_____ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people. |
D |
The bystander effect is most likely to occur |
A |
In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs? |
A |
_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others. |
B |
The area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information is called |
D |
In the context of research in the area of physical attractiveness, which of the following faces will most likely be rated as most attractive? |
D |
Which of the following statements about research on the "beautiful is good" stereotype is FALSE? |
C |
A _____ is a generalization about a group’s characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another. |
A |
Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called |
A |
Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers’ expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts? |
C |
Self-fulfilling prophecy |
A |
The process by which we come to understand the causes of others’ behavior is known as |
D |
Attribution theory |
B |
According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions? |
A |
Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she is selfish and unhappy, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make a commitment right now. Jack is making a(n) _____ about his girlfriend’s behavior, whereas John is making a(n) _____. |
A |
Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat? |
B |
_____ is an individual’s fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative idea about his or her group. |
A |
Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as his or her traits and abilities, are called |
A |
Based on Claude Steele and Eliot Aronson’s research on stereotype threat, we should be especially concerned about instructions for standardized tests if they |
A |
You are watching golf and see Tiger Woods scowl. You would be making the fundamental attribution error if you assumed that |
A |
You come to a conclusion that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the |
A |
You watch as Emma stumbles and drops her books in the hall. If you commit the fundamental attribution error when assessing Emma, how would you explain her behavior? |
B |
The _____ is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do. |
D |
Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates |
A |
Lily does not approve of abortion. She is shocked when she finds out how many people in her state hold pro-choice attitudes. This is an example of |
C |
_____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one’s own successes and to deny responsibility for one’s own failures. |
C |
Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she blames the instructor’s ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia’s behavior is an example of |
B |
Cindy recently played in a softball game in which she misplayed a ground ball for an error. Later, in the same game, she made a great catch on a very difficult play. According to the self-serving bias, she would attribute her error to _____ and her good catch to her _____. |
D |
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the external situation and overestimate the impact of inner traits when they seek explanations of another person’s behavior is called |
B |
In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor’s behavior is called the |
B |
Which of the following statements is true of social comparison? |
B |
_____ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality. |
D |
Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise’s unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n) |
A |
. Individuals who have positive illusions about the self |
C |
The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others is known as |
C |
"Am I as popular as Cathy?" This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of |
D |
Festinger’s social comparison theory |
A |
_____ are people’s opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world. |
C |
_____ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts. |
B |
When people try to confront Alfred about drinking too much alcohol, he replies, "Drinking may be harmful to my health, but I’ll die having a good time." This statement made by Alan illustrates his attempt to reduce |
B |
Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals |
D |
Hugh bought a new calculator at Staples for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from Walmart showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said to himself, "I’m glad I got my calculator at Staples; the ones at Walmart are probably defective. I don’t mind having paid more for mine." Hugh’s statement reflects |
A |
According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals tend to reduce cognitive dissonance by |
A |
Which of the following is a similarity between the cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory? |
A |
According to the self-perception theory of attitudes, what do individuals do to make inferences about their attitudes? |
D |
_____ theory is Daryl Bem’s take on how behaviors influence attitudes. |
A |
According to the self-perception theory, |
D |
Juanita returned home after being away for several years. When she saw her father, whom she thought she disliked, she hugged him and cried. Based on her crying when she saw him, she determined that she must like him more than she thought. This is most consistent with the of attitudes |
C |
____ refers to rationalizing the amount of work we put into getting something by increasing its value. |
B |
In the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, the central route |
B |
In the context of persuasion strategies, the door-in-the-face technique involves |
C |
The elaboration likelihood model |
D |
Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reason. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter’s arguments, Alison finds that this person’s idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the |
C |
Central route persuasion |
B |
According to _____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request. |
A |
John is selling magazine subscriptions and chocolates. He asks you whether you are interested in buying some chocolates for $1 and you say yes. When you go to get the money to pay for the chocolates and return to the door, John asks you if you would also like to buy a $25 subscription to a variety of magazines. Even though you don’t read magazines, you agree to buy a magazine subscription. This is an example of |
C |
A person on campus walks up to you and asks if you would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for her cause. Though the ribbon is a bit unattractive, it is small so you agree to wear it. After agreeing to this request, the solicitor then asks you if you would be willing to make a donation of $15. This example best demonstrates the |
A |
The advertising committee for a politician is going door to door and asking people to put a big, ugly election sign on their lawn. If the people refuse, they ask them if they would consider putting a smaller sign on the lawn. The staff is using |
B |
_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt. |
A |
Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior? |
C |
Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression. |
D |
The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is |
B |
Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William’s behavior? |
A |
Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis? |
B |
According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression? |
D |
A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting |
C |
Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as |
A |
Susan drives by an unusually colorful apartment building each day on her way to and from work. Initially, she does not think much of the structure and has a mild dislike for it. However, after several months of commuting, she starts to like the apartment building and is even considering renting an apartment there. This change in Susan’s feelings about the building best demonstrates |
C |
Tom has left home and is attending college in a city far away from home where he doesn’t know anybody. According to the principle of proximity, Tom will be most likely to make friends with |
A |
The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction. |
A |
_____ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship. |
A |
When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they are displaying |
B |
Social psychologists believe that _____ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases as the relationship grows and matures. |
B |
Melissa and John have been happily married for 30 years because they have ensured that they have no opportunities to fight. Both of them have jobs so they contribute proportionately to the household income, and they equally share all other responsibilities. Melissa and John’s happy marriage can best be explained by the |
A |
. From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when |
C |
According to _____, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits. |
B |
According to _____, the most important predictor of relationship success is having both partners feel that each is doing his or her "fair share." |
B |
According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is |
A |
Equity is a strong predictor of relationship satisfaction |
D |
Which theory of attraction suggests that long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners are committed and put a lot into the relationship and when there are few attractive tempting alternatives around? |
A |
Dave is a handsome and famous celebrity. He has been dating Gabriela, a beautiful and popular actress, for the past two months, but he doesn’t feel strongly committed to their relationship. Recently, Dave has been working on a new movie and several women have expressed their interest in getting to know him better. Dave is now contemplating |
D |
The volunteer participants in Solomon Asch’s experiment on conformity conformed to group pressure to select the incorrect answer approximately _____ percent of the time. |
C |
Which of the following statements best defines conformity? |
A |
In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch’s experiment demonstrates |
A |
In the context of psychological factors in conformity, which of the following best describes informational social influence? |
A |
When members of a group know something that a person doesn’t, the person will follow the group to be right. This explains the concept of |
D |
Rosalie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz Carlton. She’s never been served a 10-course meal before, so she’s unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Rosalie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Rosalie is guided by |
B |
_____ is based on a person’s desire to be liked by a group. |
B |
Joyce has the potential to be an honor student but frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than working to succeed, she tends to "dummy down" to act more like the students that she hangs out with. She has at times answered questions incorrectly in class on purpose to be more like her friends. Joyce’s behavior is due to |
D |
A classic series of experiments by Stanley Milgram demonstrated the profound effect of |
C |
The factor that differentiates Jerry Burger’s recreated Milgram’s study from the original Milgram’s experiment is that, in Burger’s study |
D |
Which of the following conclusions was drawn from the Stanford prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo? |
B |
The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as |
D |
The Stanford prison experiment provides a dramatic example of how social situations and the roles we take on in life can influence |
A |
June is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. During Mardi Gras, she found herself swept up in the festivities, doing the things that the other party-goers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June’s behavior to |
C |
One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups |
C |
The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. |
C |
You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of |
D |
According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others is likely to |
C |
Psychologists believe that the social facilitation effect occurs because |
A |
Ralph just started taking guitar lessons last week. Jimmie has been playing guitar for almost 20 years. According to the concept of social facilitation, performing in front of an audience of strangers and friends tonight is likely to _____ Ralph’s performance and _____ Jimmie’s performance. |
C |
Social loafing refers to the |
A |
Dr. McCall found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups compared to when each student did an individual project. This difference is best explained by the phenomenon of |
B |
The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as |
C |
Which of the following statements is true of the concept of risky shift? |
B |
In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by |
A |
In the context of group decision making, which of the following is a symptom of groupthink? |
D |
Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is likely to become more liberal as a result of |
C |
_____ refers to the impaired decision making that occurs in a team when making the right decision is less important than maintaining harmony. |
D |
Which of the following is most likely to reduce the kinds of group biases that exist in face-to-face groups? |
C |
Which of the following is true of majority and minority influence in a group? |
D |
_____ refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership. |
A |
Which of the following theories best explains why individuals like to think of their group as an in-group? |
B |
Rob and Deandra are members of a football team. Their self-esteem is greatly affected by their team’s performance. They tend to compare their team with that of the opponents in order to improve their self-image. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario? |
A |
The tendency to favor one’s own cultural group over other groups is called |
B |
In a study based on Tajfel’s theory of social identity, Cathy is randomly assigned to Group A, and Sara is randomly assigned to Group B. When asked to award money to other study participants, both Cathy and Sara award money only to members of their own groups. This behavior is predicted by Tajfel’s theory and best exemplifies |
A |
_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual’s membership in a group. |
B |
Andrew openly criticizes the Asian Americans in his neighborhood. He says that the presence of these "outsiders" has led to an increase in the crime rate in the United States. Others in his neighborhood do not agree with him. His openly shared racist attitude is an example of |
D |
____ is reflected in a person’s conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a questionnaire, whereas _____ refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level, thus they must be measured with a method that does not require awareness. |
B |
An important feature of optimal intergroup contact that involves working together on a shared goal is known as |
D |
Sherif’s Robbers Cave study showed that perceptions of the out-group are affected by |
C |
Chapter 11- Social Psychology
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