A sharp increase in global population began about the time of |
b. the Industrial Revolution. |
Global population reached 1 billion about the year |
d. 1800. |
In 2013, the human population of the planet was |
c. 7.2 billion. |
Over the course of the twentieth century, global population |
d. quadrupled. |
The United Nations projects that global population in the year 2050 will be |
a. 9.6 billion. |
Which term refers to the study of human population? |
a. demography |
Which term refers to the incidence of childbearing in a country’s population? |
b. fertility |
What is calculated by dividing the number of live births in a year by the society’s total population, and then multiplying the result by 1,000? |
b. crude birth rate |
Which term refers to the incidence of death in a country’s population? |
a. mortality |
For any country, as the number of women with access to contraception goes up, a woman’s average number of children |
c. goes down. |
Which rate results from dividing the number of deaths of children under one year of age by the number of live births during the same year, then multiplying the result by 1,000? |
a. infant mortality rate |
Subtracting a nation’s crude death rate from its crude birth rate yields what? |
c. natural growth rate |
High-income nations such as the United States grow |
a. as much from immigration as from natural increase. |
Which term refers to the level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady state? |
c. zero population growth |
There are many reasons that population increase has slowed in high-income nations. Which of the following is NOT one of them? |
a. increased mortality rates |
Worldwide, what share of global population increase is taking place in the low-income nations of the Southern Hemisphere? |
d. almost all |
. Dr. Nafis Sadik, who heads the United Nations’ efforts at population control, explains: "Give a woman more choices about how to live and she will |
c. . have fewer children." |
Who was the English economist, clergyman, and pioneer demographer who predicted in 1798 that population would increase geometrically, but food production would increase arithmetically? |
c. Thomas Robert Malthus |
The series of numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so on reflect |
a. a geometric progression. |
Malthus predicted that food production would increase |
a. arithmetically. |
Demographic transition theory links demographic changes to a society’s |
c. level of technological development. |
In which one of the four demographic transition theory stages is the United States? |
d. postindustrial |
During Stage 1 (preindustrial, agrarian societies) of the demographic transition, birth rates are __________ and death rates are __________. |
a. high/high |
During Stage 4 (a postindustrial economy) of the demographic transition, |
d. birth and the death rates are both low, so there is little or no natural increase in population. |
The poorest 20 percent of the world’s population earns what share of the world’s income? |
d. 1.6 percent |
In 2013, the world’s three richest people, each with at least $50 billion in wealth, have the same wealth as all the people in |
d. 110 of the world’s 195 countries. |
Of the 195 nations in the world, how many are considered high-income? |
a. 75 |
High-income nations are home to what percentage of the earth’s population? |
b. 23 percent |
People living in middle-income countries have incomes ranging between |
a. $2,500 to $12,000. |
How many nations fall within the category of "low-income countries?" |
d. 49 |
In 2013, about 17 percent of the global population lived in low-income nations, but these people earned just ________ of the world’s income. |
a. 3 percent |
Most of the low-income nations of the world are located in |
c. Africa or Asia. |
. What term refers to a lack of resources that most other people take for granted? |
c. relative poverty |
In the United States, a home that lacks a telephone or a television set is the rare exception. Not being able to afford a television set in a wealthy country illustrates |
d. relative poverty. |
A life-threatening lack of resources is called |
b. absolute poverty. |
Some severe poverty exists in the United States; but in low-income nations, what the United Nations calls severe poverty may affect |
c. 40 percent of all people. |
Which region of the world faces the greatest problem of poor, homeless children? |
a. Latin America |
According to the International Labour Organization, the number of people in the world living in conditions that amount to slavery is estimated to be about |
c. 20 million. |
A factory owner enslaves workers of all ages by paying them too little to cover their debts; this practice illustrates the concept of |
c. debt bondage. |
In India, Thailand, and some African nations, families marry off women against their will, with many ending up as slaves performing work for their husband’s family or forced into prostitution. This practice falls into which of the following categories? |
a. servile forms of marriage |
Which of the following theories is a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between societies? |
b. modernization theory |
The first stage in W.W. Rostow’s theory of modernization is |
c. the traditional stage. |
Critics of modernization theory |
c. point out that the approach says little about the ways in which rich nations often prevent poor countries from developing. |
Which theory is a model of economic development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich societies? |
b. world system theory |
Which term refers to the process by which some nations enrich themselves through the direct political and economic control of other nations? |
c. colonialism |
According to world system theory, high-income nations occupy which part of the capitalist world economy? |
a. the core |
According to Immanuel Wallerstein, the world economy not only exploits poor nations, it also places them in what position with respect to rich nations? |
a. a position of dependency |
If you were a conservative, you would most likely see the solution to global poverty in terms of the productive power of |
b. the market. |
Which political point of view accepts the fact that the capitalist market system is highly productive, but rejects the position that the capitalist market by itself is the solution to global poverty? |
a. liberal |
Frank and Joe are hunger activists who point out that the world already produces plenty of food for everyone, and that the capitalist system of growing food for export in poor countries means there are too few staples like beans and corn for the poor to eat. Frank and Joe most likely agree with which political viewpoint? |
d. radical left |
Sociology’s most important contribution to our understanding of environmental issues is |
c. demonstrating that social issues affect the natural environment. |
Which of the following terms refers to the study of how living organisms interact with the natural environment? |
d. ecology |
Which term refers to the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, including air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain living organisms. |
c. natural environment |
Knowledge that people apply to the task of living in a physical environment is |
b. technology. |
Which of the following is composed of interactions of all living organisms and their natural environment? |
a. the ecosystem |
Which of the following had the largest impact on humanity’s ability to modify the natural environment? |
d. the Industrial Revolution |
By 2014, the planet’s population had passed |
c. 7.1 billion people. |
Which of the following terms refers to serious, long-term harm to the environment caused by humanity’s focus on short-term material affluence? |
b. the environmental deficit |
The classic riddle involving the growth of a water lily on a pond illustrates that |
a. by the time people finally see a problem, it may be too late to do anything about it. |
Each year, how many people are added to the planet’s population? |
d. 87 million |
The outlook environmentalists call the "logic of growth" follows from the fact that our way of life in the United States is based on |
b. a quest for material comfort and a belief in progress. |
George is an optimist and a conservative. He agrees with the concept of the logic of growth approach, which |
b. claims that human ingenuity will probably solve any problems of scarcity. |
Which thesis states that humanity must constrain the growth of population and our use of finite resources to avoid eventual environmental collapse? |
b. limits to growth |
According to the limits-to-growth thesis, global supplies of oil and natural gas are already falling sharply and will continue to drop, a little faster or more slowly depending on |
d. the speed at which developing nations industrialize |
Environmentalists who advance the limits to growth thesis are sometimes called |
b. neo-Malthusians. |
The United States as a whole generates how many pounds of solid waste every day? |
d. 5 billion |
The title of Rachel Carson’s book about growing environmental problems due to the widespread use of chemicals was |
b. Silent Spring. |
A U.S. cultural pattern that contributes to a high level of solid waste is |
c. that we are a "disposable society" that values convenience. |
Environmentalists argue that we should address the problem of solid waste by turning it into a resource, which is the idea behind |
c. recycling. |
The earth naturally recycles water and refreshes the land in a process scientists call |
d. the hydrologic cycle. |
According to current predictions, by 2050 what percentage of the world’s people will be living in water-stressed areas? |
d. 40 percent |
How many motor vehicles are there in the United States, a nation with an adult population of about 200 million people? |
d. 253 million |
The world’s wealthier societies have entered a postindustrial era with industrial technologies giving way to computer technologies. Which of the following is a benefit of this change? |
a. Cleaner technology means cleaner air. |
Research shows that improvement in U.S. air quality over the last several decades has resulted in |
b. adding about half a year to the typical lifespan. |
Precipitation, made toxic by air pollution, that destroys plant and animal life, is referred to as |
a. acid rain. |
Which term refers to regions of dense forestation, most of which circle the globe near to the equator? |
c. rain forests |
. In all, the world’s rain forests cover what percentage of Earth’s total land surface? |
a. 10 percent |
The world’s rain forests are |
b. shrinking by about 1 percent or 21,000 square miles annually. |
The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) released by factories and automobiles has soared, while the quantity of plant life on earth has been diminished. The net result is a rising concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, which in turn has led to |
c. global warming. |
Experts estimate that the current atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is how much higher than it was 250 years ago? |
d. 42 percent |
Rain forests help slow global warming because |
c. plants remove carbon dioxide from the air and expel oxygen. |
As carbon dioxide builds up in the atmosphere, it allows heat from the sun to pass in to the earth, while preventing much of it from radiating back into outer space. This process is referred to as |
c. the greenhouse effect. |
Scientists report that, over the past century, the earth’s average temperature |
b. rose by 1.7 degrees Fahrenheit. |
If the planet’s average temperature rises several more degrees during the twenty-first century, |
a. a large portion of the polar icecaps will melt, flooding much of the coastal United States. |
Several dozen species of plants and animals cease to exist every day. This trend is referred to as |
b. declining biodiversity. |
Which of the following statements is a true effect of declining biodiversity? |
a. The Earth’s biodiversity plays a major role in feeding the world’s people. |
The designers at a manufacturing company are coming out with a new product but they want to sell more units, so they deliberately engineer the products to have a limited useful life. This illustrates the concept of |
d. planned obsolescence. |
A social-conflict theorist who takes a Marxist class-conflict position is likely to agree with which of the following statements? |
c. Most of the planet’s people live in poor societies and will never raise their living standards under the current capitalist world economy. |
What term refers to the pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people, especially minorities? |
a. environmental racism |
Herman is a social-conflict theorist blames capitalism for the world’s environmental problems. His colleague Max points out that when Europe was divided between the capitalist west and the socialist east, the strongest complaints about environmental quality were directed at |
c. Eastern bloc countries such as Poland and the Soviet Union. |
Which political point of view takes an optimistic view that society is able to recognize environmental problems and take action to solve them? |
a. conservative |
According to conservative analyst Julian Simon, the fact that the planet supports six times as many people as it did when Malthus was alive is cause for |
c. celebration. |
The conservative point of view recognizes that humans have been able to devise new, more productive technologies that Malthus himself could not have imagined. For this reason, the conservative point of view may be characterized as |
c. anti-Malthusian. |
44. Many environmentalists, especially those on the political left, claim that if humanity does not change its ways, problems of population increase, resource consumption, and pollution will cause |
a. catastrophe. |
Many analysts suggest that the planet already has more people than it can support in the long term; this means we have exceeded our planet’s |
b. carrying capacity. |
Helen is an environmentalist. When she says that the goal of this movement is establishing an ecologically sustainable culture, she means |
c. a way of life that meets the needs of both the present and future generations. |
According to which political point of view is the natural environment in serious danger due to capitalism’s appetite for ever-increasing growth and profits? |
a. radical left |
According to which political point of view must government reforms include enacting and enforcing laws to limit further environmental damage, and for global organizations to work to protect the remaining rain forests? |
d. liberal |
According to which political point of view should we look to the market system to develop new technology leading to people living longer and healthier lives? |
b. conservative |
A sustainable environment demands an outlook that highlights the environmental consequences of human actions. Such an outlook is described as |
b. ecocentric. |
Which term refers to violent conflict between nations or organized groups? |
b. war |
Which term refers to the absence of violent conflict? |
c. peace |
Chemical weapons are one example of |
a. weapons of mass destruction |
The death toll from the U.S. Civil War was about |
b. 600,000 |
The text mentions seven factors that promote the outbreak of war. Which of the following correctly states one of these seven factors? |
a. Societies mobilize their armed forces in response to perceived threats. |
During the Balkan conflict, the Serbs deported, imprisoned, or killed hundreds of thousands of Croats, Muslims, and ethnic Albanians. This process is referred to as |
c. ethnic cleansing. |
The text notes that U.S. leaders justified the Korean War and the war in Vietnam as efforts to keep the world safe from communism, illustrating which factor identified as promoting war? |
a. moral objectives |
The People’s Republic of China engaged in military conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, and Tibet at least partly in order to |
d. divert attention from domestic social problems. |
Every year, the nations of the world spend about how much for military purposes? |
d. $1.75 trillion |
In 2014, the U.S. defense budget was roughly _______ for each citizen of the country. |
d. $2,000 |
After World War II, the United States maintained tense relations with the Soviet Union in a |
a. cold war. |
After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union each boosted military spending to try to prevent the other from gaining a military edge. This pattern is called |
b. an arms race. |
Which term refers to a close association among the federal government, the military, and the defense industries that dominate our nation’s politics? |
c. the military-industrial complex |
The worldwide death toll from World War II was |
d. more than 50 million. |
During World War II, both the Germans and the Allied forces repeatedly bombed each other’s cities in attacks that weakened the enemy’s ability and will to fight. These military activities illustrate |
c. total war. |
In war, military prisoners—including noncombatants—are confined for purposes of state security, exploitation, punishment, or execution in |
a. concentration camps. |
Between 1942 and 1944, the United States set up internment camps, which the government filled with |
d. 100,000 people of Japanese ancestry. |
What agreements, reached between 1864 and 1949, provide rules for the conduct of war? |
b. Geneva Conventions |
An offense against the law of war as established by international agreements and international law is called |
a. a war crime. |
Which term includes political, racial, or religious persecution—including systematic killing—of any civilian population during war? |
a. crimes against humanity |
Soldiers have long talked about "battle fatigue" or "shell shock." After the Vietnam War, what disorder of this kind was widely recognized as a war-related disability? |
b. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
About how many U.S. veterans have a disability resulting from an injury during military duty? |
d. 3.5 million |
Through which government agency is health care provided free of charge to ex-prisoners of war, those with service-related injuries or disabilities, and veterans with income below the poverty line? |
b. the Department of Veterans Affairs |
Among all U.S. veterans, how many have incomes below the poverty line? |
a. 1.5 million |
In 1945, the United States military dropped atomic bombs on two cities: |
a. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. |
In today’s all-volunteer military, the armed forces are made up mostly of |
c. working-class people. |
In 2014, about how many operational nuclear weapons are held by the United States and the Russian Federation? |
d. 3,100 |
Which term refers to the acquisition of nuclear weapon technology by more and more nations? |
b. nuclear proliferation |
Which term refers to a strategy to keep the peace based on the threat of retaliation? |
c. deterrence |
Which term refers to international agreements on the development, testing, production, and deployment of weapons? |
b. arms control |
Ultimately, the most effective way to end war is |
a. to eliminate underlying conflicts. |
Bombings, hijackings, and assassinations carried out by individuals or groups in order to achieve a political goal are examples of |
a. terrorism. |
Which term refers to situations in which one government provides money, weapons, and training for terrorists who engage in violence in another nation? |
d. state-sponsored terrorism |
Mohandas K. Gandhi built his life around the idea that the most effective path to peace and justice is to practice nonviolence rather than war. At that time, his immediate goal was |
c. the liberation of India from the colonial control of the British. |
The use of military power by the government of Syria in 2012 against political opponents is an example of |
b. repressive state terrorism |
The United States claims that Iran engages in state-sponsored terrorism for supporting Hezbollah fighters in Lebanon who are frequently at war with Israel; Iran counters that Israel, with the support of the United States, engages in terrorism against its neighbors. This goes to show that |
d. whether we label actors as "terrorists" or "freedom fighters" is a matter of politics. |
In 2013, there were about how many terrorist attacks worldwide? |
c. 9,700 |
In the 1970s, Pol Pot conducted a campaign of repressive state terrorism against the people of |
a. Cambodia. |
Edward Wilson (1975) developed a biological theory of conflict that claims some human behavior, including war and aggression, results from |
a. competition among males for reproductive success. |
Which theoretical analysis notes how war can have the consequence of uniting a county’s population? |
c. structural-functional analysis |
The greatest resistance to opening more combat assignments to women is the |
b. traditional gender view of women as nurturers. |
Which theoretical analysis helps us to understand the importance of meanings, for example, whether a particular side is seen as part of the problem or part of the solution? |
a. symbolic-interaction analysis |
Which theoretical analysis highlights the link between war and social inequality? |
d. social-conflict analysis |
People at which position on the political spectrum tend to favor military strength as the best way to keep the peace? |
a. conservative |
The Democratic victory in the 2006 congressional elections and the election of President Obama in 2008 were driven, in large part, by the voters’ view that |
a. the Iraq War had turned world opinion against the United States and encouraged even greater terrorism. |
Which political position claims that peace can only come through establishing equality among all people in the world? |
a. radical left |
The radical left position claims that the United States is likely to engage in military action when any other nation |
b. threatens the operation of the world’s capitalist economy. |
Which political point of view recognizes that there is a need for defense, but reminds us that militarism itself can be a problem because an arms buildup is expensive and provokes conflict? |
d. liberal |
From which position on the political spectrum is a person likely to view what is often called "terrorism" as a political tool used by powerless people in their fight for justice? |
c. radical left |
Which position on the political spectrum is likely to support the claim of "peace through strength"? |
b. conservative |
Chapter 15-17 All Questions Possible
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