional defiant disorder first. |
Which behavior pattern is extremely unlikely to be found in a child with conduct disorder? |
Constant worry about minor issues |
Girls with conduct disorder |
are at risk for teen pregnancy. |
What is the self-perpetuating cycle in conduct disorder? |
A genetic predisposition leads to a low IQ and difficult temperament, which leads to poor parenting and an insecure attachment, which leads to conduct disorder. |
Which of the following is a risk factor for ODD and conduct disorder? |
Parental psychopathology |
The development of conduct disorder in adolescence |
is not associated with lasting behavioral problems as much as early-onset conduct disorder |
Which of the following statements about early-onset conduct disorder is true? |
The majority will continue to have, at minimum, social dysfunction as adults. |
Artiss developed conduct disorder early. Bertram developed conduct disorder late. This suggests that |
Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder |
Research on the families of children with conduct disorder suggests that |
antisocial behavioral patterns may be learned. |
The parenting in families of children with conduct disorders typically involves |
rejection and neglect. |
Divorce, hostility, and lack of monitoring are family characteristics most closely associated with |
conduct disorder |
. Punitive approaches to antisocial youth are |
likely to make problems worse. |
The cohesive family model is a treatment strategy for the child with conduct disorder that |
proposes that dysfunctional interactions have served to maintain the child's problematic behavior. |
Effective treatments for conduct disorder usually involve |
parental participation. |
Separation anxiety disorder is best illustrated by which of the following people? |
Isabella, who worries that her father will die if she is not near him. |
The most common childhood anxiety disorder is ________. |
separation anxiety disorder |
Which statement about separation anxiety disorder is accurate? |
The child with separation anxiety is likely to be immature and lack self-confidence |
Children with separation anxiety disorder |
fear separation from major attachment figures and worry they will die once separation occurs. |
Childhood anxiety disorders are associated with which of the following factors? |
Refusing to go to school. |
Evidence that culture plays a role in the development of childhood anxiety disorders comes from the fact that |
children from cultures that favor inhibition and compliance report more fears |
Anxiety disorders of childhood |
typically do not lead to problems later in life. |
What type of behavioral therapy is most likely to be used in the treatment of child with an anxiety disorder? |
Behavior therapy that includes assertiveness training and desensitization using graded real-life situations. |
Childhood and adult depression differ in what way? |
Irritability is often seen as a major symptom in childhood depression |
Research on the effects of parental depression |
suggests that parental psychopathology leads to changes in parenting behavior that has lasting effects on children. |
It is believed that depressed mothers negatively affect their infants because they |
respond less sensitively to their children and show more irritable behavior. |
Childhood depression is likely to persist because |
an attributional style is adopted that maintains a negative mood state. |
Juliet is a depressed child. When she wins a prize at school for her art project, how is she likely to explain it? |
I got lucky. |
Research on the effectiveness of antidepressants for the treatment of childhood depression |
has been inconclusive. |
Studies of the effectiveness of antidepressant medication with children have |
produced inconsistent results. |
Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents |
may be increased by taking SSRIs. |
After her parents' divorce, Julia began wetting the bed. She wets the bed almost nightly and is embarrassed about it in the morning. What disorder would this 7-year-old be diagnosed with? |
Secondary functional enuresis |
Throughout his young life, Quincy, age 7, rarely wakes up in the morning to a dry bed. Quincy would be diagnosed as having |
primary functional enuresis. |
Functional enuresis |
is seen in boys more commonly than girls. |
Drugs used to treat enuresis are thought to |
decrease the deepest stage of sleep. |
What has been found to be the most effective approach to the treatment of enuresis? |
Conditioning procedures |
As a camp counselor, you are surprised when you hear that one of your young campers takes a hormone replacement drug intranasally to treat a psychological disorder. The disorder is most likely |
enuresis. |
Compared to enuresis, encopresis is |
diagnosed at an earlier age. |
Which child below best illustrates the typical child with functional encopresis? |
A 7-year-old boy who soils himself when under stress. |
It is important to do a thorough physical examination, to rule out medical problems, before diagnosing encopresis because these children often |
suffer from constipation. |
Which of the following is not listed in the DSM-5 under elimination disorders? |
Sleepwalking disorder |
Which of the following is TRUE concerning sleepwalking disorder? |
Takes place during non-REM sleep. |
Tics |
are usually not noticed by the individual performing the act |
Cross-cultural studies of tics find that |
the average age of tic onset appears to be universal. |
Coprolalia |
is a vocal tic involving yelling obscenities |
Which of the following is a symptom of Tourette's syndrome? |
Coprolalia |
Orlando, 14, frequently twists his head uncontrollably and yelps or grunts. If he has not done this for several hours, he has a sensation that can only be relieved by engaging in these movements and sounds. Orlando has had this problem since he was 8. The most likely diagnosis is |
Tourette's syndrome. |
Moat tics |
are usually associated with severe behavioral problems |
The most effective medical treatment for Tourette's syndrome is |
neuroleptics such as haloperidol. |
________ are a group of severely disabling conditions in children that are considered to be the result of structural differences in the brain and usually apparent at birth or as the child begins to develop |
Neurodevelopmental disorders |
Autism is |
a severe and puzzling disorder. |
The hallmark symptom of autism is |
lack of interest in other people. |
Autism is similar to schizophrenia in its |
cause being due in part to genetic vulnerability. |
We are likely to find that many of the children with autistic disorder |
were identified as having the disorder before they were 3 years old. |
William is an autistic child. He is probably |
relatively withdrawn and uncommunicative. |
Children with ________ are believed to be "mind blind," that is, they cannot take the attitude of or "see" things as others do. They are also deficient at locating and orienting to sounds in their environment. |
Autistic disorder |
Which of the following is a possible explanation for the seeming lack of emotion in autistic children? |
They lack social understanding. |
Children with autism often have additional problems such as |
encopresis and sleep problems |
In autistic children, head banging, spinning in circles, and rocking are behaviors that |
are common forms of self-stimulation |
Despite what is shown in movies like Rain Man, most autistic children would not cope well being brought to a Las Vegas casino for the first time, because |
they often show aversion to auditory stimulation and prefer a limited and solitary routine. |
Which of the following would be most distressing to a child with autism? |
Altering a familiar environment |
Autism |
is one of the most strongly genetic disorders in the DSM-5. |
has been suggested that the symptoms seen in autism might reflect a problem with the function of the |
glutamate neurotransmitter system. |
Which of the following has been associated with autism? |
Defective genes or radiation damage |
Drug treatment for autistic disorder has been found to be |
of some value in reducing aggressive behaviors. |
The extremely intensive experimental behavior program designed by Ivar Lovaas for children with autism |
helped almost half of the children in the treatment program achieve normal intellectual functioning. |
Despite studies such as by Ivar Lovaas, the overall prognosis for children with autism is |
poor. |
Jenny has an IQ in the average range. However, at school she is doing very poorly. She has consistently scored at two or more grade levels below the grade she is actually in. From this, a diagnostician would hypothesize that Jenny |
most likely has a learning disability |
By definition, learning disorders |
are not due to a physical defect |
The most widely known and studied learning disorder is |
dyslexia. |
A learning disability usually is identified |
because a child shows a disparity between his or her actual academic achievement and expected academic achievement. |
An asymmetry in brain development has been hypothesized to be a cause of |
learning disabilities. |
When symptoms of intellectual disability are not apparent until after age 17, |
the diagnosis would be dementia, not intellectual disability |
The intellectual level of adults with mild intellectual disability are most comparable to: |
an average 11-year-old. |
Ron works as a custodian's helper at a school, under supervision of the custodian. Ron can read and write his name, and can read first-grade books. He moves slowly and sometimes with difficulty. Ron most likely has |
moderate intellectual disability. |
Genetic factors |
are clearly involved in the more severe forms of retardation. |
Individuals with Down syndrome typically show which of the following characteristics? |
They have large tongues and short fingers. |
The long held belief that children with Down syndrome are especially placid and loving |
has been shown to be invalid by research |
The incidence of Down syndrome increases |
as the age of the parents increases |
Children born with phenylketonuria, |
appear normal at first |
Phenylketonuria can be used to illustrate |
how nature and nurture interact. |
Urine testing allows for the early detection of ________ and its treatment, which consists of ________. |
phenylketonuria; a low-phenylalanine diet |
Microcephaly and macrocephaly have what in common? |
They involve alterations in head size and shape |
Shortly after birth, Darren's head began to grow. At age 5, a shunt was placed in his skull to drain fluid. He has seizures, trouble seeing, and is mildly mentally retarded. Darren's most likely diagnosis is |
hydrocephaly. |
The current trend for treatment of the intellectually disabled is |
to keep even the most severely disabled in the community rather than institutions. |
One of the most important factors in the treatment of children and adolescents is |
. parental willingness to be involved in treatment |
Which of the following statements about factors associated with treatment of children and adolescents is correct? |
Psychotherapy and behavior therapy are equally effective in children and adolescents and with adults. |
Which of the following is a legal term used to describe individuals between the ages of 8 and 18 who commit illegal acts? |
Juvenile Delinquency |
_______________ are the most common types of medications used in the treatment of ADHD. |
Stimulants |
__________________ is the most common of the childhood anxiety disorders. |
Separation anxiety disorder |
The diagnoses of Depression and Bipolar Disorder in children and adolescents have __________ in number of the past few years, although diagnosing them has become controversial. |
increased |
The parrot-like repetition of speech seen in some children with autism is also called __________ . |
echolalia |
Many children with ______ become preoccupied with and form strong attachments to unusual objects such as rocks. |
autism |
The most common chromosomal abnormality seen in Down syndrome is the |
trisomy |