Money is any commodity or token that is generally acceptable as a ______. |
means of payment |
Choose the correct statements. 1. Gum does not serve as money because it is not a good store of value. 2. Most people know the price of gum comma so it could serve as money because it is a unit of account. 3. Because most people buy gum comma it can be used as money because it is a useful tool in barter. 4. Gum does not serve as money because it is not generally accepted in exchange for goods and services. |
Statements 1 and 4 are correct. |
The main components of money in the United States today are ______. |
currency and deposits at banks and other depository institutions |
Goals of Monetary Policy |
Maximum employment (attaining the maximum sustainable growth rate of potential GDP and keeping real GDP close to potential GDP) Stable prices (keeping inflation rate close to 0) Moderate long-term interest rates (keeping long-term nominal interest rates close to long-term real interest rate) |
Money serves as a _____ |
medium of exchange, which means that it is generally accepted in exchange for goods and services |
Choose the statement about money that is incorrect. A.In the United States today comma money consists of currency and deposits at banks and other depository institutions B.Deposits are money because they can be used to make payments C.Inflation brings a rising value of money.Inflation brings a rising value of money. D.Barter requires a double coincidence of wants |
C |
Currency consists of _____. |
notes (dollar bills) and coins |
M2 consists of _____ plus _____ and _____ deposits, _____, and other deposits. |
M1; savings deposits; small time; money market funds |
The functions of depository institutions include all of the following except ______. A. lowering the cost of borrowinglowering the cost of borrowing B.lowering the cost of monitoring borrowerslowering the cost of monitoring borrowers C.pooling riskpooling risk D.providing credit ratings |
D. providing credit ratings |
A depository institution creates liquidity by ______. |
borrowing short and lending long |
Depository institutions pool risk because they use funds obtained from ______ depositors to make loans to ______ borrowers. |
many; many |
Depository institutions minimize the cost of monitoring borrowers by ______. |
using specialized resources that have a much lower cost than what households would incur if they had to undertake the activity individually |
A depository institution takes deposits from ______ and earns most of its income by _______. |
households and firms; making loans and buying securities that earn a higher interest rate than that paid to depositors |
The deposits of the following three types of depository institutions make up the nation's money: ______. |
commercial banks, thrift institutions, and money market mutual funds |
Choose the statement that is incorrect. A. Liquid assets can be sold and instantly converted into cash with virtually no risk of loss. B. Liquid assets have a higher interest rate than securities. C. Liquid assets include overnight loans made by one bank to other banks, U.S. government Treasury bills, and commercial bills. D. Liquid assets are the banks' first line of defense if they need reserves. |
B; liquid assets have a lower interest rate than securities because they have low risk |
Reserves consist of the currency in the _____ plus the balance on its _____ account at _____. |
bank's vaults; reserve; a Federal Reserve Bank |
The federal funds rate is the _____ rate on _____ loans. |
interest; interbank |
The central bank of the United States is the ______. |
Federal Reserve System |
A central bank performs all of the following functions except ______. A. it is a public authority that regulates a nation's depository institutions B. it provides general banking services for businesses and individual citizensprovides general banking services for businesses and individual citizens C. it provides banking services to commercial banks provides banking services to commercial banks D. it acts as a bank's bank |
B |
The Fed is the lender of last resort, which means _______. |
if depository institutions are short of reserves, they can borrow from the Fed |
Choose the correct statements. 2. Current chairman of the Fed is Alan Greenspan 3. The president of the San Francisco Fed is always a member of the FOMC 4. FOMC stands for Federal Open Market Committee |
1 and 4 |
An open market purchase ______ the monetary base. |
increases decreases |
Choose the statement that is incorrect A. Upper A central bank is a public authority that regulates a nation's depository institutions.A central bank is a public authority that regulates a nation's depository institutions. |
C |
The monetary base ______ and the Fed's assets ______. The bank's total assets ______, its reserves ______. |
decreases, decreases are the same; decrease |
Suppose that banks' reserves at the Fedare $25 billion, Federal Reserve notes are $700 billion, and the quantity of coins is $30 billion. Calculate the monetary base in the United Statesthe monetary base in the United States. |
The monetary base in the US is 755 billion dollars |
Suppose the Fed buys $50 million of government securities from the Bank of America. The Fed's total assets ______ and its total liabilities ______. The Bank of America's total assets ______ and its total liabilities ______. |
increase by $50 million; increase by $50 million do not change; do not change |
Choose the statement about the Fed that is incorrect. A. There are 12 Federal Reserve banks and 12 Federal Reserve districts. |
C. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York occupies a special place in the Federal Reserve System because it implements the Fed's policy decisions in the financial markets |
An open market operation is ______. |
the purchase or sale of securities by the Federal Reserve System in the loanable funds market |
The Federal Open Market Committee is the Fed's _____ committee. |
main policy making |
The required reserve ratio is the minimum percentage of _____ that _____ are required to hold as reserves. |
deposits; depository institutions |
Banks create money by ______. |
making loans |
The quantity of money that the banking system can create is limited by _______. |
the monetary base, desired reserves, and desired currency holdings |
The money multiplier is the ratio of the change in the quantity of ______ to the change in the quantity of ______. |
money; monetary base |
Suppose an increase in the monetary base of $200,000 increases the quantity of money by $400,000. Calculate the money multiplier. |
Money multiplier is 2 |
The quantity of desired reserves depends on the level of deposits and is determined by the desired reserve ratio - the ratio of _____ to _____ that the _____ plan to hold. |
reserves; deposits; banks |
We call the leakage of bank reserves into currency the currency drain, and we call the ratio of _____ to _____ the currency drain ratio |
currency; deposits |
Excess reserves are a bank's _____ reserves minus its _____ reserves. |
actual; desired |
Who is responsible for U.S. monetary policy? The ______ appoints the members and the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Fed. The ______ is responsible for the conduct of monetary policy. |
President Fed |
When the Fed lowers the federal funds to combat a recession, the quantity of money ______________ |
increases |
If the quantity of money increases when the Fed lowers the federal funds, aggregate demand ___________ and price level ________ This means real GDP ___________ and unemployment rate ________ |
increases; rises increases; falls |
The core inflation rate is the rate of increase in the ______. |
core PCE deflator |
The Fed regards the core PCE deflator as a better measure on which to focus than the CPI because ______. |
it is less volatile than the total CPI inflation rate and the Fed believes that it provides a better indication of whether price stability is being achieved |
The federal government gets funds to cover its budget deficit by |
selling government securities |
Financing the budget deficit __________ |
does NOT directly affect the Fed's purchases and sales of government securities |
The Federal Reserve Act makes ____________ responsible for the conduct of monetary policy |
Board of Governors |
A monetary policy instrument is a variable that the _____ can directly control or closely target and that |
Fed; the economy |
The federal funds rate is the interest rate at which banks can borrow and lend _____ in the _____ market. |
reserves; federal funds |
The Fed's monetary policy instrument is _______. |
federal funds rate |
Federal funds rate |
the interest rate on overnight loans that banks make to each other |
The main influences on the FOMC federal funds rate decision are _______. |
inflation rate, the unemployment rate, and the output gap |
When the Fed lowers the federal funds rate, it makes an open market __________ Other short-term interest rates and the exchange rate The quantity of money and the supply of loanable funds Thus, the long term real interest rate ___________ and the ________ real interest rate _______________ consumption expenditure and investment The ___________ exchange rate makes U.S exports ___________ and imports __________. So net exports ____________ ___________ interest rates _____________ aggregate expenditure Aggregate demand __________, which ___________ real GDP and the price level, relative to what they would have been. Real GDP growth and inflation ______________ |
purchase fall increase falls, lower, increases lower, cheaper, more costly; increase Lower, increase increases, increases speed up |
When the Fed raises the federal funds rate, the U.S. interest rate differential ______, and, other things remaining the same, the U.S. dollar ______. |
rises; appreciates |
The Fed's actions influence real GDP by changing expenditure plans. Other things remaining the same, the higher the real interest rate, the ______ is the amount of consumption expenditure and the ______ is the amount of saving. Other things remaining the same, the higher the real interest rate, the ______ is the amount of investment and the ______ are net exports. The monetary policy transmission process is almost immediate and its results are relatively easy to predict. True or False? |
smaller; greater smaller; smaller False |
The Fed's actions influence the inflation rate by changing expenditure plans. The inflation rate rises when the Fed makes an open market ______. The supply of money ______. The interest rate __________ The supply of loanable funds and investment ______. Real GDP ______ and the price level rises. |
purchase increases falls increases; increases |
Inflation responds ____________________ after the change in the federal funds rate |
between one and two years |
The ripple effects of an FOMC decision to fight recession, in order, are: |
1. The Fed lowers the federal funds target rate 2. The Fed buys securities in an open market operation 3. Short-term interest rates fall and the exchange rate falls 4. The quantity of money and supply of loanable funds increase 5. The long-term interest rate falls 6. Consumption expenditure, investment, and net exports increase 7. Aggregate demand increases 8. Real GDP growth and the inflation rate increase |
The United States is experiencing low inflation and real GDP is less than potential GDP. Describe the Fed's actions that will restore full employment. The New York Fed conducts an open market ______ to hit the new ______ federal funds rate target. The monetary base ______________. The supply of money __________ and the interest rate __________ The supply of loanable funds ______ and the long-term interest rate ______. Investment ______, and aggregate demand ______ with a multiplier effect |
purchase; lower increases; increases, falls increases; falls increases; increases |
When the Fed fights recession, _______. |
an increase in the supply of loanable funds lowers the long-term interest rate and increases investment |
The United States economy is experiencing high inflation and real GDP is greater than potential GDP. Describe the actions taken by the Fed to restore full employment. The Fed conducts an open market ______ to hit the new ______ federal funds rate target. The monetary base ____________ and the supply of money __________ and the interest rate ________ The supply of loanable funds ___________ and the long-term interest rate ________ Investment ______, and aggregate demand ______ with a multiplier effect. Real GDP moves closer to potential GDP |
sales; higher decreases; decreases; rises decreases; rises decreases; decreases |