Chapter-12 Nutrition

approximately how much water is found in a 134 lb person?
34
65
80
105

80 lb

what is the body’s most indispensable nutrient?

water

what fraction of lean tissue represents the water content?

3/4

which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body?
-lubricant
-source of energy
-maintains protein structure
-participant in chemical reactions

source of energy

which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?
-Iron
-Water
-Protein
-Calcium

water

among the following groups, which was the highest percentage of body water?
-elderly
-children
-obese people
-female adolescents

children

in the body, water the resides between cells is known as?

interstitial fluid

all of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration EXCEPT?
-thirst
-fatigue
-weakness
-spastic muscles

spastic muscles

which of the following body structures help regulate thirst?
-brain stem
-cerebellum
-optic nerve
-hypothalamus

hypothalamus

where is interstitial water found?
-within cells
-between cells
-within lungs
-within blood vessels

between cells

which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition?
-water intoxication is rare but can result in death
-water losses from the body are highest through the feces
-chronic high intakes increase the risk for bladder cancer
-soft water has significant concentrations of magnesium and calcium

water intoxication is rare but can result in death

what is the minimum level of body weight loss as water impairs a person’s physical performance?

3-4%

what minimum percentage of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite?
1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8

1-2

Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as?
-hypertension
-hyponatremia
-hyperkalemia
-water intoxication

hyponatremia

which of the following is a feature of water?
-not a virtual nutrient
-not found in foods
-oxidized to yield energy
-generated from oxidation of energy nutrients

generated from oxidation of energy nutrients

the average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately what?

1.5 to 2.5 liters

what is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body’s waste products?

500 mL

what is the minimum water intake for 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500?
-250 mL
-650 mL
-1,250 mL
-2,500 mL

2,500 mL

Approximately how much water is in a loaf of bread?

35% of the loaf

The minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed?
-Life supporting fluid loss
-Mandatory water fraction
-obligatory water excretion
-minimum daily water requirement

obligatory water excretion

the approximate percentage of water in pizza is
-5
-15
-30
-45

45

approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism?
-100
-250
-500
-750

250

which of the following is present in highest concentration in soft water?
-sodium
-calcium
-magnesium
-phosphorus

sodium

habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate:
-scurry
-diabetes
-hypertension
-megaloblastic anemia

hypertension

Which of the following is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance?
-Caffeine inhibits water absorption from the GI tract
-Caffeine is known to act as a diuretic only when consumed as coffee or tea
-Regular intake of caffeine promotes an increase in water retention of the interstitial fluid volume
-Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages

habitual consumers of caffeine loose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting non caffeinated beverages

which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?
-soft water
-hard water
-natural water
-distilled water

distilled water

what organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?
-liver
-heart
-kidneys
-skeletal muscle

kidneys

how does the antidiuretic hormone function?
-it activates renin
-it activates angiotension
-it stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys
-it stimulates sodium reabsorption by the kidneys

it stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

what pituitary hormone regulates kidney water retention ?

antidiuretic hormone

factors that are effective in regulating the body’s water balance include all the following EXCEPT:
-adrenaline
-aldosterone
-angiotensin
-antidiuretic hormone

adrenaline

aldosterone and renin each function to promote?
-electrolyte balance
-retention of sodium
-excretion of calcium
-constriction of blood vessels

retention of sodium

among the following, which promotes constriction of blood vessels resulting in elevation of blood pressure?
-phytates
-angitensin
-aldosterone
-carbonic acid

angiotensin

what is the function of renin?
-activates angiotensin
-activates antidiuretic hormone
-stimulates thirst mechanism
-stimulates water absorption in GI tract

activates angiotensin

ions that carry a positive charge are called:

cations

which of the following describes a way to make an electrolyte solution?
-vigorously shake a mixture of corn oil and water
-dissolve a pinch of corn starch in a glass of water
-vigorously shake a pinch of table sugar in warm water
-dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water

dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water

what is the major extracellular anion?
-sodium
-chloride
-lactate
-sulfate

chloride

what is the major intracellular anion?
-protein
-sodium
-phosphate
-bicarbonate

phosphate

what is the major extracellular cation?
-potassium
-protein
-sulfate
-sodium

sodium

what is the major intracellular cation?
-phosphate
-potassium
-calcium
-sodium

potassium

all of the following are properties of electrolytes except?
-they attract water
-they are charge particles
-they carry electrical current
-they include fat soluble as well as water soluble particles

they include fat soluble as well as water soluble particles

what is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane?
-hypotension
-osmotic pressure
-hypertonic pressure
-hypertension

osmotic pressure

what is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is in more concentration?
-buffer action
-permeable selectivity
-electrolyte imbalance
-osmotic pressure

osmotic pressure

what is the sodium potassium pump?
-a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell
-a mechanism present throughout interstitial fluid for draining sodium from the circulation
-a mechanism present in the kidneys that exchanges sodium with lactic acid in order to regulate organic acid concentration
-a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium into the cell

a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pup sodium out of the cell

when a person looses fluid by sweating of bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity?
-sodium and chloride
-bicarbonate and sulfate
-calcium and magnesium
-potassium and phosphate

sodium and chloride

all of the following are typical ingredients in and oral rehydration therapy formula EXCEPT:
-protein
-sugar
-salt
-water

protein

the normal blood pH range is approximately ____

7.35-7.45

All of the following are common participants in the regulation of blood fluid pH EXCEPT:
-oxalic acid
-bicarbonate
-carbonic acid
-proteins

oxalic acid

All of the following play important roles in acid-base balance EXCEPT:
-liver
-lungs
-kidneys
-blood buffers

liver

what organ is the chief regulator of the body’s acid-base balance?
-stomach
-kidneys
-liver
-skin

kidneys

what is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body?
-Activates andiotensin
-activates angiotensinogen
-helps with gastric digestion
-helps maintain acid-base balance

helps maintain acid-base balance

which of the following is a general property of the minerals?
-when a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash
-minerals in food can be degraded by certain processing methods
-some minerals in food are destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light
-absorption efficiency from foods is similar among the minerals

when food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash

which of the following events is specific to a salt sensitive individual?
-immune system is activated when salt intake increases
-thirst response is activated upon consumption of sodium rich foods
-muscle craps occur when body sodium becomes depleted
-blood pressure increases as salt intake rises

blood pressure increases as salt intake rises

which of the following does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body?
-sodium
-chloride
-potassium
-calcium

calcium

In a normal individual with a daily requirement of 500 mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt?
-equilibrium
-strong positive balance
-moderal positive balance
-sight positive balance

equilibrium

normally what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day?
-excretion is higher
-intake and excretion are equal
-excretion if unrelated to intake
-intake is higher

intake and excretion are equal

what is another term for hypertension?

high blood pressure

salt sensitive population groups include all the following except:
-caucasians
-people with obesity
-people with diabetes
-african americans

caucasians

The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent:
-dehydration
-constipation
-osteoporosis
-hypertension

hypertension

how much sodium is contained in a fast food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5g?
-2,500 mg
-100 mg
-125 mg
-1,000 mg

1,000 mg

Even in people with normal blood pressure, what percent are salt sensitive?
-10
-25
-50
-100

25

Sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. His doctor recommended adopting the DASH diet plan. Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg. How much salt (g) would be allowed under Sam’s restriction?
-8
-6.5
-5
-9.5

5

what is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?
-processed foods
-unprocessed foods
-salt added during cooking and then at the table
-natural salt content foods

processed foods

what percentage of a person’s total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food?
-50
-80
-0
-10

10

What of the following is a feature of sodium and health?
-high sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion
-sodium alone and sodium in salt have nearly equivalent effects on blood pressure
-high sodium intake over many years leads to hypertension in most people
-salt sensitivity is generally rare in AA

high sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion

which of the following is a general characteristic of sodium in processed food?
-processed foods contribute less than half of the sodium in our diets
-instant chocolate pudding is sodium food
-dairy products and meats represent major sources of sodium in our diets
-salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis

salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis

why are salt tablets generally not recommended for people engaged in physical activity?
-they suppress the thirst mechanism
-they may lead to complete kidney failure
-they can induce dehydration
-they can reduce blood glucose concentration

they can induce dehydration

what is the tolerable upper intake level for salt?

1 teaspoon

hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of:
-aldosterone
-sodium
-chloride
-renin

sodium

what adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity?
-metabolic alkalosis
-elevated blood sodium
-hyponatremia
-dehydration

hyponatremia

which of the following is a feature of sodium nutrition?
-it has no AI because diets rarely lack sodium
-it has no AI because the kidneys are highly efficient at regulating sodium balance
-the AI is 3 g, an amount that has been shown to have little or no effect on blood pressure
-the AI for young adults is only 1500 mg because the body possesses an unusually efficient retention mechanism

the AI for young adults is only 1500 mg because the body posses an unusually efficient retention mechanism

which of following minerals would a bulimia nervosa patient be likely to loose in the greatest amount?
-Calcium
-Chloride
-Potassium
-Phosphorous

chloride

Which of the following is a major function of chloride?
-helps maintain gastric acidity
-participates in wound healing
-protects bone structures against degeneration
-acts a principal intracellular degeneration

helps maintain gastric acidity

all of the following are characteristics of chloride in nutrition EXCEPT:
-intake is related in large part to sodium intake
-it is necessary for maintaining electrolyte balance of body fluids
-the recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg of body weight
-deficiencies are extremely rare

the recommended intake as recently been set at 10 mg/kg of body weight

which of the following is the primary function of potassium?
-protects bone structures against degeneration
-acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
-participates in wound healing
-helps maintain gastric acidity

acts a principal intracellular electrolyte

Which of the following is NOT a feature of potassium deficiency?
-It leads to hyperglycemia
-It leads to higher blood pressure
-It can be prevented by consumption of potatoes
-It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources

it is common due to availability of only a few good food sources

Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk?
-Rickets
-Arthritis
-Low blood pressure
-High blood pressure

high blood pressure

Which of the following is a feature of potassium?
-It is unrelated to blood pressure
-Liberal intakes may correct hypertension
-Major dietary sources are processed foods
-Deficiencies are usually the result of deficient intakes

liberal intakes may correct hypertension

which of the following is a sympotm of potassium deficiency?
-extreme thirst
-muscle weakness
-profound sweating
-lowered blood pressure

muscle weakness

Which of the following people are at known risk for potassium depletion?
-Athletes who are bodybuilders
-Construction workers in cold climates
-Those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/vegetables
-Those who consume insufficient amounts of salted foods

those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/veggies

All of the following are features of potassium in nutrition EXCEPT:
-processed foods are a major source.
-high intakes may protect against stroke.
-per serving size, legumes are a rich source.
-per serving size, bananas are a rich source.

processed foods are major source

which of the following is NOT among the common food source of potassium?
-cheeses
-potatoes
-fresh fruits
-orange juice

cheeses

which of the following is a feature of potassium supplements?
-can cause toxicity
-should always be taken with diuretics
-necessary in treatment of low blood pressure
-absorption of the mineral decreases remarkably as intake increases

can cause toxicity

approximately what percentage of the body’s calcium is found in the blood?

1

Almost all (99%) of the calcium
-provide energy for cells.
-provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.
-regulate the transmission of nerve impulses.
-maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits.

provide rigidity for the bones and teeth

What is hydroxyapatite?
-Abnormal cellular structures seen in osteoporosis
-The calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones
-A calcium regulatory hormone secreted from the trabeculae region of bone
-A compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption

the calcium rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones

as far as it is known which of the following is not a process the directly involves calcium?
-pH regulation
-blood clotting
-nerve transmission
-maintenance of heart beat

pH regulation

What is calmodulin?
-A calcium binding protein
-A drug that treats osteoporosis
-A calcium supplement with high bioavailability
-a form of calcium used in fortifying soy products

a calcium binding protein

which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body?
-high blood calcium levels correlate with tetany
-abnormal dietary calcium intakes promote calcium rigor
-higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness
-efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is similar for children and adults

high calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness

which of the following regulates the level of calcium in the blood?
-dietary intake of calcium
-glucagon and epinephrine
-dietary intake of phosphorus
-parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Tiffany is a strict vegan and does not consume calcium-rich plant foods nor supplements of calcium. Which of the following is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium levels in the normal range?
-Calcitonin
-Calmodulin
-Hydroxyapatite
-Parathyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone

which of the following represents the least likely cause for an abnormal blood calcium level?
-disease of the liver
-disease of the kidney
-insufficient dietary intake
-altered secretion of parathyroid hormone

insufficient dietary intake

the muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium level in the blood is termed?
-calcium rigor
-calcium tetany
-myosinotoxicosis
-calmodulin dysfunction

calcium rigor

calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of:
-fiber
-lactose
-phytic acid
-oxalic acid

lactose

All of the following are known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract EXCEPT:
-lactose
-oxalates
-pregnancy
-stomach acid

oxalates

Which of the following foods are significant sources of oxalates?
-seeds and nuts
-processed cheeses
-fermented dairy products
-spinach and sweet potatoes

spinach and sweet potatoes

how much calcium (mg) would typically be absorbed b a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1000g?
-100
-300
-600
-950

300

All the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except:
-high fiber diet
-lactose in the diet
– phytic acid in the diet
-phosphorous in the diet at a level of 3 times that of calcium

lactose in the diet

Calcium-binding protein acts with:
-kidneys
-intestine
-cortical bone
-trabecular bone

intestines

which of the following is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL?
-calcium tetany
-atrophic gastritis
-Vitamin D deficiency
-kidney stone formation

kidney stone formation

which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium?
-fruits
-breads
-enriched grains
-certain green vegetables

certain green vegetables

which of the following green vegetables shows the lowest bioavaliability of calcium?
-Kale
-Spinach
-Broccoli
-Mustard greens

spinach

On a per kcalorie basis, which of the following are the best sources of calcium?
-meats
-fruits
-breads
-veggies

veggies

which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium?
-milk
-spinach
-broccoli
-pinto beans

broccoli

all of the following are good plant sources of calcium for the body EXECPT:
-spinach
-almonds
-corn tortillas
-sesame seeds

spinach

which of the following ages is typically associated with people having the densest bones?
-15
-28
-35
-46

28

At what age do adult normally begin to loose bone mass?

30-40 yrs

Approximately how many people in the US are afflicted with osteoporosis?

50 million

Certain green leafy vegetables have a very low calcium bioavailability due to the presence of
-low calcium content
-low vitamin d content
-naturally occurring binders
-high magnesium content, which lowers calcium absorption

naturally occurring binders

which of the following is a feature of osteoporosis?
-it is most common in men over 45 years of age
-it has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels
– it results from short term deprivation of dietary calcium
-it causes significant alterations in the blood levels of parathromone and calcitonin

it has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels

what is the calcium adequate intake for young adults?

1000 mg

all of the following are characteristics of phosphorus in nutrition EXCEPT
-high dietary intakes have no adverse effects
-about 85% of the body’s phosphorus is located in bones and teeth
-the phosphoric acid in cola drinks has little effect on bone content
-the ratio of phosphorus to calcium in the diet is important for bone maintenance

the ratio of phosphorus to calcium in the diet is important for bone maintenance

which of the following is feature of phosphorus?
-involved in energy exchange
-activates fat soluble vitamins
-ranks lowest among the minerals in amount present in the body
-ranks highest among the minerals in amount present in the body

involved in energy exchange

which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition?
-dietary sources include fresh vegetables
-dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
-absorption is known to be reduced by soft drink consumption
-its participation in bone synthesis requires equivalent intake of dietary calcium

dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown

which of the following minerals is involved in the transportation of lipids through the body’s lymph and blood systems?
-iron
-sodium
-calcium
-phosphorus

phosphorus

which of the following minerals is LEAST likely to be deficient in anyone’s diet?
-iron
-calcium
-chromium
-phosphorus

phosphorus

all of the following characteristics are shared by calcium and magnesium EXCEPT
-both are involved in blood clotting
-both are involved in bone formation
-both are found in abundance in dairy products
-both may result in tetany when blood levels become abnormally low

both are found in bone formation

where is the majority of the body’s magnesium found?
-bones
-teeth
-fatty tissue
-cells of soft tissue

bones

which of the following is a major function of magnesium?
-transport of oxygen
-prevention of anemia
-catalyst in energy metabolism
– production of thyroid hormone

catalyst in energy metabolism

A friend shows you a newspaper article titled "Magnesium’s Role in ATP Synthesis." You explain that:
-magnesium does not play a role in ATP synthesis.
-it is not magnesium but manganese that plays the role in ATP synthesis.
-magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to ATP.
-there are three magnesium groups within the ATP structure that help it do its work.

magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reactions that adds the last phosphate to ATP

which of the following minerals is reacquired in the enzyme phosphorylation of ADP?
-iron
-copper
-sodium
-magnesium

magnesium

which of the following is a feature of magnesium nutrition?
-the average body contains about 100g
-blood is a major reservoir of the mineral
-deficiency is associated with hypertension
-dietary intake data are the sum of the amounts from food and water

deficiency is associated with hypertension

which of the following is a feature of magnesium nutrition?
-toxicity is common in people taking diuretics
-high intakes interfere with the stability of tooth enamel
-the amounts present in hard water are poorly utilized
-average intakes from food are below recommendations

-average intakes from food are below recommendations

the magnesium present in mineral water has a bioavailability of about:
-5%
-25%
-50%
-90%

50%

magnesium is known to be involved in all of the following EXCEPT:
-blood clotting
-muscle contraction
-prevention of dental caries
-production of red blood cells

production of red blood cells

Sulfur is present in practically all:
-vitamins
-proteins
-fatty acids
-carbohydrates

proteins

some amino acids can link to each other by bridges made of:
-sulfur
-calcium
-chloride
-magnesium

sulfur

what is the major source of dietary sulfur?
-fats
-protein
-mineral salts
-carbohydrates

protein

All of the following are known to have high sulfur content EXCEPT:
-skin
-hair
-teeth
-nails

teeth

The outer, hard shell of bone is called?
-cortical
-dolomitic
-trabecular
-hydroxyl

cortical

all of the following are characteristics of dolomite supplements EXCEPT:
-efficiency of absorption
-they are usually sold as very pure product
-they contain both calcium and magnesium
-they are commonly extracted from limestone

they are usually sold as a very pure product

which of the following is a function of trabecular bone?
-synthesis of vitamin D
-synthesis of calcitonin
-storage site for calcium
-storage sites for vitamin D

storage site for calcium

the incidence of death within ! year of sustaining a hip fracture is about:
-2%
-6%
14%
-25%

25%

In what decade of life does osteoporosis first begin in men and women?
-fourth
-fifth
-sixth
-seventh

fourth

for every man who has type 1 osteoporosis. about how many women have it?
-2
-3
-4
-6

6

The most common fracture site of osteoporosis type 1 are:
-spine and wrist
-hip and femur
-neck and shoulder
-elbow and knee

spine and wrist

What does a DEXA scan measure?

bone density

Which of the following is a feature of type 1 osteoporosis?
-it shows onset after 70 years of age
-it can be prevented by taking estrogen
-it leads to formation of the dowger’s hump
-its prevalence is similar between males and females

it can be prevented by taking estrogen

what percentage of hip fractures in me and women are due to osteoporosis?
40-50
60-75
80-90
100

80-90

All of the following are known to have HIGH correlation with risk for osteoporosis EXCEPT:
-being thin
-being female
-having anorexia
-consuming a high protein diet

consuming a high protein diet

Protective factor for osteoporosis include all of the following except:
-obesity
-female gender
-moderate alcohol intake
-having african american heritage

b

the strongest predictor of loss of bone density is a person’s
-sex
-age
-calcium intake
-blood estrogen level

age

The development of osteoporosis in men typically occurs at what age in relation to the appearance of osteoporosis in women?
-3 years later
-10 years later
-About the same
-4 years earlier

10 years later

A persons highest bone density is achieved by age:
-18
-30
-55
-70

30

What percentage of people with osteoporosis are female?

80

After age what is the next strongest risk factor for osteoporosis?

sex

Antiresorptive drug treatments for osteoporosis work primarily by
-stimulating parathormone release.
-inhibiting kidney excretion of calcium.
-stimulating intestinal calcium absorption.
-inhibiting the activities of the bone-degrading cells.

inhibiting the activities of the bone degrading cells

Anabolic drug treatments for osteoporosis work chiefly by:
-stimulating estrogen release
-enhancing osteoblast activity
-stimulating calcium absorption
-reducing renal calcium excretion

enhancing osteoblastic activity

Estrogen therapy for osteoporosis is often reject because it may increase risk for ____.

cancer

Which of the following is not known to be a risk factor for osteoporosis in men?
-high BMI
-alcohol abuse
-corticosteroid use
-low testosterone levels

high bmi

the primary mechanism by which soy consumption may lower the risk for osteoporosis is related to?
-greater kidney retention of calcium
-the presence of bioavailable calcium
-more stable hydroxyapatite crystal formation
-the estrogen-like activity of soy phytochemicals

the estrogen like activity of soy phytochemicals

what component of soy is thought to account for most of its beneficial effects on bone health?
-fiber
-protein
-calcium
-phytochemicals

phytochemicals

among the following ethnic groups, which has the highest bone density?
-japanese
-caucasian
-african american
-south american hispanic

african american

Which of the following is a feature of physical activity and bone health?
-Dancing is not an effective activity for helping maintain bone density
-Weight training improves bone density in young but not older women
-Working the muscles places stress on bones which promotes bone density
-Weight-bearing activities are effective in maintaining bone mass in adults but not in adolescents

c

Which of the following best explains why Asians from Japan and China show fewer bone fractures than do Caucasians and Hispanic people?
-They have denser bones
-They have small, compact, hips
-They have higher calcium intakes
-They use less tobacco and alcohol

they have small compact hips

Which of the following is NOT a feature of body weight and bone health?
-Weight loss adversely affects bone density
-Negative energy balance typically reduces calcium absorption
-A low-calcium diet promotes similar bone loss in normal and overweight people
-People with BMIs over 30 have denser bones than their counterparts with BMIs around 25

a low calcium diet promotes similar bone loss in normal and overweight people

All of the following are features of bone health and smoking EXCEPT:
-bone density appears to recover in former smokers.
-older smokers have less dense bones than older nonsmokers.
-sedentary smokers have less dense bones than sedentary nonsmokers.
-smokers adapt by increasing their calcium absorption and reducing their bone resorption rate.

smokers adapt by increasing their calcium absorption and reducing their bone resorption rate

Which of the following is characteristic of calcium nutrition in teenagers?
-The recommended intake is higher for girls than boys
-The recommended intake is 800-1,000 mg for this population group
-The intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they eat more food
-The dietary intakes of calcium are similar for girls and boys of this population group

the intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they often eat more food

Which of the following is a feature of calcium supplements?
-Common antacids are used as a source of calcium
-The bioavailability of calcium from most supplements is significantly lower than from milk
-There are large differences in the efficiency of calcium absorption from various supplements
-The calcium in supplements made from oyster shell and bone meal is more absorbable than the calcium in calcium citrate and calcium lactate

common antacids are used as a source of calcium

among the following calcium supplements, which is most likely to be contaminated with toxic minerals?
-oyster shells
-calcium lactate
-calcium citrate
-calcium carbonate

oyster shells

Which of the following is not a characteristic of alcohol and bone health?
-Alcohol intake promotes urinary calcium loss
-Even moderate alcohol intake reduces bone density
-Bone breakdown is enhanced from excess alcohol consumption
-Hormones involved in bone maintenance are adversely affected by alcohol intake

even moderate alcohol intake reduces bone density

Which of the following is a characteristic of calcium supplement use?
-Taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium
-Taking them with iron supplements enhances absorption of iron
-Supplements of calcium carbonate show higher bioavailability than calcium citrate
-Small pills containing a large amount of calcium salt show faster dissolution in the stomach

taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium

For optimal utilization of calcium supplements, it is best to take them several times a day, in doses up to
-100 mg.
-200 mg.
-500 mg.
-800 mg.

500 mg

Among the calcium supplements, which is most calcium dense?
-calcium citrate
-calcium lactate
-calcium carbonate
-calcium gluconate

calcium carbonate

common side effects of taking a high does calcium supplement include all of the following except:
-constipation
-excessive gas
-intestinal bloating
-increased iron absorption

increased iron absorption

Among the following calcium supplements, which contains the lowest percentage of calcium?
-Calcium citrate
-Calcium lactate
-Calcium carbonate
-Calcium gluconate

calcium gluconate

To minimize the risk of calcium toxicity, total daily intakes should be held to a maximum of
-500 mg.
-1,000 mg.
-2,500 mg.
-5,000 mg.

2,500 mg

What is most likely to occur when a calcium supplement and an iron supplement are taken simultaneously?
-Absorption of iron is reduced
-Absorption of iron is improved
-Excretion of iron in the urine is reduced
-Excretion of iron in the urine is enhanced

absorption of iron is reduced