The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell is called |
C. metabolism. |
T/F |
True |
T/F |
False |
__________ pathways are those that function both catabolically and anabolically. |
Amphibolic |
T/F |
True |
____________ ____________ is a process that can completely catabolize an organic energy source to CO2 using the glycolytic pathways and TCA cycle with O2 as the terminal electron acceptor for an electron transport chain. |
aerobic respiration |
T/F |
True |
T/F |
False |
T/F |
True |
The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized anaerobically via the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway in prokaryotes is |
A. 2. |
The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized to pyruvate using Entner-Doudoroff pathway is |
C. 1. |
The pentose phosphate pathway produces |
D. all of the choices. |
The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi, when coupled with an exergonic chemical reaction is called __________ phosphorylation. |
C. substrate-level |
The most common pathway for conversion of glucose to pyruvate is |
C. Embden-Meyerhoff. |
The TCA cycle generates all of the following from each acetyl-CoA molecule oxidized except |
D. two ATP or GTP molecules. |
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex oxidizes and cleaves pyruvate to form one CO2 and |
C. acetyl-CoA. |
After glycolysis, pyruvate is oxidized to one CO2 and the two-carbon molecule acetyl-CoA by a multienzyme system called the ________ ________ complex. |
pyruvate dehydrogenase |
TCA cycle enzymes are found in the _____________ _________ of eukaryotic cells. |
mitochondrial matrix |
In the TCA cycle, two carbons are removed from citric acid in the form of __________, thereby regenerating oxaloacetate to complete the cycle. |
C. carbon dioxide |
In the TCA cycle, two carbons in the form of __________ are added to oxaloacetate at the start of the cycle. |
A. acetyl-CoA |
The major function(s) of the TCA cycle is(are) |
D. energy production and provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components |
When mitochondria pass electrons donated by NADH through the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen, a theoretical maximum of __________ molecules of ATP can be made per oxygen molecule reduced. |
three |
The hypothesis that proton motive force drives ATP synthesis is called the __________ hypothesis. |
chemiosmotic |
The most commonly accepted hypothesis for the production of ATP that results from electron transport system is called the __________ hypothesis. |
chemiosmotic |
Bacterial electron transport chains may be comprised of fewer components and have lower P/O ratios than mitochondrial transport chains |
TRUE |
The electron transport systems in eukaryotes and prokaryotes use different electron carriers. |
TRUE |
In addition to being used in the making of ATP, proton motive force is used directly to power the rotation of bacterial flagella. |
TRUE |
Differences between mitochondrial and E. coli electron transport chains include the following: |
A. The E. coli chain contains a different array of cytochromes. |
Which of the following is NOT true regarding ATP synthases? |
C. The proton flow is outward during ATP synthesis. |
The theoretical maximum net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized aerobically in eukaryotes is |
B. 32. |
Production of ATP using the energy liberated when electrons from reduced chemical bonds are passed through the electron transport system is generally referred to as __________. |
B. respiration |
Mitochondrial electron transport takes place |
B. on the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
In higher eukaryotes, most aerobically generated ATP is produced by |
C. a membrane bound proton translocating ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation. |
The number of ATP molecules generated per atom of oxygen that is reduced when electrons are passed from NADH or reduced FAD (FADH) to O2 is called the |
C. P/O ratio. |
In aerobic conditions, it takes __________ sugar to produce the same amount of ATP when compared to anaerobic conditions. |
B. less |
Prokaryotes may use several different terminal oxidases for the electron transport system. |
TRUE |
Reduction of nitrate to nitrite by Paracoccus denitrificans is an example of anaerobic respiration. |
TRUE |
When cells of a facultative anaerobe such as Paracoccus denitrificans are growing under anaerobic conditions and using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor, ______________ nitrate reduction is occurring. |
dissimilatory |
Which of the following can be used as electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration? |
D. all of the choices |
Organisms that form lactate, ethanol, and CO2 as end products of glucose metabolism are called __________ fermenters. |
heterolactic |
Fermentation involves the use of pyruvate and/or other organic molecules as electron acceptors. |
TRUE |
In the process of fermentation an organic substrate, such as glucose, is reduced and an intermediate of the pathway, such as pyruvate, is oxidized. |
FALSE |
Organisms that directly reduce almost all of their pyruvate to lactate are called __________ fermenters. |
homolactic |
Oxygen is always required for the regeneration of NAD from NADH. |
FALSE |
Large external polysaccharides are degraded by bacteria and archaea using ________ ________, which secrete these substances outside the cell. |
hydrolytic enzymes |
Disaccharides and polysaccharides can be processed as nutrients after first being cleaved to monosaccharides by either __________ or __________. |
hydrolysis; phosphorolysis |
Fatty acids are metabolized by the __________ pathway. |
B. beta-oxidation |
During breakdown of fatty acids, carbons are removed __________ at a time with each turn of the cycle, and two carbon units are released as __________. |
C. two; acetyl-CoA |
Proteins are catabolized by hydrolytic cleavage to amino acids by the action of enzymes called __________. |
proteases |
Amino acids are processed first by the removal of the amino group through |
D. deamination or transamination |
Nitrification of ammonia occurs when ammonia is first converted to nitrite and then is converted to nitrate by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria. |
FALSE |
_______________ is a two-step process that depends on the activity of at least two genera to carry out the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. |
Nitrification |
Which of the following may be used as sources of energy by chemolithotrophs? |
D. All of the choices. |
How many molecules of ATP are needed to reduce one molecule of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate by oxygenic phototrophs during the dark reactions of photosynthesis? |
B. 3 |
How many molecules of NADPH are needed to reduce one molecule of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate by oxygenic phototrophs during the dark reactions of photosynthesis? |
A. 2 |
How many quanta of light are needed to reduce one molecule of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate during photosynthesis? |
D. 10-12 |
Photosynthetic organisms serve as the base for most food chains in the biosphere. |
TRUE |
All eukaryotic photosynthesizers are oxygenic. |
TRUE |
In the process of noncyclic photophosphorylation |
D. all of the choices |
In the process of __________, ATP is synthesized when excited electrons from chlorophyll P700 pass through a series of electron carriers then return to chlorophyll P700. |
B. cyclic photophosphorylation |
Photosynthetic electron transport in cyanobacteria takes place |
D. on the thylakoid membranes. |
Chapter 11 Practice
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