chapter 11 and 12

The afferent division of the PNS _____________.

controls smooth muscle
carries sensory information
carries motor commands
controls skeletal muscle

carries sensory information

The __________ nervous system controls glandular secretion.

sympathetic
parasympathetic
sympathetic and parasympathetic
afferent

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Which of these components is usually absent from a neuron?

centrioles
cell body
dendrites
axons

centrioles

Which of these is not a neuron structural category?

multipolar
pseudopolar
unipolar
bipolar

pseudopolar

Most CNS neurons fall into which structural category?

anaxonic
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

multipolar

Which is the largest and most abundant type of neuroglia?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
satellite cells
oligodendrocytes

astrocytes

Neuroglia perform all of these functions except __________.

secrete CSF
provide supportive
framework
release neurotransmitters
regulate extracellular fluid composition

release neurotransmitters

Which of these types of neuroglia are abundant in peripheral ganglia?

microglia
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
satellite cells

satellite cells

The most abundant intracellular cation is __________ while the most abundant extracellular anion is __________.

sodium; chloride
potassium; chloride
potassium; protein anions
sodium; protein anions

potassium; chloride

What happens just after an axon is depolarized to threshold?

Some potassium channels open.
All potassium channels open.
All sodium channels open.
Some sodium channels open.

Some sodium channels open.

During propagation of the action potential, __________.

local currents depolarize a spot adjacent to the active zone
after threshold is reached, sodium channels open rapidly
the axon hillock depolarizes the initial segment
All of these events occur during propagation of the action potential.

All of these events occur during propagation of the action potential.

Which of these axons will conduct an action potential most quickly?

Type A fiber
Type B fiber
Type C fiber
All fibers have the same propagation speed.

Type A fiber

Compared to type A axons, type C axons are __________.

slower propagating
unmyelinated
smaller diameter
Type C axons have all of these characteristics.

Type C axons have all of these characteristics.

Compared to nerve action potentials, muscle action potentials do not have __________.

greater resting potentials
slower propagation
faster propagation
longer duration

faster propagation

Which ion triggers synaptic vesicles to discharge neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft?

potassium
calcium
magnesium
sodium

calcium

The effect of a nerve impulse on a postsynaptic neuron depends on the __________.

kind of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron
quantity of neurotransmitter released
characteristics of the receptor on the postsynaptic neuron
All of these factors affect what happens at the postsynaptic neuron.

All of these factors affect what happens at the postsynaptic neuron.

EPSPs and IPSPs summate at the __________.

synaptic knob
postsynaptic receptors
axon hillock
electrical synapse

axon hillock

Which of these neurotransmitters do adrenergic synapses use?

nitric oxide
GABA
acetylcholine
norepinephrine

norepinephrine

Which of these neurotransmitters does not bind to a plasma membrane receptor?

GABA
nitric oxide
serotonin
norepinephrine

nitric oxide

Which of these neurotransmitters is released at CNS adrenergic synapses?

norepinephrine
GABA
serotonin
adrenaline

norepinephrine

EPSPs are ___________.

graded
EPSPs have all of these characteristics.
excitatory
postsynaptic

EPSPs have all of these characteristics.

If a nerve cell receives many IPSPs at the same time, __________.

the membrane potential will depolarize
it will show temporal summation
the nerve cell will approach threshold
the nerve cell will be strongly excited

it will show temporal summation

The neurotransmitter glutamate opens channels that are permeable to sodium ions. What effect does glutamate produce on a postsynaptic neuron?

IPSPs
EPSPs
neither IPSPs nor EPSPs
both IPSPs and EPSPs

EPSPs

The simplest level of information processing takes place at the __________.

axon terminals
axon hillock
soma
dendrites

axon hillock

The neurotransmitter GABA blocks presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels. Consequently, GABA produces __________.

EPSPs
presynaptic facilitation
presynaptic inhibition
IPSPs

presynaptic inhibition

If EPSPs summate to a sustained value above threshold, then the initial segment will __________.

generate both large and frequent action potentials
inactivate
generate a string of action potentials
generate larger than normal action potentials

generate a string of action potentials

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

integrate sensory information
control peripheral effectors
direct long-term functions, such as growth
sense the internal and external environments
coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities

direct long-term functions, such as growth

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

central
efferent
afferent
peripheral
autonomic

central

The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.

sympathetic
autonomic
afferent
somatic
parasympathetic

somatic

The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated

autonomic.
efferent.
afferent.
somatic.
motor.

afferent

The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates:

heart muscle cells
skeletal muscle cells
smooth muscle cells
glandular cells
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the ________ nervous system.

peripheral

The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following?

neurofibrils
vesicles
neurotubules
mitochondria
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons?

multipolar
pseudopolar
anaxonic
unipolar
bipolar

pseudopolar

The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is

pseudopolar.
multipolar.
bipolar.
unipolar.
anaxonic.

multipolar.

The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the

protoplasm.
neuroplasm.
perikaryon.
nucleoplasm.
sarcoplasm.

perikaryon.

Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called

perikaryon.
neurofibrils.
microglia.
Nissl bodies.
neurofilaments.

Nissl bodies.

The axon is connected to the soma at the

collaterals.
synaptic terminal.
telodendria.
synapse.
axon hillock.

axon hillock.

Branches that may occur along an axon are called

hillocks.
synapses.
collaterals.
telodendria.
synaptic terminals.

collaterals.

Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

dendrites.
terminals.
collaterals.
telodendria.
synapses.

telodendria.

Neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in synaptic

terminals.
vesicles.
mitochondria.
neurosomes.
telodendria.

vesicles

The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the

hillock.
synaptic terminals.
telodendria.
synapse.
collateral.

synapse.

The rabies virus travels to the CNS via

retrograde axoplasmic transport.
subcutaneous connective tissue.
blood vessels.
cerebrospinal fluid.
anterograde axoplasmic transport.

retrograde axoplasmic transport.

Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called

anaxonic.
bipolar.
multipolar.
unipolar.
tripolar.

anaxonic.

Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called

tripolar.
multipolar.
bipolar.
unipolar.
anaxonic.

unipolar.

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, with the soma in between, are called

bipolar.
multipolar.
anaxonic.
unipolar.
tripolar.

bipolar.

Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called

bipolar.
unipolar.
multipolar.
anaxonic.
tripolar.

multipolar.

Sensory neurons of the PNS are

bipolar.
unipolar.
anaxonic.
multipolar.
tripolar.

unipolar.

Which of the following activities or sensations is not monitored by interoceptors?

activities of the digestive system
urinary activities
cardiovascular activities
taste
sight

sight

________ neurons are small and have no anatomical features that distinguish dendrites from axons.

Sensory
Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar
Anaxonic

Anaxonic

________ neurons are short, with a cell body between dendrite and axon, and occur in special sense organs.

Multipolar
Unipolar
Motor
Bipolar
Anaxonic

Bipolar

In a(n) ________ neuron, the dendrites and axon are continuous or fused.

unipolar
interneuron
anaxonic
bipolar
multipolar

unipolar

________ neurons are the most common class in the CNS.

Multipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Anaxonic
Bipolar

Multipolar

________ neurons form the afferent division of the PNS.

Sensory
Neural sensory
Somatic sensory
Visceral sensory
Motor

Sensory

________ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS.

Bipolar neurons
Motor neurons
Unipolar neurons
Sensory neurons
Interneurons

Interneurons

Most CNS neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains

the ability of neurons to generate an action potential.
the ability of neurons to communicate with each other.
the ability of neurons to produce a resting potential.
why CNS neurons grow such long axons.
why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue.

why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue.

How does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?

The soma becomes unable to export products to the synaptic terminals.
The neuron becomes unable to produce neurotransmitters.
The neuron becomes unable to produce action potentials.
The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.
The neuron becomes unable to depolarize when stimulated.

The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.

The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically-gated ion channels.

The first statement is false but the second statement is true.
Both statements are true.
The first statement is true but the second statement is false.
Both statements are false.
Both statements are true and relate to synaptic transmission.

Both statements are true and relate to synaptic transmission.

The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ________.

neuron

Products from the soma of a neuron are transported to the synaptic terminals by ________ axoplasmic transport.

anterograde

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.

Wallerian
central
neural
conduction
peripheral

Wallerian

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

secretion of cerebrospinal fluid
memory
support
phagocytosis
maintenance of blood-brain barrier

memory

Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?

satellite cells
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
astrocytes
microglia

satellite cells

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

microglia.
ependymal cells.
satellite cells.
oligodendrocytes.
astrocytes.

astrocytes.

Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except

guiding neuron development.
maintaining the blood-brain barrier.
responding to neural tissue damage.
conducting action potentials.
forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS.

conducting action potentials.

________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.

Dendrites
Efferent fibers
Neuroglia
Synapses
Axons

Neuroglia

The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following?

adjusting the composition of the interstitial fluid
guiding neuron development
maintaining the blood-brain barrier
repairing damaged neural tissue
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the

oligodendrocytes.
microglia.
Schwann cells.
ependymal cells.
astrocytes.

astrocytes.

The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by

ependymal cells.
astrocytes.
microglia.
satellite cells.
oligodendrocytes.

oligodendrocytes.

________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal.

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Satellite cells
Ependymal cells

Ependymal cells

Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called

astrocytes.
ependymal cells.
satellite cells.
microglia.
oligodendrocytes.

microglia.

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by

satellite cells.
astrocytes.
microglia.
oligodendrocytes.
Schwann cells.

Schwann cells.

Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are

oligodendrocytes.
satellite cells.
ependymal cells.
astrocytes.
microglia.

satellite cells.

Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because

the neurolemma is impermeable to most molecules.
oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons.
astrocytes form a capsule around neurons.
ependymal cells restrict the flow of interstitial fluid between the capillaries and the neurons.
the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier.

the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier.

Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in

loss of sensation and motor control.
decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid.
a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.
loss of the structural framework of the brain.
inability to produce scar tissue a the site of an injury.

loss of sensation and motor control.

Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the

formation of cerebrospinal fluid.
formation of ganglia.
transport of neurotransmitters within axons.
formation of myelin sheaths.
repair of axons.

formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

When pressure is applied to neural tissue, all these effects are possible, except

a decrease in blood flow.
action potentials are generated spontaneously.
a decrease in available oxygen.
neurons are triggered to divide.
glial cells degenerate.

neurons are triggered to divide.

In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by

regenerating cell bodies for the neurons.
clearing away cellular debris.
producing more satellite cells that fuse to form new axons.
forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.
producing new axons.

forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.

After a stroke, what type of glial cell accumulates within the affected brain region?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
Schwann cells
satellite cells
microglia

microglia

Which of the following interactions between electrical and chemical gradients does not lead to the establishment of a neuron's resting potential?

Potassium ions are repulsed by positive charges outside the cell.
Chemical forces tend to drive potassium ions out of the cell.
Potassium ions are attracted to the negative charges inside the cell.
Electrical forces push sodium ions out of the cell.
Chemical and electrical forces both favor sodium ions entering the cell.

Electrical forces push sodium ions out of the cell.

Voltage-gated channels are present

on the surface of dendrites.
on the soma of neurons.
at the motor end plate.
along the perikaryon of neurons.
in the membrane that covers axons.

in the membrane that covers axons.

Integral membrane proteins that connect electrical synapses are called

desmosomes.
synapsins.
sodium channels.
receptors.
connexons.

connexons.

________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface.

Mechanically-gated
Active
Voltage-gated
Chemically-gated
Leak

Mechanically-gated

Any stimulus that opens ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential.

a voltage-gated
a sodium
a mechanically-gated
a chemically-gated
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron?

membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions
membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions
diffusion of sodium ions into the cell
diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell
The interior of the plasma membrane has an excess of negative charges.

membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function, all of the following occur, except

the membrane will slowly lose its capacity to generate action potentials.
the intracellular concentration of sodium ions will increase.
the neuron will slowly depolarize.
the inside of the membrane will have a resting potential that is more positive than normal.
the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will ncrease.

the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase.

Graded potentials

produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface.
are often all-or-none.
may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.
cause repolarization.
produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation.

may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

If the potassium permeability of a resting neuron increases above the resting permeability, what effect will this have on the transmembrane potential?

The inside of the membrane will become more negative.
There will be almost no effect on transmembrane potential.
The membrane will become depolarized.
The membrane will depolarize to threshold.
The inside of the membrane will become more positive.

The inside of the membrane will become more negative.

A stimulus that changes a postsynaptic neuron's membrane from resting potential to -85 mV is:

a saltatory stimulus
an excitatory stimulus
an inhibitory stimulus
a depolarizing stimulus
a temporal stimulus

an inhibitory stimulus

If the axolemma becomes more permeable to potassium ion:

the inside of the membrane will have a positive charge
the membrane will depolarize to threshold
a stronger stimulus will be required to cause an action potential
the membrane will depolarize to +30 mV
sodium ions will enter the cell to replace the lost potassium ions

a stronger stimulus will be required to cause an action potential

The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential.

1. Sodium channels are inactivated.
2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization.
3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties.
4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold.
5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs.
6. Sodium channel activation occurs.
7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs.

The proper sequence of these events is

4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1.
2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5.
4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1.
6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5.
4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5.

4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5

The all-or-none principle states that

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
all stimuli will produce identical action potentials.
only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.
only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials.
the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the magnitude of the action potential

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

The same ________ can have different effects depending on the properties of the ________.

substrate; receptor
receptor; neurotransmitter
hormone; neurotransmitter
propagation; neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter; receptor

neurotransmitter; receptor

Which of the following statements about the action potential is false?

During the depolarization phase, membrane potential becomes positive.
Repolarization occurs as potassium ions leave the axon.
In the after-hyperpolarization phase, membrane potential approaches the potassium equilibrium potential.
During the repolarization phase, sodium channels close and potassium channels open.
The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.

The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.

How would a chemical that prevents the opening of voltage-regulated Na+ channels affect the function of a neuron?

neuron will only be able to hyperpolarize
action potentials will lack a repolarization phase
neuron will only be capable of producing graded potentials
neuron will depolarize more rapidly
neuron will automatically and repeatedly produce graded potentials

neuron will only be capable of producing graded potentials

Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?

Action potentials would lack a repolarization phase.
None, because the chemically-gated sodium channels would still function.
Neurons would depolarize more rapidly.
The absolute refractory period would be shorter than normal.
The axon would be unable to generate action potentials

The axon would be unable to generate action potentials

Which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted?

diameter of the axon
presence or absence of nodes
length of the axon
whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS
presence or absence of a myelin sheath

whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS

A neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called

the postsynaptic neuron.
an oligodendrocyte.
an interneuron.
the motor neuron.
the presynaptic neuron.

the postsynaptic neuron.

Which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system?

electrical
processing
chemical
radiative
mechanical

chemical

Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

acetylcholine.
adrenalin.
serotonin.
GABA.
norepinephrine.

acetylcholine

The following are the steps involved in transmission at a cholinergic synapse.

1. Chemically-gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated.
2. Calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal.
3. Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine.
4. An action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal at the presynaptic membrane.
5. The synaptic terminal reabsorbs choline.
6. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis.
7. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
8. Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the synaptic terminal.

The correct sequence for these events is

2, 5, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3.
4, 2, 6, 7, 8, 5, 3, 1.
4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.
2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.
6, 4, 2, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.

4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5

If the chemically-gated sodium channels in the postsynaptic membrane were completely blocked,

smaller action potentials would result.
the presynaptic neuron would release a different neurotransmitter.
the presynaptic membrane would be unable to reach threshold.
synaptic transmission would fail.
release of neurotransmitter would stop.

synaptic transmission would fail.

The effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic membrane depends on

the characteristics of the receptors.
the nature of the neurotransmitter.
the quantity of neurotransmitters released.
the frequency of neurotransmitter release.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

When cholinergic receptors are stimulated,

chloride ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.
sodium ions leave the postsynaptic neuron.
sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.
norepinephrine deactivates acetylcholine.
chloride ions leave the postsynaptic neuron.

sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.

If the axon terminal of a motor neuron suddenly became permeable to calcium ion,

neurotransmitter release will be blocked.
the motor end plate will be hyperpolarized.
the motor end plate will be depolarized.
the neuron will become unable to stimulate the muscle cell.
the neuron will fire an action potential.

the motor end plate will be depolarized.

Each of the following is an example of a neuroeffector junction, except the junction between a neuron and a(n)

smooth muscle cell.
exocrine gland cell.
skeletal muscle cell.
nerve cell.
endocrine gland cell.

nerve cell

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

acetylcholine.
serotonin.
dopamine.
GABA.
norepinephrine.

norepinephrine.

Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that is important in learning and memory?

glycine
gamma aminobutyric acid
glutamate
noradrenaline
serotonin

glutamate

Which of the following is not a possible drug effect on synaptic function?

interfere with neurotransmitter reuptake
interfere with neurotransmitter synthesis
change the type of receptor found in the postsynaptic membrane
prevent neurotransmitter inactivation
block neurotransmitter binding to receptors

change the type of receptor found in the

Opioids relieve pain by blocking the release of

substance Q.
substance P.
substance X.
substance O.
None of the answers are correct.

substance P.

Which of the following is a recognized class of opioid neuromodulators?

dynorphins
endomorphins
enkephalins
endorphins
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Active neurons need ATP to support which of the following?

the movement of materials from the soma by axoplasmic transport
the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules
the recovery from action potentials
the movement of materials to the soma by axoplasmic transport
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

After acetylcholinesterase acts, the synaptic terminal

reabsorbs axoplasm.
reabsorbs the acetate.
reabsorbs the acetylcholine.
reabsorbs the choline.
pinches off and a new terminal grows

reabsorbs the choline.

A postsynaptic neuron will have an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) when

more calcium ions than usual diffuse into the neuron.
the neuron is hyperpolarized.
chemically-regulated potassium channels are open and potassium is diffusing out of the cell.
chemically-regulated sodium channels are open and sodium is diffusing into the cell.
more potassium ions than usual diffuse out of the neuron.

chemically-regulated sodium channels are open and sodium is diffusing into the cell.

Presynaptic facilitation by serotonin is caused by

blockage of calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane.
increased extracellular concentration of sodium ion.
calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remaining open longer.
increased extracellular concentration of potassium ion.
temporal summation.

calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remaining open longer.

The site in the neuron where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated is the

synaptic terminal.
electrical synapse.
chemical synapse.
axon hillock.
dendritic membrane

axon hillock.

EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when

more potassium ions than usual leak out of a cell.
chloride ions enter a cell.
extra sodium ions enter a cell.
more calcium ions than usual leak out of a cell.
hyperpolarizations occur.

extra sodium ions enter a cell.

IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)

are local depolarizations.
block the efflux of calcium ions.
increase membrane permeability to sodium ions.
are local hyperpolarizations.
block the efflux of potassium ions.

are local hyperpolarizations.

When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?

decrease in speed of impulse transmission
spatial summation
temporal summation
inhibition of the impulse
hyperpolarization

temporal summation

Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated

temporal summation.
spatial summation.
inhibition of the impulse.
impulse transmission.
hyperpolarization.

spatial summation.

How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate?

It would be much briefer.
It would last indefinitely.
It would be basically unaffected.

It would last indefinitely.

How is an action potential propagated along an axon?

Stimuli from the graded (local) potentials from the soma and dendrites depolarize the entire axon.
An efflux of potassium from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area.
An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area

An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) blocks voltage-gated K+ channels such that K+ cannot pass even when the channels are open. However, TEA leaves K+ leakage channels largely unaffected. How would you expect the action potential to change if you treated a neuron with TEA?

The action potential would fail. Once the voltage reached threshold, it would return to the resting membrane potential.
The membrane would depolarize and repolarize as usual, but no hyperpolarization beyond (more negative to) the resting membrane potential would occur.
The action potential would depolarize as usual, but the repolarization phase would take longer, causing the action potential to be more broad in time.
The membrane would depolarize as usual but then stay at that depolarized voltage (about +30 mV).

The action potential would depolarize as usual, but the repolarization phase would take longer, causing the action potential to be more broad in time.

An action potential in one segment of axon causes adjacent sections of axon membrane to reach threshold through what mechanism?

the generation of local currents
Na+ ions diffusing across the membrane through leakage channels
K+ ions diffusing through voltage-gated channels
neurotransmitters causing chemically gated channels to open

the generation of local currents

In a myelinated axon, how do the nodes of Ranvier differ from other segments of the same axon?

The nodes are longer segments of the axon.
The nodes are wrapped in myelin.
The nodes are less numerous.
The nodes are more permeable to ions.

The nodes are more permeable to ions.

Where are action potentials regenerated as they propagate along a myelinated axon?

at the nodes of Ranvier
at every segment of the axon
at the axon hillock
at the myelinated segments

at the nodes of Ranvier

Which of the following would increase the membrane permeability to K+?

more K+ leakage channels
more negative membrane potential
more Na+ leakage channels
a greater concentration gradient for K+

more K+ leakage channels

Following repolarization, the neuron may become slightly hyperpolarized before it re-establishes its resting membrane potential.
Hyperpolarization is due to a difference between how the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels work. What is this difference?

Voltage-gated Na+ channels stop the flow of Na+ relatively quickly, while voltage-gated K+ channels are slow to close, resulting in the overshoot.
Voltage-gated K+ channels possess an inactivation gate that keeps them closed until repolarization is almost complete.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels are responsible for depolarization, while voltage-gated K+ channels return K+ to their original location.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels can open much faster than voltage-gated K+ channels.

Voltage-gated Na+ channels stop the flow of Na+ relatively quickly, while voltage-gated K+ channels are slow to close, resulting in the overshoot.

Which statement best characterizes a K+ leak channel?

Common trans-membrane channels are always open for any ion to move through in the presence of K+.
Chemically gated K+ channels that open and close according to the binding of other molecules.
Trans-membrane protein channels that are always open to allow K+ to cross the membrane without the additional input of energy.
Trans-membrane channels that use energy to allow the movement of K+ across the membrane.

Trans-membrane protein channels that are always open to allow K+ to cross the membrane without the additional input of energy

Cl− is a common negatively charged extracellular ion. Predict the effect on the RMP if many Cl− gated channels are suddenly opened.

A more negative RMP would result.
There would be no change in the RMP.
The membrane would become hypopolarized or have less charge separation across the membrane.
The RMP would become more positive.

A more negative RMP would result.

Saltatory propagation occurs in _________ axons, in which action potentials _________.
Select the best answer.

myelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another
unmyelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another
unmyelinated; spread by depolarizing the adjacent region of the axon membrane
myelinated; move continuously along the axon toward the axon hillock

myelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside,

the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.
the sending neuron becomes more negative inside.
the sending neuron becomes more positive inside.
the receiving neuron is more likely to generate an action potential.
the receiving neuron immediately generates an action potential.

the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.

Which of the following best characterizes depolarization?

small consecutive steps of Na+ penetration into the axon along its length
small consecutive steps of Na+ exit from cytoplasm into extracellular fluid
small consecutive steps of K+ entering the cytoplasm
mass movement of Na+ into the axon cytoplasm from the cell body to the terminal

small consecutive steps of Na+ penetration into the axon along its length

What conditions will increase the diffusion of molecules, such as neurotransmitters?

An increase in the distance between the neurons.
An increased viscosity of the fluid between neurons.
An increase in number of postsynaptic receptors.
An increase in the amount of neurotransmitter exocytized by the presynaptic axon.

An increase in the amount of neurotransmitter exocytized by the presynaptic axon.

Which best represents synaptic transmission?

presynaptic axon to synapse to dendrite or postsynaptic cell body
presynaptic axon to synapse to postsynaptic axon
presynaptic axon to presynaptic cell body to dendrite
presynaptic cell body to dendrite to synapse

presynaptic axon to synapse to dendrite or postsynaptic cell body

A postsynaptic cell can be a neuron, a muscle cell, or a secretory cell. What is an example of a presynaptic cell?

a muscle cell
a neuron
a secretory cell
a Schwann cell

a neuron

What part of the nervous system performs information processing and integration?

somatic nervous system
central nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system

central nervous system

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system?

integration of sensory input
monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body
control the activity of muscles and glands
regulation of neurogenesis

regulation of neurogenesis

Which of the following allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles?

the afferent division of the nervous system
the somatic nervous system
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

the somatic nervous system

Which neuroglia are the most abundant and versatile of the glial cells?

ependymal cells
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes

astrocytes

Which part of the neuron is responsible for generating a nerve impulse?

soma
axon
dendrite
chromatophilic substance

axon

Which of the following types of neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS)?

motor
association
sensory
afferent

motor

Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons?

ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
microglia
astrocytes

microglia

Which of the following types of glial cells produces the myelin sheaths that insulate axons, or nerve fibers, in the central nervous system (CNS)?

ependymal cells
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes

oligodendrocytes

Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS?

Schwann cells
astrocytes
satellite cells
oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

Which of the following are bundles of neurofilaments that are important in maintaining the shape and integrity of neurons?

perikaryon
axolemma
chromatophilic substance
neurofibrils

neurofibrils

Which of the following is true of axons?

Axons use chemically gated ion channels to generate graded potentials.
Neurons can have multiple axons but only one dendrite.
Smaller (thinner) axons are more likely to bear myelin sheaths than larger (thicker) axons.
A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.

A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.

Which of the following is the conducting region of the neuron?

terminal boutons
axon
soma
dendrites

axon

Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons?

the number of processes extending from the cell body neuron
whether the nerve fibers are myelinated or unmyelinated
the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system
whether the neurons are found within the CNS or the PNS

the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons?

multipolar
efferent
sensory
interneurons

multipolar

Which of the following is NOT true of association neurons?

Association neurons account for over 99% of the neurons in the body.
Most association neurons are confined within the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Association neurons are also known as interneurons.
Most association neurons are multipolar.

Most association neurons are confined within the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

In multiple sclerosis, the cells that are the target of an autoimmune attack are the _________.

neurons
muscle cells
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes

oligodendrocytes

Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron?

inhibitory postsynaptic potential
inhibitory action potential
excitatory postsynaptic potential
action potential

excitatory postsynaptic potential

Which of the following is NOT true of an electrical synapse?

Communication through these synapses may be unidirectional or bidirectional.
They are less common than chemical synapses.
They are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters.
Transmission across these synapses is very rapid.

They are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters.

Opening K+ or Cl- channels in a postsynaptic membrane would produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).

True
False

true

Which of the following is NOT one of the chemical classes into which neurotransmitters fall?

amino acids
gases and lipids
chlorides
peptides

chlorides

Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing?

diverging circuit
parallel after-discharge circuit
reverberating circuit
converging circuit

reverberating circuit

What component of the reflex arc determines the response to a stimulus?

integration center
sensory neuron
receptor
effecto

integration center

Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit?

reverberating circuits
pre-discharge circuits
converging circuits
diverging circuits

pre-discharge circuits

Which pattern of neural processing works in a predictable, all-or-nothing manner, where reflexes are rapid and automatic responses to stimuli in which a particular stimulus always causes the same response?

oscillative processing
parallel processing
serial processing
reflexive processing

serial processing

Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers.

True
False

true

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS
motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?

analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction
senses changes in the environment

analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?

innervation of glands
innervation of skeletal muscle
innervation of cardiac muscle
innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract

innervation of skeletal muscle

The overlapping functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, and motor output.

True
False

true

The autonomic nervous system is under voluntary control; whereas, the somatic nervous system is involuntary.

True
False

false

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
spinal cord and spinal nerves
peripheral and spinal nerves

brain and spinal cord

Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.

True
False

true

Myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocyte.

True
False

true

Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups.

True
False

true

The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons.

True
False

true

The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neuron processes.

True
False

false

Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes.

True
False

true

If bacteria invaded the CNS tissue, microglia would migrate to the area to engulf and destroy them.

True
False

true

Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?

control the chemical environment around neurons
guide the migration of young neurons, synapse formation, and helping to determine capillary permeability
provide the defense for the CNS
support and brace neurons
anchor neurons to blood vessels

provide the defense for the CNS

What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called?

Schwann cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

ependymal cells

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

motor neurons
called neuroglial cells
found in the retina of the eye
found in ganglia

found in the retina of the eye

The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.

axon
Schwann cell
neurolemma
dendrite

axon\

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

nuclei
nerves
ganglia
tracts

ganglia

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________.

association neuron
glial cell
efferent neuron
afferent neuron

association neuron

Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.

microglia
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
astrocytes

astrocytes

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia

oligodendrocytes

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?

They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate.
They conduct impulses.
They have extreme longevity.
They are mitotic.

They are mitotic.

The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.

True
False

false

During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative.

True
False

true

Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase.

True
False

false

A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons.

True
False

true

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.

postsynaptic potential
generator potential
excitatory potential
action potential

generator potential

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?

They can form on receptor endings.
They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
They can be called postsynaptic potentials.
They are short-lived.

They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________.

the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell
proteins have been resynthesized
the membrane potential has been reestablished
all sodium gates are closed

the membrane potential has been reestablished

In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________.

negatively charged and contains more sodium
negatively charged and contains less sodium
positively charged and contains more sodium
positively charged and contains less sodium

negatively charged and contains less sodium

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________.

the impulse would move to the axon terminal only
muscle contraction would occur
the impulse would spread bidirectionally
the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur

the impulse would spread bidirectionally

In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.

True
False

true

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?

type of stimulus receptor
frequency of action potentials
size of action potentials
origin of the stimulus

frequency of action potentials

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?

Ions always move passively across membranes.
Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.
Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.
Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.

A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.

True
False

true

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?

A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open.
Specific potassium gates will open.
Specific sodium gates will open.

A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

Select the correct statement regarding synapses.

The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.
Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapases.
Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells.
The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled.

The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.

Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential?

moves membrane potential away from threshold
short distance hyperpolarization
short distance depolarization
opens K+ or Cl- channels

short distance hyperpolarization

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

cholinesterase
gamma aminobutyric acid
acetylcholine
norepinephrine

acetylcholine

The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________.

cholinesterase
neurotransmitter
ion
biogenic amine

neurotransmitter

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?

acetycholine
biogenic amine
nucleic acid
ATP and other purines
amino acid

nucleic acid

Some neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor.

True
False

true

Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli.

True
False

true

Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________.

are crucial for the development of neural connections
are crucial in the production of neurotransmitters
release nerve growth factor
are found on "pathfinder" neurons

are crucial for the development of neural connections

Which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

afferent nerve fibers
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
spinal cord

spinal cord

In a spinal reflex, information flows from __________ to __________ to __________.

PNS; PNS; CNS
CNS; CNS; PNS
PNS; CNS; PNS
CNS; PNS; CNS

PNS; CNS; PNS

The __________ is part of the CNS and the __________ is part of the PNS.

spinal cord; spinal nerve
cranial nerve; spinal nerve
spinal nerve; spinal cord
brain; spinal cord

spinal cord; spinal nerve

The spinal cord consists of __________ segments, each associated with two pairs of nerve roots.

12
29 to 31
5
31

31

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates within the __________.

subarachnoid space
pia mater
subdural space
dura mater

subarachnoid space

The spinal cord stops elongating at about __________ years of age.

4
10
15
2

4

The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________.

axons of multipolar neurons
axons of unipolar neurons
cell bodies of multipolar neurons
cell bodies of unipolar neurons

cell bodies of unipolar neurons

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain __________.

neuroglia
neuron cell bodies (somas)
unmyelinated axons
The gray horns contain all of these elements.

The gray horns contain all of these elements.

The CSF is confined between the __________ and the __________.

pia mater; dura mater
epidural space; subdural space
dura mater; arachnoid mater
pia mater; arachnoid mater

pia mater; arachnoid mater

The six projections from the gray matter seen in cross-sections of the spinal cord are called __________.

pyramids
flares
tracts
horns

horns

Which of these is absent in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

neuroglia
unmyelinated axons
neuron cell bodies
myelinated axons

myelinated axons

The __________ gray horns contain sensory nuclei.

intermediate
ventral
dorsal
lateral

dorsal

The region of the body surface monitored by a pair of spinal nerves is known as a(n) __________.

segment
input domain
dermatome
dermal band

dermatome

The connective tissue layer that covers Schwann cells is the __________.

endomysium
endoneurium
epineurium
perineurium

endoneurium

A typical spinal nerve has a __________ ramus consisting of unmyelinated axons that innervate smooth muscles.

dorsal
ventral
gray
whitw

gray

Nerve cells (neurons) that control peripheral effectors are known as __________.

motor neurons
peripheral neurons
axons
afferent fibers

motor neurons

Neural circuits occur in all of these patterns except __________.

multipolar
divergent
convergent
reverberating

multipolar

The most abundant category of neurons is __________.

somatic afferents
somatic motor
interneurons
visceral motor

interneurons

Which of these is not one of the essential components of a reflex arc?

output to upper motor neuron
integration process in the CNS
output to a peripheral effector
receptor activation

output to upper motor neuron

A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex.

acquired
motor
somatic
visceral

visceral

A reflex arc always includes a(n) __________.

efferent axon
sensory receptor
afferent axon
A reflex arc always includes all of these structures.

A reflex arc always includes all of these structures.

Which processes are always part of a reflex arc?

receptor activation
afferent action potential
efferent action potential
All of these processes are part of every reflex arc.

All of these processes are part of every reflex arc.

The input for the stretch reflex comes from the __________.

gamma motor neuron
extrafusal fibers
muscle spindle
efferent fibers

muscle spindle

A distinction about the flexor reflex is that it __________.

prevents a muscle from overstretching
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus
prevents a muscle from generating excessive tension
is an example of a monosynaptic reflex

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

The reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex.

tendon
reciprocal
flexor
stretch

tendon

The __________ reflex involves activating muscles contralateral to the receptor.

crossed extensor
stretch
tendon
flexor

crossed extensor

Which of these are not properties of the stretch reflex?

It is activated by muscle elongation.
Its receptor is muscle spindle.
It is a disynaptic reflex.
It regulates muscle length.

It is a disynaptic reflex.

An example of the brain modifying reflex patterns is _________.

postponing emptying a full urinary bladder
holding your breath
deliberately walking on hot coals
All of these are examples of the brain modifying reflex patterns.

All of these are examples of the brain modifying reflex patterns.

An example of the brain affecting spinal reflexes is the replacement of the __________ by the __________.

Babinski sign; plantar reflex
plantar reflex; Babinski sign
Babinski sign; flexor reflex
flexor reflex; plantar reflex

Babinski sign; plantar reflex

Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________.

stimulus response
enhancement
reinforcement
nerve injury

reinforcement

The spinal cord is part of the

autonomic nervous system.
central nervous system.
peripheral nervous system.
somatic nervous system.
afferent nervous system.

central nervous system.

The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament.

filum terminale
ventral root
conus medullaris
dorsal root
cauda equina

filum terminale

Spinal nerves are

purely motor.
purely sensory.
involuntary.
both sensory and motor.
interneuronal.

both sensory and motor

The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments.

31
25
12
5
The number varies widely among individuals.

31

The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain

synapses.
cell bodies of motor neurons.
axons of motor neurons.
cell bodies of sensory neurons.
axons of sensory neurons.

cell bodies of sensory neurons.

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains

cell bodies of motor neurons.
axons of sensory neurons.
cell bodies of sensory neurons.
axons of motor neurons.
interneurons.

axons of sensory neurons.

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of sensory neurons.
axons of motor neurons.
cell bodies of motor neurons.
cell bodies of sensory neurons.
interneurons.

axons of motor neurons.

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

periosteum.
arachnoid.
epidural block.
pia mater.
dura mater.

dura mater.

After age ________ the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not.

8
18
1
12
4

4

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level.
output to skeletal muscles would be blocked.
output to visceral organs would be blocked.
sensory input would be blocked.
the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord

sensory input would be blocked.

The subdural space lies between

the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
the endosteum and the periosteum.
the pia mater and the subarachnoid space.
the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.
the pia mater and the dura mater.

the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the

dura mater.
subarachnoid space.
arachnoid.
pia mater.
choroid plexus.

pia mater

A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a

cervical enlargement.
lumbar enlargement.
spinal ganglion.
spinal meninx.
spinal nerve.

spinal nerve.

In meningitis,

viruses can be the cause.
bacteria can be the cause.
inflammation of the meninges occurs.
CSF flow can be disrupted.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block?

It can provide sensory and motor anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected.
It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection.
It can provide mainly sensory anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected.
It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

pia mater.
subarachnoid space.
arachnoid mater.
filum terminale.
dura mater.

subarachnoid space.

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the

spinal mater.
cranial mater.
spinal meninges.
epidural membranes.
cranial meninges.

spinal meninges

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

epidural space.
pia mater.
subarachnoid space.
dura mater.
subdural space.

pia mater.

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the

dura mater.
cerebral ventricles.
arachnoid mater.
subarachnoid space.
epidural space.

subarachnoid space.

In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about

L1.
C1.
L5.
T10.
T6.

L1.

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?

inability to breathe
problems with moving his legs
uncontrollable sweating of his feet
loss of sensation in his torso
problems with moving his arms

loss of sensation in his torso

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

unmyelinated axons.
Schwann cells.
myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
neuroglia.
nodes of Ranvier.

myelinated and unmyelinated axons.

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

nerve cell bodies.
funiculi.
columns.
nerve tracts.
meninges.

nerve cell bodies.

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

somatic motor nuclei.
nerve tracts.
sensory nuclei.
autonomic motor nuclei.
sympathetic nuclei.

sensory nuclei

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

autonomic motor nuclei.
sympathetic nuclei.
nerve tracts.
sensory nuclei.
somatic motor nuclei.

somatic motor nuclei.

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the

central canal.
gray commissures.
posterior gray horns.
white columns.
anterior gray horns.

white columns.

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as

ganglia.
nuclei.
columns.
nerves.
horns.

columns

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called

fibers.
wings.
tracts.
pyramids.
horns.

horns.

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

gray commissures.
lateral gray horns.
posterior gray horns.
anterior gray horns.
white commissures.

gray commissures.

The white matter of the spinal cord contains

both axons and dendrites.
sensory and motor nuclei.
interneurons.
bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.
bundles of dendrites with common origins, destinations, and functions.

bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.

The outermost connective-tissue covering of nerves is the

perineurium.
endomysium.
epineurium.
endoneurium.
epimysium.

epineurium.

The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the

dermatomes.
ventral ramus.
gray rami communicantes.
dorsal ramus.
white rami communicantes.

white rami communicantes.

The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve and contain postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or limbs are

white rami communicantes.
ventral ramus.
gray rami communicantes.
dorsal ramus.
dermatomes.

gray rami communicantes

Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs do not rejoin the spinal nerve but form

sympathetic nerves.
dorsal rami.
gray rami.
white rami.
ventral rami.

sympathetic nerves.

The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back.

gray ramus communicantes
ventral ramus
dermatome
dorsal ramus
white ramus communicantes

dorsal ramus

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

5 sacral spinal nerves
8 cervical spinal nerves
1 coccygeal spinal nerve
11 thoracic spinal nerves
5 lumbar spinal nerves

11 thoracic spinal nerves

Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region.

cervical
coccygeal
lumbar
sacral
thoracic

cervical

The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus.

lumbar
sacral
cervical
brachial
thoracic

brachial

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

lumbar
cranial
cervical
brachial
sacral

brachial

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the

endosteum.
endoneurium.
epimysium.
epineurium.
perineurium.

perineurium.

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles.

abdominal
leg
facial
intercostal
shoulder

leg

The ________ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs.

ventral ramus
white rami communicantes
gray rami communicantes
dorsal ramus
dermatomes

ventral ramus

The obturator nerve is distributed to the

skin over buttocks.
skin over the perineum.
extensors of the hip.
adductors of the hip.
biceps femoris.

adductors of the hip.

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will

mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense.
block autonomic regulation.
affect visceral motor function.
interfere with position sense.
lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis.

lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis.

The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n)

plexus.
lateral nerve.
autonomic nerve.
dermatome.
tract.

plexus.

Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus, except the ________ nerve.

femoral
obturator
genitofemoral
saphenous
sciatic

sciatic

The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm.

sciatic
radial
phrenic
lesser occipital
ansa cervicalis

phrenic

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the

subneurium.
metaneurium.
endoneurium.
aponeurium.
perineurium.

endoneurium

The ventral rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following, except the ________ plexus.

lumbar
nuchal
sacral
brachial
cervical

nuchal

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he

would have full range of motion in all extremities.
would be in a coma.
could walk without difficulty.
might be unable to breathe on his own.
would have difficulty chewing and moving the tongue.

might be unable to breathe on his own.

As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve.

perineal
femoral
pudendal
brachial
sciatic

sciatic

Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?

descending tracts
the anterior gray commissures
the anterior gray horns
ascending tracts
the anterior white commissures

ascending tracts

The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves, except the

median.
radial.
musculocutaneous.
ulnar.
phrenic

phrenic

Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following, except

parallel processing.
reverberating.
convergent.
divergent.
multipolar.

multipolar.

All of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they

involve at least two neurons.
are automatic motor responses.
are the simplest form of behavior.
cannot be modified by the brain.
help preserve homeostasis.

cannot be modified by the brain.

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes.

visceral
innate
somatic
vegetative
acquired

innate

Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following, except

the motor response.
where information processing occurs.
their development.
the complexity of the neural circuit.
whether they are sensory or motor.

whether they are sensory or motor.

All of the following are true of muscle spindles, except that they

consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers.
are innervated by gamma motor neurons.
are the receptor for the stretch reflex.
are found in tendons.
are found within skeletal muscle.

are found in tendons.

The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex.

flexor
stretch
tendon
reciprocal
crossed extensor

tendon

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called

a crossed extensor reflex.
a stretch reflex.
reciprocal inhibition.
reverberating circuits.
a tendon reflex.

reciprocal inhibition.

The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.

crossed extensor
flexor
tendon
stretch
reciprocal

crossed extensor

The flexor reflex

usually depends on cranial neurons.
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.
is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.
prevents a muscle from overstretching.
prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension.

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater?

a monosynaptic reflex
a polysynaptic reflex

a polysynaptic reflex

All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes, except that they

involve pools of interneurons.
have reverberating circuits that prolong the reflexive motor response.
are intersegmental in distribution.
involve reciprocal innervation.
are arranged according to dermatomes

are arranged according to dermatomes.

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex?

flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked
a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts
normal in newborns
why you close your eyes when you sneeze
abnormal in adults

why you close your eyes when you sneeze

Which brain nucleus is the body's "biological clock"?

suprachiastmatic nucleus
subthalamic nucleus
dorsomedial nucleus
lentiform nucleus

suprachiastmatic nucleus

Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________.

medulla
midbrain
cerebrum
pon

pons

The arbor vitae refers to ________.

the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum
cerebellar white matter
cerebellar gray matter
flocculonodular nodes

cerebellar white matter

The brain stem consists of the ________.

midbrain, medulla, and pons
pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain
midbrain only
cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla

midbrain, medulla, and pons

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.

frontal lobe
prefrontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe

temporal lobe

What cells line the ventricles of the brain?

astrocytes
epithelial cells
neurons
ependymal cells

ependymal cells

The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

cerebrum
midbrain
medulla
pons

medulla

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?

central fissure
parieto-occipital fissure
lateral fissure
longitudinal fissure

longitudinal fissure

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?

visceral command center
decussation center
executive suite
motor command center

executive suite

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.

spinal cord may be affected
telencephalon would cease development
cranial nerves would not form
hindbrain would not be present

spinal cord may be affected

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

frontal from parietal
temporal from parietal
frontal from temporal
parietal from occipital

frontal from parietal

Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?

dendrites
unmyelinated axons
fiber tracts
cell bodies

fiber tracts

Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei?

regulating attention and cognition
controlling starting and stopping movements
initiating protective reflex actions
inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements

initiating protective reflex actions

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.

ganglia
fissures
sulci
gyri

gyri

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

lateral sulcus
central sulcus
cranial fossa
longitudinal fissure

lateral sulcus

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes.
Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible.
Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location.
Damage to the primary visual cortex results in functional blindness.

Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes.

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.

segmental and nigrostriatal
pyramidal and corticospinal
extrapyramidal and rubrospinal
supplementary and cerebellar-pontine

pyramidal and corticospinal

Broca's area ________.

is usually found in the right hemisphere
serves the recognition of complex objects
is considered a motor speech area
corresponds to Brodmann's area 8

is considered a motor speech area

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

prefrontal cortex
posterior association area
limbic association area
combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex

prefrontal cortex

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.

nutrients such as glucose
metabolic waste such as urea
alcohol
anesthetics

metabolic waste such as urea

All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________.

amygdaloid nucleus
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
caudate nucleus

caudate nucleus

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.

limbic system
pyramids
reticular formation
thalamus

reticular formation

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________.

loss of body temperature control
pathologic sleep
loss of proprioception
production of excessive quantities of urine

loss of proprioception

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________.

reticular nuclei
vestibular nuclei
red nuclei
superior colliculi

vestibular nuclei

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.

gustatory cortex
vestibular cortex
olfactory cortex
visceral sensory area

visceral sensory area

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?

Wernicke's area
postcentral gyrus
red nuclei
gustatory cortex

red nuclei

White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________.

outer portion of the spinal cord
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
corticospinal tracts

cerebral cortex

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

spinal cord
rubrospinal tracts
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex

premotor cortex

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

spinal cord
rubrospinal tracts
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex

premotor cortex

Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.

True
False

true

Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains.

True
False

true

The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi.

True
False

false

The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.

True
False

false

The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate.

True
False

true

The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant.

True
False

true

The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.

True
False

true

The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro.

True
False

false

Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon.

True
False

false

A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.

True
False

true

Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.

True
False

false

The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.

True
False

true

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.

True
False

false

One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.

True
False

true

Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain.

True
False

true

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.

long-term memory
automatic memory
Association
rehearsal

Association

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?

declarative
motor
emotional
procedural

procedural

REM sleep is associated with ________.

decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure
decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex
decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex
temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory?

thalamus
medulla
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus

medulla

Which statement about coma is true?

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.
Coma is neurologically identical to syncope.
During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state.
Coma is a form of deep sleep.

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.

Declarative memory ________.

is hard to unlearn when learned once
usually involves motor skills
is best remembered in the doing
is the ability to learn specific information

is the ability to learn specific information

Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children?

Alpha
Delta
Theta
Beta

Theta

NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate.

True
False

true

A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep.

True
False

false

The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing.

True
False

true

Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned.

True
False

false

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

arachnoid and dura
arachnoid and epidura
arachnoid and pia
dura and epidura

arachnoid and pia

Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?

red blood cells
protein
glucose
potassium

red blood cells

Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?

reduction of brain weight
protection from blows
initiation of some nerve impulses
nourishment of the brain

initiation of some nerve impulses

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?

concussion
swelling
hemorrhage
contusion

concussion

Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons.

True
False

false

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.

True
False

true

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.

spinal nerve roots
lower motor neurons
neuromotor junction
upper motor neurons

upper motor neurons

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.

primary visual area
visual association area
lateral geniculate body
calcarine cortex

visual association area

Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

True
False

true

The adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2.

True
False

true

Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other.

True
False

true

Spinocerebellar tracts ________.

terminate in the spinal cord
give rise to conscious experience of perception
carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum
are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord

carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.

sympathetic ganglia
the thalamus
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________.

posterior spinothalamic
anterior spinothalamic
lateral spinothalamic
reticulospinal

lateral spinothalamic

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
unmyelinated nerve fibers only
soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
myelinated nerve fibers only

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.

hemiplegia
paraplegia
spinal shock only
quadriplegia

paraplegia

Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________.

medulla
thalamus
somatosensory cortex
spinal cord

thalamus

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival?

suprachiasmatic nucleus
autonomic control center
temperature control center
thirst center

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" for all brain activity?

diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum
cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex

Which parts of the brain constitute the "emotional brain" known as the limbic system?

diencephalic and brain stem structures
cerebral and brain stem structures
cerebral and diencephalic structures
diencephalic and mesencephalic structures

cerebral and diencephalic structures

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

internal capsules
commissures
association fibers
projection fibers

commissures

Which part of the brain is considered the "gateway" to the cerebral cortex?

thalamus
hypothalamus
mesencephalon
pons

thalamus

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus?

somatic motor control center
gateway to the cerebellum
visceral control center of the body
relay station for the special senses

visceral control center of the body

Which part of the brain stem houses the reflex centers for respiration and cardiovascular functioning?

reticular formation
pons
medulla oblongata
midbrain

medulla oblongata

Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate somatic motor output so that smooth, well-timed movements occur?

cerebellum
thalamus
pons
diencephalon

cerebellum

The middle primary brain vesicle, the mesencephalon, gives rise to which adult brain structure?

cerebrum
midbrain
diencephalon
medulla oblongata

midbrain

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain?

Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci.
Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri.
The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.
The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of functional areas within the cerebral cortex?

sensory areas
motor areas
association areas
visual areas

visual areas

Which of the following are motor areas of the cerebral cortex that lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes and control voluntary movement?

primary somatosensory cortex; somatosensory association cortex; visual areas
Broca's area; posterior association area; auditory areas; visual areas
primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; prefrontal cortex; gustatory cortex
primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field

primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field

Which of the following areas of the brain is responsible for spatial discrimination?

primary somatosensory cortex
vestibular cortex
Broca's area
gustatory cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

Which of the following areas of the brain controls voluntary movement of the eyes?

primary visual cortex
gustatory cortex
frontal eye field
visual association area

frontal eye field

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

emotional responses
regulation of body temperature
secretion of the hormone melatonin
regulation of food intake

secretion of the hormone melatonin

Which of the following regions of the brain provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility that are needed for our daily living?

cerebellum
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

cerebellum

In general, information flows from sensory receptors to the appropriate primary sensory cortex.

True
Fals

true

The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language.

True
False

true

The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex.

True
False

false

During an epileptic seizure, the triggering of convulsions would not directly involve the uncontrolled activity of neurons located in the ______.

pyramidal tracts
primary motor cortex
thalamus
medulla oblongata

thalamus

Which of the following is a characteristic of a coma but is NOT a characteristic of sleep?

absence of brain waves ("flat EEG")
irreversible brain damage
continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons
All of the listed responses are correct.

continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons

Which of the following does not occur during a narcoleptic sleep episode?

increased heart rate
REM sleep
increased oxygen use
increased gastrointestinal activity

increased gastrointestinal activity

In anterograde amnesia ______.

there is an inhibition of afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex
LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted
communication between the medial temporal lobe and the association cortex remains unaffected
declarative memory is not significantly altered

LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted

__________ causes a person to lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state.

Sleep apnea
Narcolepsy
Syncope
Epilepsy

Narcolepsy

Patients who have lesions involving Broca's area __________.

do not understand language
can communicate through writing or sign language, but they cannot speak
can understand language, but have difficulty speaking
do not understand written communications, but they can speak clearly and intelligibly

can understand language, but have difficulty speaking

Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM).

True
False

true

During meningitis, which of the following is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain?

pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
arachnoid villi

pia mater

Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus?

periosteal part of the dura mater
membranous part of the dura mater
pia mater
arachnoid mater

arachnoid mater

Which meninx is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution?

pia mater
meningeal layer of the dura mater
periosteal layer of the dura mater
arachnoid mater

pia mater

__________ forms a liquid cushion for CNS structures.

The pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid
The dura mater
The blood-brain barrier

Cerebrospinal fluid

Which of the following is not a site where a tumor is likely to cause hydrocephalus?

fourth ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
pia mater
subarachnoid space

pia mater

Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the __________.

hypothalamic nuclei
basal nuclei
substantia nigra
reticular formation

substantia nigra

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)?

decussation
memory
somatotopy
relay

memory

What part of the spinal cord represents the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal?

cauda equina
cervical enlargement
lumbar enlargement
conus medullaris

cauda equina

Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons.

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.
First-order neurons have cell bodies in the thalamus.

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be structurally affected if spina bifida develops in a fetus?

cauda equina
roots of sacral spinal nerves
sacrum
laminae of thoracic vertebrae

laminae of thoracic vertebrae

In spina bifida, the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop.

True
False

false

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The afferent division of the PNS _____________.

controls smooth muscle
carries sensory information
carries motor commands
controls skeletal muscle

carries sensory information

The __________ nervous system controls glandular secretion.

sympathetic
parasympathetic
sympathetic and parasympathetic
afferent

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Which of these components is usually absent from a neuron?

centrioles
cell body
dendrites
axons

centrioles

Which of these is not a neuron structural category?

multipolar
pseudopolar
unipolar
bipolar

pseudopolar

Most CNS neurons fall into which structural category?

anaxonic
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

multipolar

Which is the largest and most abundant type of neuroglia?

astrocytes
ependymal cells
satellite cells
oligodendrocytes

astrocytes

Neuroglia perform all of these functions except __________.

secrete CSF
provide supportive
framework
release neurotransmitters
regulate extracellular fluid composition

release neurotransmitters

Which of these types of neuroglia are abundant in peripheral ganglia?

microglia
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
satellite cells

satellite cells

The most abundant intracellular cation is __________ while the most abundant extracellular anion is __________.

sodium; chloride
potassium; chloride
potassium; protein anions
sodium; protein anions

potassium; chloride

What happens just after an axon is depolarized to threshold?

Some potassium channels open.
All potassium channels open.
All sodium channels open.
Some sodium channels open.

Some sodium channels open.

During propagation of the action potential, __________.

local currents depolarize a spot adjacent to the active zone
after threshold is reached, sodium channels open rapidly
the axon hillock depolarizes the initial segment
All of these events occur during propagation of the action potential.

All of these events occur during propagation of the action potential.

Which of these axons will conduct an action potential most quickly?

Type A fiber
Type B fiber
Type C fiber
All fibers have the same propagation speed.

Type A fiber

Compared to type A axons, type C axons are __________.

slower propagating
unmyelinated
smaller diameter
Type C axons have all of these characteristics.

Type C axons have all of these characteristics.

Compared to nerve action potentials, muscle action potentials do not have __________.

greater resting potentials
slower propagation
faster propagation
longer duration

faster propagation

Which ion triggers synaptic vesicles to discharge neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft?

potassium
calcium
magnesium
sodium

calcium

The effect of a nerve impulse on a postsynaptic neuron depends on the __________.

kind of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron
quantity of neurotransmitter released
characteristics of the receptor on the postsynaptic neuron
All of these factors affect what happens at the postsynaptic neuron.

All of these factors affect what happens at the postsynaptic neuron.

EPSPs and IPSPs summate at the __________.

synaptic knob
postsynaptic receptors
axon hillock
electrical synapse

axon hillock

Which of these neurotransmitters do adrenergic synapses use?

nitric oxide
GABA
acetylcholine
norepinephrine

norepinephrine

Which of these neurotransmitters does not bind to a plasma membrane receptor?

GABA
nitric oxide
serotonin
norepinephrine

nitric oxide

Which of these neurotransmitters is released at CNS adrenergic synapses?

norepinephrine
GABA
serotonin
adrenaline

norepinephrine

EPSPs are ___________.

graded
EPSPs have all of these characteristics.
excitatory
postsynaptic

EPSPs have all of these characteristics.

If a nerve cell receives many IPSPs at the same time, __________.

the membrane potential will depolarize
it will show temporal summation
the nerve cell will approach threshold
the nerve cell will be strongly excited

it will show temporal summation

The neurotransmitter glutamate opens channels that are permeable to sodium ions. What effect does glutamate produce on a postsynaptic neuron?

IPSPs
EPSPs
neither IPSPs nor EPSPs
both IPSPs and EPSPs

EPSPs

The simplest level of information processing takes place at the __________.

axon terminals
axon hillock
soma
dendrites

axon hillock

The neurotransmitter GABA blocks presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels. Consequently, GABA produces __________.

EPSPs
presynaptic facilitation
presynaptic inhibition
IPSPs

presynaptic inhibition

If EPSPs summate to a sustained value above threshold, then the initial segment will __________.

generate both large and frequent action potentials
inactivate
generate a string of action potentials
generate larger than normal action potentials

generate a string of action potentials

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

integrate sensory information
control peripheral effectors
direct long-term functions, such as growth
sense the internal and external environments
coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities

direct long-term functions, such as growth

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

central
efferent
afferent
peripheral
autonomic

central

The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.

sympathetic
autonomic
afferent
somatic
parasympathetic

somatic

The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated

autonomic.
efferent.
afferent.
somatic.
motor.

afferent

The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates:

heart muscle cells
skeletal muscle cells
smooth muscle cells
glandular cells
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the ________ nervous system.

peripheral

The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following?

neurofibrils
vesicles
neurotubules
mitochondria
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons?

multipolar
pseudopolar
anaxonic
unipolar
bipolar

pseudopolar

The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is

pseudopolar.
multipolar.
bipolar.
unipolar.
anaxonic.

multipolar.

The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the

protoplasm.
neuroplasm.
perikaryon.
nucleoplasm.
sarcoplasm.

perikaryon.

Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called

perikaryon.
neurofibrils.
microglia.
Nissl bodies.
neurofilaments.

Nissl bodies.

The axon is connected to the soma at the

collaterals.
synaptic terminal.
telodendria.
synapse.
axon hillock.

axon hillock.

Branches that may occur along an axon are called

hillocks.
synapses.
collaterals.
telodendria.
synaptic terminals.

collaterals.

Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

dendrites.
terminals.
collaterals.
telodendria.
synapses.

telodendria.

Neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in synaptic

terminals.
vesicles.
mitochondria.
neurosomes.
telodendria.

vesicles

The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the

hillock.
synaptic terminals.
telodendria.
synapse.
collateral.

synapse.

The rabies virus travels to the CNS via

retrograde axoplasmic transport.
subcutaneous connective tissue.
blood vessels.
cerebrospinal fluid.
anterograde axoplasmic transport.

retrograde axoplasmic transport.

Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called

anaxonic.
bipolar.
multipolar.
unipolar.
tripolar.

anaxonic.

Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called

tripolar.
multipolar.
bipolar.
unipolar.
anaxonic.

unipolar.

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, with the soma in between, are called

bipolar.
multipolar.
anaxonic.
unipolar.
tripolar.

bipolar.

Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called

bipolar.
unipolar.
multipolar.
anaxonic.
tripolar.

multipolar.

Sensory neurons of the PNS are

bipolar.
unipolar.
anaxonic.
multipolar.
tripolar.

unipolar.

Which of the following activities or sensations is not monitored by interoceptors?

activities of the digestive system
urinary activities
cardiovascular activities
taste
sight

sight

________ neurons are small and have no anatomical features that distinguish dendrites from axons.

Sensory
Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar
Anaxonic

Anaxonic

________ neurons are short, with a cell body between dendrite and axon, and occur in special sense organs.

Multipolar
Unipolar
Motor
Bipolar
Anaxonic

Bipolar

In a(n) ________ neuron, the dendrites and axon are continuous or fused.

unipolar
interneuron
anaxonic
bipolar
multipolar

unipolar

________ neurons are the most common class in the CNS.

Multipolar
Unipolar
Sensory
Anaxonic
Bipolar

Multipolar

________ neurons form the afferent division of the PNS.

Sensory
Neural sensory
Somatic sensory
Visceral sensory
Motor

Sensory

________ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS.

Bipolar neurons
Motor neurons
Unipolar neurons
Sensory neurons
Interneurons

Interneurons

Most CNS neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains

the ability of neurons to generate an action potential.
the ability of neurons to communicate with each other.
the ability of neurons to produce a resting potential.
why CNS neurons grow such long axons.
why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue.

why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue.

How does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?

The soma becomes unable to export products to the synaptic terminals.
The neuron becomes unable to produce neurotransmitters.
The neuron becomes unable to produce action potentials.
The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.
The neuron becomes unable to depolarize when stimulated.

The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.

The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically-gated ion channels.

The first statement is false but the second statement is true.
Both statements are true.
The first statement is true but the second statement is false.
Both statements are false.
Both statements are true and relate to synaptic transmission.

Both statements are true and relate to synaptic transmission.

The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ________.

neuron

Products from the soma of a neuron are transported to the synaptic terminals by ________ axoplasmic transport.

anterograde

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.

Wallerian
central
neural
conduction
peripheral

Wallerian

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

secretion of cerebrospinal fluid
memory
support
phagocytosis
maintenance of blood-brain barrier

memory

Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?

satellite cells
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
astrocytes
microglia

satellite cells

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

microglia.
ependymal cells.
satellite cells.
oligodendrocytes.
astrocytes.

astrocytes.

Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except

guiding neuron development.
maintaining the blood-brain barrier.
responding to neural tissue damage.
conducting action potentials.
forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS.

conducting action potentials.

________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.

Dendrites
Efferent fibers
Neuroglia
Synapses
Axons

Neuroglia

The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following?

adjusting the composition of the interstitial fluid
guiding neuron development
maintaining the blood-brain barrier
repairing damaged neural tissue
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the

oligodendrocytes.
microglia.
Schwann cells.
ependymal cells.
astrocytes.

astrocytes.

The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by

ependymal cells.
astrocytes.
microglia.
satellite cells.
oligodendrocytes.

oligodendrocytes.

________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal.

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Satellite cells
Ependymal cells

Ependymal cells

Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called

astrocytes.
ependymal cells.
satellite cells.
microglia.
oligodendrocytes.

microglia.

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by

satellite cells.
astrocytes.
microglia.
oligodendrocytes.
Schwann cells.

Schwann cells.

Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are

oligodendrocytes.
satellite cells.
ependymal cells.
astrocytes.
microglia.

satellite cells.

Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because

the neurolemma is impermeable to most molecules.
oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons.
astrocytes form a capsule around neurons.
ependymal cells restrict the flow of interstitial fluid between the capillaries and the neurons.
the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier.

the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier.

Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in

loss of sensation and motor control.
decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid.
a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.
loss of the structural framework of the brain.
inability to produce scar tissue a the site of an injury.

loss of sensation and motor control.

Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the

formation of cerebrospinal fluid.
formation of ganglia.
transport of neurotransmitters within axons.
formation of myelin sheaths.
repair of axons.

formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

When pressure is applied to neural tissue, all these effects are possible, except

a decrease in blood flow.
action potentials are generated spontaneously.
a decrease in available oxygen.
neurons are triggered to divide.
glial cells degenerate.

neurons are triggered to divide.

In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by

regenerating cell bodies for the neurons.
clearing away cellular debris.
producing more satellite cells that fuse to form new axons.
forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.
producing new axons.

forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.

After a stroke, what type of glial cell accumulates within the affected brain region?

oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
Schwann cells
satellite cells
microglia

microglia

Which of the following interactions between electrical and chemical gradients does not lead to the establishment of a neuron’s resting potential?

Potassium ions are repulsed by positive charges outside the cell.
Chemical forces tend to drive potassium ions out of the cell.
Potassium ions are attracted to the negative charges inside the cell.
Electrical forces push sodium ions out of the cell.
Chemical and electrical forces both favor sodium ions entering the cell.

Electrical forces push sodium ions out of the cell.

Voltage-gated channels are present

on the surface of dendrites.
on the soma of neurons.
at the motor end plate.
along the perikaryon of neurons.
in the membrane that covers axons.

in the membrane that covers axons.

Integral membrane proteins that connect electrical synapses are called

desmosomes.
synapsins.
sodium channels.
receptors.
connexons.

connexons.

________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface.

Mechanically-gated
Active
Voltage-gated
Chemically-gated
Leak

Mechanically-gated

Any stimulus that opens ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential.

a voltage-gated
a sodium
a mechanically-gated
a chemically-gated
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron?

membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions
membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions
diffusion of sodium ions into the cell
diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell
The interior of the plasma membrane has an excess of negative charges.

membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function, all of the following occur, except

the membrane will slowly lose its capacity to generate action potentials.
the intracellular concentration of sodium ions will increase.
the neuron will slowly depolarize.
the inside of the membrane will have a resting potential that is more positive than normal.
the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will ncrease.

the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase.

Graded potentials

produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface.
are often all-or-none.
may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.
cause repolarization.
produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation.

may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

If the potassium permeability of a resting neuron increases above the resting permeability, what effect will this have on the transmembrane potential?

The inside of the membrane will become more negative.
There will be almost no effect on transmembrane potential.
The membrane will become depolarized.
The membrane will depolarize to threshold.
The inside of the membrane will become more positive.

The inside of the membrane will become more negative.

A stimulus that changes a postsynaptic neuron’s membrane from resting potential to -85 mV is:

a saltatory stimulus
an excitatory stimulus
an inhibitory stimulus
a depolarizing stimulus
a temporal stimulus

an inhibitory stimulus

If the axolemma becomes more permeable to potassium ion:

the inside of the membrane will have a positive charge
the membrane will depolarize to threshold
a stronger stimulus will be required to cause an action potential
the membrane will depolarize to +30 mV
sodium ions will enter the cell to replace the lost potassium ions

a stronger stimulus will be required to cause an action potential

The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential.

1. Sodium channels are inactivated.
2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization.
3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties.
4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold.
5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs.
6. Sodium channel activation occurs.
7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs.

The proper sequence of these events is

4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1.
2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5.
4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1.
6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5.
4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5.

4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5

The all-or-none principle states that

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
all stimuli will produce identical action potentials.
only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.
only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials.
the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the magnitude of the action potential

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

The same ________ can have different effects depending on the properties of the ________.

substrate; receptor
receptor; neurotransmitter
hormone; neurotransmitter
propagation; neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter; receptor

neurotransmitter; receptor

Which of the following statements about the action potential is false?

During the depolarization phase, membrane potential becomes positive.
Repolarization occurs as potassium ions leave the axon.
In the after-hyperpolarization phase, membrane potential approaches the potassium equilibrium potential.
During the repolarization phase, sodium channels close and potassium channels open.
The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.

The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.

How would a chemical that prevents the opening of voltage-regulated Na+ channels affect the function of a neuron?

neuron will only be able to hyperpolarize
action potentials will lack a repolarization phase
neuron will only be capable of producing graded potentials
neuron will depolarize more rapidly
neuron will automatically and repeatedly produce graded potentials

neuron will only be capable of producing graded potentials

Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?

Action potentials would lack a repolarization phase.
None, because the chemically-gated sodium channels would still function.
Neurons would depolarize more rapidly.
The absolute refractory period would be shorter than normal.
The axon would be unable to generate action potentials

The axon would be unable to generate action potentials

Which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted?

diameter of the axon
presence or absence of nodes
length of the axon
whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS
presence or absence of a myelin sheath

whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS

A neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called

the postsynaptic neuron.
an oligodendrocyte.
an interneuron.
the motor neuron.
the presynaptic neuron.

the postsynaptic neuron.

Which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system?

electrical
processing
chemical
radiative
mechanical

chemical

Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

acetylcholine.
adrenalin.
serotonin.
GABA.
norepinephrine.

acetylcholine

The following are the steps involved in transmission at a cholinergic synapse.

1. Chemically-gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated.
2. Calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal.
3. Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine.
4. An action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal at the presynaptic membrane.
5. The synaptic terminal reabsorbs choline.
6. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis.
7. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
8. Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the synaptic terminal.

The correct sequence for these events is

2, 5, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3.
4, 2, 6, 7, 8, 5, 3, 1.
4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.
2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.
6, 4, 2, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.

4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5

If the chemically-gated sodium channels in the postsynaptic membrane were completely blocked,

smaller action potentials would result.
the presynaptic neuron would release a different neurotransmitter.
the presynaptic membrane would be unable to reach threshold.
synaptic transmission would fail.
release of neurotransmitter would stop.

synaptic transmission would fail.

The effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic membrane depends on

the characteristics of the receptors.
the nature of the neurotransmitter.
the quantity of neurotransmitters released.
the frequency of neurotransmitter release.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

When cholinergic receptors are stimulated,

chloride ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.
sodium ions leave the postsynaptic neuron.
sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.
norepinephrine deactivates acetylcholine.
chloride ions leave the postsynaptic neuron.

sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.

If the axon terminal of a motor neuron suddenly became permeable to calcium ion,

neurotransmitter release will be blocked.
the motor end plate will be hyperpolarized.
the motor end plate will be depolarized.
the neuron will become unable to stimulate the muscle cell.
the neuron will fire an action potential.

the motor end plate will be depolarized.

Each of the following is an example of a neuroeffector junction, except the junction between a neuron and a(n)

smooth muscle cell.
exocrine gland cell.
skeletal muscle cell.
nerve cell.
endocrine gland cell.

nerve cell

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

acetylcholine.
serotonin.
dopamine.
GABA.
norepinephrine.

norepinephrine.

Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that is important in learning and memory?

glycine
gamma aminobutyric acid
glutamate
noradrenaline
serotonin

glutamate

Which of the following is not a possible drug effect on synaptic function?

interfere with neurotransmitter reuptake
interfere with neurotransmitter synthesis
change the type of receptor found in the postsynaptic membrane
prevent neurotransmitter inactivation
block neurotransmitter binding to receptors

change the type of receptor found in the

Opioids relieve pain by blocking the release of

substance Q.
substance P.
substance X.
substance O.
None of the answers are correct.

substance P.

Which of the following is a recognized class of opioid neuromodulators?

dynorphins
endomorphins
enkephalins
endorphins
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Active neurons need ATP to support which of the following?

the movement of materials from the soma by axoplasmic transport
the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules
the recovery from action potentials
the movement of materials to the soma by axoplasmic transport
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

After acetylcholinesterase acts, the synaptic terminal

reabsorbs axoplasm.
reabsorbs the acetate.
reabsorbs the acetylcholine.
reabsorbs the choline.
pinches off and a new terminal grows

reabsorbs the choline.

A postsynaptic neuron will have an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) when

more calcium ions than usual diffuse into the neuron.
the neuron is hyperpolarized.
chemically-regulated potassium channels are open and potassium is diffusing out of the cell.
chemically-regulated sodium channels are open and sodium is diffusing into the cell.
more potassium ions than usual diffuse out of the neuron.

chemically-regulated sodium channels are open and sodium is diffusing into the cell.

Presynaptic facilitation by serotonin is caused by

blockage of calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane.
increased extracellular concentration of sodium ion.
calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remaining open longer.
increased extracellular concentration of potassium ion.
temporal summation.

calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remaining open longer.

The site in the neuron where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated is the

synaptic terminal.
electrical synapse.
chemical synapse.
axon hillock.
dendritic membrane

axon hillock.

EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when

more potassium ions than usual leak out of a cell.
chloride ions enter a cell.
extra sodium ions enter a cell.
more calcium ions than usual leak out of a cell.
hyperpolarizations occur.

extra sodium ions enter a cell.

IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)

are local depolarizations.
block the efflux of calcium ions.
increase membrane permeability to sodium ions.
are local hyperpolarizations.
block the efflux of potassium ions.

are local hyperpolarizations.

When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?

decrease in speed of impulse transmission
spatial summation
temporal summation
inhibition of the impulse
hyperpolarization

temporal summation

Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated

temporal summation.
spatial summation.
inhibition of the impulse.
impulse transmission.
hyperpolarization.

spatial summation.

How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate?

It would be much briefer.
It would last indefinitely.
It would be basically unaffected.

It would last indefinitely.

How is an action potential propagated along an axon?

Stimuli from the graded (local) potentials from the soma and dendrites depolarize the entire axon.
An efflux of potassium from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area.
An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area

An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) blocks voltage-gated K+ channels such that K+ cannot pass even when the channels are open. However, TEA leaves K+ leakage channels largely unaffected. How would you expect the action potential to change if you treated a neuron with TEA?

The action potential would fail. Once the voltage reached threshold, it would return to the resting membrane potential.
The membrane would depolarize and repolarize as usual, but no hyperpolarization beyond (more negative to) the resting membrane potential would occur.
The action potential would depolarize as usual, but the repolarization phase would take longer, causing the action potential to be more broad in time.
The membrane would depolarize as usual but then stay at that depolarized voltage (about +30 mV).

The action potential would depolarize as usual, but the repolarization phase would take longer, causing the action potential to be more broad in time.

An action potential in one segment of axon causes adjacent sections of axon membrane to reach threshold through what mechanism?

the generation of local currents
Na+ ions diffusing across the membrane through leakage channels
K+ ions diffusing through voltage-gated channels
neurotransmitters causing chemically gated channels to open

the generation of local currents

In a myelinated axon, how do the nodes of Ranvier differ from other segments of the same axon?

The nodes are longer segments of the axon.
The nodes are wrapped in myelin.
The nodes are less numerous.
The nodes are more permeable to ions.

The nodes are more permeable to ions.

Where are action potentials regenerated as they propagate along a myelinated axon?

at the nodes of Ranvier
at every segment of the axon
at the axon hillock
at the myelinated segments

at the nodes of Ranvier

Which of the following would increase the membrane permeability to K+?

more K+ leakage channels
more negative membrane potential
more Na+ leakage channels
a greater concentration gradient for K+

more K+ leakage channels

Following repolarization, the neuron may become slightly hyperpolarized before it re-establishes its resting membrane potential.
Hyperpolarization is due to a difference between how the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels work. What is this difference?

Voltage-gated Na+ channels stop the flow of Na+ relatively quickly, while voltage-gated K+ channels are slow to close, resulting in the overshoot.
Voltage-gated K+ channels possess an inactivation gate that keeps them closed until repolarization is almost complete.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels are responsible for depolarization, while voltage-gated K+ channels return K+ to their original location.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels can open much faster than voltage-gated K+ channels.

Voltage-gated Na+ channels stop the flow of Na+ relatively quickly, while voltage-gated K+ channels are slow to close, resulting in the overshoot.

Which statement best characterizes a K+ leak channel?

Common trans-membrane channels are always open for any ion to move through in the presence of K+.
Chemically gated K+ channels that open and close according to the binding of other molecules.
Trans-membrane protein channels that are always open to allow K+ to cross the membrane without the additional input of energy.
Trans-membrane channels that use energy to allow the movement of K+ across the membrane.

Trans-membrane protein channels that are always open to allow K+ to cross the membrane without the additional input of energy

Cl− is a common negatively charged extracellular ion. Predict the effect on the RMP if many Cl− gated channels are suddenly opened.

A more negative RMP would result.
There would be no change in the RMP.
The membrane would become hypopolarized or have less charge separation across the membrane.
The RMP would become more positive.

A more negative RMP would result.

Saltatory propagation occurs in _________ axons, in which action potentials _________.
Select the best answer.

myelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another
unmyelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another
unmyelinated; spread by depolarizing the adjacent region of the axon membrane
myelinated; move continuously along the axon toward the axon hillock

myelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside,

the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.
the sending neuron becomes more negative inside.
the sending neuron becomes more positive inside.
the receiving neuron is more likely to generate an action potential.
the receiving neuron immediately generates an action potential.

the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.

Which of the following best characterizes depolarization?

small consecutive steps of Na+ penetration into the axon along its length
small consecutive steps of Na+ exit from cytoplasm into extracellular fluid
small consecutive steps of K+ entering the cytoplasm
mass movement of Na+ into the axon cytoplasm from the cell body to the terminal

small consecutive steps of Na+ penetration into the axon along its length

What conditions will increase the diffusion of molecules, such as neurotransmitters?

An increase in the distance between the neurons.
An increased viscosity of the fluid between neurons.
An increase in number of postsynaptic receptors.
An increase in the amount of neurotransmitter exocytized by the presynaptic axon.

An increase in the amount of neurotransmitter exocytized by the presynaptic axon.

Which best represents synaptic transmission?

presynaptic axon to synapse to dendrite or postsynaptic cell body
presynaptic axon to synapse to postsynaptic axon
presynaptic axon to presynaptic cell body to dendrite
presynaptic cell body to dendrite to synapse

presynaptic axon to synapse to dendrite or postsynaptic cell body

A postsynaptic cell can be a neuron, a muscle cell, or a secretory cell. What is an example of a presynaptic cell?

a muscle cell
a neuron
a secretory cell
a Schwann cell

a neuron

What part of the nervous system performs information processing and integration?

somatic nervous system
central nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system

central nervous system

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system?

integration of sensory input
monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body
control the activity of muscles and glands
regulation of neurogenesis

regulation of neurogenesis

Which of the following allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles?

the afferent division of the nervous system
the somatic nervous system
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

the somatic nervous system

Which neuroglia are the most abundant and versatile of the glial cells?

ependymal cells
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes

astrocytes

Which part of the neuron is responsible for generating a nerve impulse?

soma
axon
dendrite
chromatophilic substance

axon

Which of the following types of neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS)?

motor
association
sensory
afferent

motor

Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons?

ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
microglia
astrocytes

microglia

Which of the following types of glial cells produces the myelin sheaths that insulate axons, or nerve fibers, in the central nervous system (CNS)?

ependymal cells
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes

oligodendrocytes

Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS?

Schwann cells
astrocytes
satellite cells
oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

Which of the following are bundles of neurofilaments that are important in maintaining the shape and integrity of neurons?

perikaryon
axolemma
chromatophilic substance
neurofibrils

neurofibrils

Which of the following is true of axons?

Axons use chemically gated ion channels to generate graded potentials.
Neurons can have multiple axons but only one dendrite.
Smaller (thinner) axons are more likely to bear myelin sheaths than larger (thicker) axons.
A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.

A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.

Which of the following is the conducting region of the neuron?

terminal boutons
axon
soma
dendrites

axon

Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons?

the number of processes extending from the cell body neuron
whether the nerve fibers are myelinated or unmyelinated
the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system
whether the neurons are found within the CNS or the PNS

the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons?

multipolar
efferent
sensory
interneurons

multipolar

Which of the following is NOT true of association neurons?

Association neurons account for over 99% of the neurons in the body.
Most association neurons are confined within the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Association neurons are also known as interneurons.
Most association neurons are multipolar.

Most association neurons are confined within the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

In multiple sclerosis, the cells that are the target of an autoimmune attack are the _________.

neurons
muscle cells
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes

oligodendrocytes

Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron?

inhibitory postsynaptic potential
inhibitory action potential
excitatory postsynaptic potential
action potential

excitatory postsynaptic potential

Which of the following is NOT true of an electrical synapse?

Communication through these synapses may be unidirectional or bidirectional.
They are less common than chemical synapses.
They are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters.
Transmission across these synapses is very rapid.

They are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters.

Opening K+ or Cl- channels in a postsynaptic membrane would produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).

True
False

true

Which of the following is NOT one of the chemical classes into which neurotransmitters fall?

amino acids
gases and lipids
chlorides
peptides

chlorides

Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing?

diverging circuit
parallel after-discharge circuit
reverberating circuit
converging circuit

reverberating circuit

What component of the reflex arc determines the response to a stimulus?

integration center
sensory neuron
receptor
effecto

integration center

Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit?

reverberating circuits
pre-discharge circuits
converging circuits
diverging circuits

pre-discharge circuits

Which pattern of neural processing works in a predictable, all-or-nothing manner, where reflexes are rapid and automatic responses to stimuli in which a particular stimulus always causes the same response?

oscillative processing
parallel processing
serial processing
reflexive processing

serial processing

Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers.

True
False

true

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS
motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?

analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction
senses changes in the environment

analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?

innervation of glands
innervation of skeletal muscle
innervation of cardiac muscle
innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract

innervation of skeletal muscle

The overlapping functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, and motor output.

True
False

true

The autonomic nervous system is under voluntary control; whereas, the somatic nervous system is involuntary.

True
False

false

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
spinal cord and spinal nerves
peripheral and spinal nerves

brain and spinal cord

Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.

True
False

true

Myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocyte.

True
False

true

Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups.

True
False

true

The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons.

True
False

true

The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neuron processes.

True
False

false

Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes.

True
False

true

If bacteria invaded the CNS tissue, microglia would migrate to the area to engulf and destroy them.

True
False

true

Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?

control the chemical environment around neurons
guide the migration of young neurons, synapse formation, and helping to determine capillary permeability
provide the defense for the CNS
support and brace neurons
anchor neurons to blood vessels

provide the defense for the CNS

What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called?

Schwann cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

ependymal cells

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

motor neurons
called neuroglial cells
found in the retina of the eye
found in ganglia

found in the retina of the eye

The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.

axon
Schwann cell
neurolemma
dendrite

axon\

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

nuclei
nerves
ganglia
tracts

ganglia

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________.

association neuron
glial cell
efferent neuron
afferent neuron

association neuron

Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.

microglia
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
astrocytes

astrocytes

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia

oligodendrocytes

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?

They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate.
They conduct impulses.
They have extreme longevity.
They are mitotic.

They are mitotic.

The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.

True
False

false

During depolarization, the inside of the neuron’s membrane becomes less negative.

True
False

true

Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase.

True
False

false

A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons.

True
False

true

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.

postsynaptic potential
generator potential
excitatory potential
action potential

generator potential

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?

They can form on receptor endings.
They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
They can be called postsynaptic potentials.
They are short-lived.

They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________.

the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell
proteins have been resynthesized
the membrane potential has been reestablished
all sodium gates are closed

the membrane potential has been reestablished

In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________.

negatively charged and contains more sodium
negatively charged and contains less sodium
positively charged and contains more sodium
positively charged and contains less sodium

negatively charged and contains less sodium

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________.

the impulse would move to the axon terminal only
muscle contraction would occur
the impulse would spread bidirectionally
the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur

the impulse would spread bidirectionally

In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.

True
False

true

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?

type of stimulus receptor
frequency of action potentials
size of action potentials
origin of the stimulus

frequency of action potentials

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?

Ions always move passively across membranes.
Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.
Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.
Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.

A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.

True
False

true

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?

A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open.
Specific potassium gates will open.
Specific sodium gates will open.

A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

Select the correct statement regarding synapses.

The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.
Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapases.
Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells.
The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled.

The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.

Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential?

moves membrane potential away from threshold
short distance hyperpolarization
short distance depolarization
opens K+ or Cl- channels

short distance hyperpolarization

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

cholinesterase
gamma aminobutyric acid
acetylcholine
norepinephrine

acetylcholine

The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________.

cholinesterase
neurotransmitter
ion
biogenic amine

neurotransmitter

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?

acetycholine
biogenic amine
nucleic acid
ATP and other purines
amino acid

nucleic acid

Some neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor.

True
False

true

Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli.

True
False

true

Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________.

are crucial for the development of neural connections
are crucial in the production of neurotransmitters
release nerve growth factor
are found on "pathfinder" neurons

are crucial for the development of neural connections

Which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

afferent nerve fibers
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
spinal cord

spinal cord

In a spinal reflex, information flows from __________ to __________ to __________.

PNS; PNS; CNS
CNS; CNS; PNS
PNS; CNS; PNS
CNS; PNS; CNS

PNS; CNS; PNS

The __________ is part of the CNS and the __________ is part of the PNS.

spinal cord; spinal nerve
cranial nerve; spinal nerve
spinal nerve; spinal cord
brain; spinal cord

spinal cord; spinal nerve

The spinal cord consists of __________ segments, each associated with two pairs of nerve roots.

12
29 to 31
5
31

31

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates within the __________.

subarachnoid space
pia mater
subdural space
dura mater

subarachnoid space

The spinal cord stops elongating at about __________ years of age.

4
10
15
2

4

The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________.

axons of multipolar neurons
axons of unipolar neurons
cell bodies of multipolar neurons
cell bodies of unipolar neurons

cell bodies of unipolar neurons

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain __________.

neuroglia
neuron cell bodies (somas)
unmyelinated axons
The gray horns contain all of these elements.

The gray horns contain all of these elements.

The CSF is confined between the __________ and the __________.

pia mater; dura mater
epidural space; subdural space
dura mater; arachnoid mater
pia mater; arachnoid mater

pia mater; arachnoid mater

The six projections from the gray matter seen in cross-sections of the spinal cord are called __________.

pyramids
flares
tracts
horns

horns

Which of these is absent in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

neuroglia
unmyelinated axons
neuron cell bodies
myelinated axons

myelinated axons

The __________ gray horns contain sensory nuclei.

intermediate
ventral
dorsal
lateral

dorsal

The region of the body surface monitored by a pair of spinal nerves is known as a(n) __________.

segment
input domain
dermatome
dermal band

dermatome

The connective tissue layer that covers Schwann cells is the __________.

endomysium
endoneurium
epineurium
perineurium

endoneurium

A typical spinal nerve has a __________ ramus consisting of unmyelinated axons that innervate smooth muscles.

dorsal
ventral
gray
whitw

gray

Nerve cells (neurons) that control peripheral effectors are known as __________.

motor neurons
peripheral neurons
axons
afferent fibers

motor neurons

Neural circuits occur in all of these patterns except __________.

multipolar
divergent
convergent
reverberating

multipolar

The most abundant category of neurons is __________.

somatic afferents
somatic motor
interneurons
visceral motor

interneurons

Which of these is not one of the essential components of a reflex arc?

output to upper motor neuron
integration process in the CNS
output to a peripheral effector
receptor activation

output to upper motor neuron

A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex.

acquired
motor
somatic
visceral

visceral

A reflex arc always includes a(n) __________.

efferent axon
sensory receptor
afferent axon
A reflex arc always includes all of these structures.

A reflex arc always includes all of these structures.

Which processes are always part of a reflex arc?

receptor activation
afferent action potential
efferent action potential
All of these processes are part of every reflex arc.

All of these processes are part of every reflex arc.

The input for the stretch reflex comes from the __________.

gamma motor neuron
extrafusal fibers
muscle spindle
efferent fibers

muscle spindle

A distinction about the flexor reflex is that it __________.

prevents a muscle from overstretching
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus
prevents a muscle from generating excessive tension
is an example of a monosynaptic reflex

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

The reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex.

tendon
reciprocal
flexor
stretch

tendon

The __________ reflex involves activating muscles contralateral to the receptor.

crossed extensor
stretch
tendon
flexor

crossed extensor

Which of these are not properties of the stretch reflex?

It is activated by muscle elongation.
Its receptor is muscle spindle.
It is a disynaptic reflex.
It regulates muscle length.

It is a disynaptic reflex.

An example of the brain modifying reflex patterns is _________.

postponing emptying a full urinary bladder
holding your breath
deliberately walking on hot coals
All of these are examples of the brain modifying reflex patterns.

All of these are examples of the brain modifying reflex patterns.

An example of the brain affecting spinal reflexes is the replacement of the __________ by the __________.

Babinski sign; plantar reflex
plantar reflex; Babinski sign
Babinski sign; flexor reflex
flexor reflex; plantar reflex

Babinski sign; plantar reflex

Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________.

stimulus response
enhancement
reinforcement
nerve injury

reinforcement

The spinal cord is part of the

autonomic nervous system.
central nervous system.
peripheral nervous system.
somatic nervous system.
afferent nervous system.

central nervous system.

The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament.

filum terminale
ventral root
conus medullaris
dorsal root
cauda equina

filum terminale

Spinal nerves are

purely motor.
purely sensory.
involuntary.
both sensory and motor.
interneuronal.

both sensory and motor

The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments.

31
25
12
5
The number varies widely among individuals.

31

The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain

synapses.
cell bodies of motor neurons.
axons of motor neurons.
cell bodies of sensory neurons.
axons of sensory neurons.

cell bodies of sensory neurons.

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains

cell bodies of motor neurons.
axons of sensory neurons.
cell bodies of sensory neurons.
axons of motor neurons.
interneurons.

axons of sensory neurons.

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of sensory neurons.
axons of motor neurons.
cell bodies of motor neurons.
cell bodies of sensory neurons.
interneurons.

axons of motor neurons.

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

periosteum.
arachnoid.
epidural block.
pia mater.
dura mater.

dura mater.

After age ________ the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not.

8
18
1
12
4

4

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level.
output to skeletal muscles would be blocked.
output to visceral organs would be blocked.
sensory input would be blocked.
the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord

sensory input would be blocked.

The subdural space lies between

the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
the endosteum and the periosteum.
the pia mater and the subarachnoid space.
the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.
the pia mater and the dura mater.

the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the

dura mater.
subarachnoid space.
arachnoid.
pia mater.
choroid plexus.

pia mater

A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a

cervical enlargement.
lumbar enlargement.
spinal ganglion.
spinal meninx.
spinal nerve.

spinal nerve.

In meningitis,

viruses can be the cause.
bacteria can be the cause.
inflammation of the meninges occurs.
CSF flow can be disrupted.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block?

It can provide sensory and motor anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected.
It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection.
It can provide mainly sensory anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected.
It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

pia mater.
subarachnoid space.
arachnoid mater.
filum terminale.
dura mater.

subarachnoid space.

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the

spinal mater.
cranial mater.
spinal meninges.
epidural membranes.
cranial meninges.

spinal meninges

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

epidural space.
pia mater.
subarachnoid space.
dura mater.
subdural space.

pia mater.

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the

dura mater.
cerebral ventricles.
arachnoid mater.
subarachnoid space.
epidural space.

subarachnoid space.

In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about

L1.
C1.
L5.
T10.
T6.

L1.

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?

inability to breathe
problems with moving his legs
uncontrollable sweating of his feet
loss of sensation in his torso
problems with moving his arms

loss of sensation in his torso

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

unmyelinated axons.
Schwann cells.
myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
neuroglia.
nodes of Ranvier.

myelinated and unmyelinated axons.

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

nerve cell bodies.
funiculi.
columns.
nerve tracts.
meninges.

nerve cell bodies.

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

somatic motor nuclei.
nerve tracts.
sensory nuclei.
autonomic motor nuclei.
sympathetic nuclei.

sensory nuclei

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

autonomic motor nuclei.
sympathetic nuclei.
nerve tracts.
sensory nuclei.
somatic motor nuclei.

somatic motor nuclei.

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the

central canal.
gray commissures.
posterior gray horns.
white columns.
anterior gray horns.

white columns.

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as

ganglia.
nuclei.
columns.
nerves.
horns.

columns

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called

fibers.
wings.
tracts.
pyramids.
horns.

horns.

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

gray commissures.
lateral gray horns.
posterior gray horns.
anterior gray horns.
white commissures.

gray commissures.

The white matter of the spinal cord contains

both axons and dendrites.
sensory and motor nuclei.
interneurons.
bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.
bundles of dendrites with common origins, destinations, and functions.

bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.

The outermost connective-tissue covering of nerves is the

perineurium.
endomysium.
epineurium.
endoneurium.
epimysium.

epineurium.

The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the

dermatomes.
ventral ramus.
gray rami communicantes.
dorsal ramus.
white rami communicantes.

white rami communicantes.

The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve and contain postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or limbs are

white rami communicantes.
ventral ramus.
gray rami communicantes.
dorsal ramus.
dermatomes.

gray rami communicantes

Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs do not rejoin the spinal nerve but form

sympathetic nerves.
dorsal rami.
gray rami.
white rami.
ventral rami.

sympathetic nerves.

The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back.

gray ramus communicantes
ventral ramus
dermatome
dorsal ramus
white ramus communicantes

dorsal ramus

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

5 sacral spinal nerves
8 cervical spinal nerves
1 coccygeal spinal nerve
11 thoracic spinal nerves
5 lumbar spinal nerves

11 thoracic spinal nerves

Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region.

cervical
coccygeal
lumbar
sacral
thoracic

cervical

The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus.

lumbar
sacral
cervical
brachial
thoracic

brachial

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

lumbar
cranial
cervical
brachial
sacral

brachial

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the

endosteum.
endoneurium.
epimysium.
epineurium.
perineurium.

perineurium.

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles.

abdominal
leg
facial
intercostal
shoulder

leg

The ________ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs.

ventral ramus
white rami communicantes
gray rami communicantes
dorsal ramus
dermatomes

ventral ramus

The obturator nerve is distributed to the

skin over buttocks.
skin over the perineum.
extensors of the hip.
adductors of the hip.
biceps femoris.

adductors of the hip.

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will

mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense.
block autonomic regulation.
affect visceral motor function.
interfere with position sense.
lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis.

lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis.

The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n)

plexus.
lateral nerve.
autonomic nerve.
dermatome.
tract.

plexus.

Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus, except the ________ nerve.

femoral
obturator
genitofemoral
saphenous
sciatic

sciatic

The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm.

sciatic
radial
phrenic
lesser occipital
ansa cervicalis

phrenic

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the

subneurium.
metaneurium.
endoneurium.
aponeurium.
perineurium.

endoneurium

The ventral rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following, except the ________ plexus.

lumbar
nuchal
sacral
brachial
cervical

nuchal

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he

would have full range of motion in all extremities.
would be in a coma.
could walk without difficulty.
might be unable to breathe on his own.
would have difficulty chewing and moving the tongue.

might be unable to breathe on his own.

As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve.

perineal
femoral
pudendal
brachial
sciatic

sciatic

Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?

descending tracts
the anterior gray commissures
the anterior gray horns
ascending tracts
the anterior white commissures

ascending tracts

The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves, except the

median.
radial.
musculocutaneous.
ulnar.
phrenic

phrenic

Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following, except

parallel processing.
reverberating.
convergent.
divergent.
multipolar.

multipolar.

All of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they

involve at least two neurons.
are automatic motor responses.
are the simplest form of behavior.
cannot be modified by the brain.
help preserve homeostasis.

cannot be modified by the brain.

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes.

visceral
innate
somatic
vegetative
acquired

innate

Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following, except

the motor response.
where information processing occurs.
their development.
the complexity of the neural circuit.
whether they are sensory or motor.

whether they are sensory or motor.

All of the following are true of muscle spindles, except that they

consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers.
are innervated by gamma motor neurons.
are the receptor for the stretch reflex.
are found in tendons.
are found within skeletal muscle.

are found in tendons.

The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex.

flexor
stretch
tendon
reciprocal
crossed extensor

tendon

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called

a crossed extensor reflex.
a stretch reflex.
reciprocal inhibition.
reverberating circuits.
a tendon reflex.

reciprocal inhibition.

The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.

crossed extensor
flexor
tendon
stretch
reciprocal

crossed extensor

The flexor reflex

usually depends on cranial neurons.
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.
is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.
prevents a muscle from overstretching.
prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension.

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater?

a monosynaptic reflex
a polysynaptic reflex

a polysynaptic reflex

All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes, except that they

involve pools of interneurons.
have reverberating circuits that prolong the reflexive motor response.
are intersegmental in distribution.
involve reciprocal innervation.
are arranged according to dermatomes

are arranged according to dermatomes.

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex?

flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked
a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts
normal in newborns
why you close your eyes when you sneeze
abnormal in adults

why you close your eyes when you sneeze

Which brain nucleus is the body’s "biological clock"?

suprachiastmatic nucleus
subthalamic nucleus
dorsomedial nucleus
lentiform nucleus

suprachiastmatic nucleus

Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________.

medulla
midbrain
cerebrum
pon

pons

The arbor vitae refers to ________.

the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum
cerebellar white matter
cerebellar gray matter
flocculonodular nodes

cerebellar white matter

The brain stem consists of the ________.

midbrain, medulla, and pons
pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain
midbrain only
cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla

midbrain, medulla, and pons

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.

frontal lobe
prefrontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe

temporal lobe

What cells line the ventricles of the brain?

astrocytes
epithelial cells
neurons
ependymal cells

ependymal cells

The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

cerebrum
midbrain
medulla
pons

medulla

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?

central fissure
parieto-occipital fissure
lateral fissure
longitudinal fissure

longitudinal fissure

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?

visceral command center
decussation center
executive suite
motor command center

executive suite

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.

spinal cord may be affected
telencephalon would cease development
cranial nerves would not form
hindbrain would not be present

spinal cord may be affected

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

frontal from parietal
temporal from parietal
frontal from temporal
parietal from occipital

frontal from parietal

Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?

dendrites
unmyelinated axons
fiber tracts
cell bodies

fiber tracts

Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei?

regulating attention and cognition
controlling starting and stopping movements
initiating protective reflex actions
inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements

initiating protective reflex actions

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.

ganglia
fissures
sulci
gyri

gyri

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

lateral sulcus
central sulcus
cranial fossa
longitudinal fissure

lateral sulcus

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes.
Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible.
Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location.
Damage to the primary visual cortex results in functional blindness.

Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes.

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.

segmental and nigrostriatal
pyramidal and corticospinal
extrapyramidal and rubrospinal
supplementary and cerebellar-pontine

pyramidal and corticospinal

Broca’s area ________.

is usually found in the right hemisphere
serves the recognition of complex objects
is considered a motor speech area
corresponds to Brodmann’s area 8

is considered a motor speech area

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

prefrontal cortex
posterior association area
limbic association area
combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex

prefrontal cortex

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.

nutrients such as glucose
metabolic waste such as urea
alcohol
anesthetics

metabolic waste such as urea

All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________.

amygdaloid nucleus
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
caudate nucleus

caudate nucleus

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.

limbic system
pyramids
reticular formation
thalamus

reticular formation

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________.

loss of body temperature control
pathologic sleep
loss of proprioception
production of excessive quantities of urine

loss of proprioception

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________.

reticular nuclei
vestibular nuclei
red nuclei
superior colliculi

vestibular nuclei

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.

gustatory cortex
vestibular cortex
olfactory cortex
visceral sensory area

visceral sensory area

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?

Wernicke’s area
postcentral gyrus
red nuclei
gustatory cortex

red nuclei

White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________.

outer portion of the spinal cord
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
corticospinal tracts

cerebral cortex

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

spinal cord
rubrospinal tracts
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex

premotor cortex

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

spinal cord
rubrospinal tracts
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex

premotor cortex

Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.

True
False

true

Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains.

True
False

true

The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi.

True
False

false

The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.

True
False

false

The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate.

True
False

true

The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant.

True
False

true

The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.

True
False

true

The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro.

True
False

false

Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon.

True
False

false

A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.

True
False

true

Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.

True
False

false

The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.

True
False

true

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.

True
False

false

One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.

True
False

true

Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain.

True
False

true

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.

long-term memory
automatic memory
Association
rehearsal

Association

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?

declarative
motor
emotional
procedural

procedural

REM sleep is associated with ________.

decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure
decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex
decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex
temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory?

thalamus
medulla
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus

medulla

Which statement about coma is true?

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.
Coma is neurologically identical to syncope.
During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state.
Coma is a form of deep sleep.

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.

Declarative memory ________.

is hard to unlearn when learned once
usually involves motor skills
is best remembered in the doing
is the ability to learn specific information

is the ability to learn specific information

Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children?

Alpha
Delta
Theta
Beta

Theta

NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate.

True
False

true

A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep.

True
False

false

The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing.

True
False

true

Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned.

True
False

false

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

arachnoid and dura
arachnoid and epidura
arachnoid and pia
dura and epidura

arachnoid and pia

Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?

red blood cells
protein
glucose
potassium

red blood cells

Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?

reduction of brain weight
protection from blows
initiation of some nerve impulses
nourishment of the brain

initiation of some nerve impulses

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?

concussion
swelling
hemorrhage
contusion

concussion

Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons.

True
False

false

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.

True
False

true

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.

spinal nerve roots
lower motor neurons
neuromotor junction
upper motor neurons

upper motor neurons

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.

primary visual area
visual association area
lateral geniculate body
calcarine cortex

visual association area

Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

True
False

true

The adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2.

True
False

true

Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other.

True
False

true

Spinocerebellar tracts ________.

terminate in the spinal cord
give rise to conscious experience of perception
carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum
are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord

carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.

sympathetic ganglia
the thalamus
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________.

posterior spinothalamic
anterior spinothalamic
lateral spinothalamic
reticulospinal

lateral spinothalamic

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
unmyelinated nerve fibers only
soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
myelinated nerve fibers only

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.

hemiplegia
paraplegia
spinal shock only
quadriplegia

paraplegia

Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________.

medulla
thalamus
somatosensory cortex
spinal cord

thalamus

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival?

suprachiasmatic nucleus
autonomic control center
temperature control center
thirst center

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" for all brain activity?

diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum
cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex

Which parts of the brain constitute the "emotional brain" known as the limbic system?

diencephalic and brain stem structures
cerebral and brain stem structures
cerebral and diencephalic structures
diencephalic and mesencephalic structures

cerebral and diencephalic structures

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

internal capsules
commissures
association fibers
projection fibers

commissures

Which part of the brain is considered the "gateway" to the cerebral cortex?

thalamus
hypothalamus
mesencephalon
pons

thalamus

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus?

somatic motor control center
gateway to the cerebellum
visceral control center of the body
relay station for the special senses

visceral control center of the body

Which part of the brain stem houses the reflex centers for respiration and cardiovascular functioning?

reticular formation
pons
medulla oblongata
midbrain

medulla oblongata

Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate somatic motor output so that smooth, well-timed movements occur?

cerebellum
thalamus
pons
diencephalon

cerebellum

The middle primary brain vesicle, the mesencephalon, gives rise to which adult brain structure?

cerebrum
midbrain
diencephalon
medulla oblongata

midbrain

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain?

Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci.
Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri.
The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.
The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of functional areas within the cerebral cortex?

sensory areas
motor areas
association areas
visual areas

visual areas

Which of the following are motor areas of the cerebral cortex that lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes and control voluntary movement?

primary somatosensory cortex; somatosensory association cortex; visual areas
Broca’s area; posterior association area; auditory areas; visual areas
primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; prefrontal cortex; gustatory cortex
primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca’s area; frontal eye field

primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca’s area; frontal eye field

Which of the following areas of the brain is responsible for spatial discrimination?

primary somatosensory cortex
vestibular cortex
Broca’s area
gustatory cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

Which of the following areas of the brain controls voluntary movement of the eyes?

primary visual cortex
gustatory cortex
frontal eye field
visual association area

frontal eye field

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

emotional responses
regulation of body temperature
secretion of the hormone melatonin
regulation of food intake

secretion of the hormone melatonin

Which of the following regions of the brain provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility that are needed for our daily living?

cerebellum
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

cerebellum

In general, information flows from sensory receptors to the appropriate primary sensory cortex.

True
Fals

true

The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language.

True
False

true

The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex.

True
False

false

During an epileptic seizure, the triggering of convulsions would not directly involve the uncontrolled activity of neurons located in the ______.

pyramidal tracts
primary motor cortex
thalamus
medulla oblongata

thalamus

Which of the following is a characteristic of a coma but is NOT a characteristic of sleep?

absence of brain waves ("flat EEG")
irreversible brain damage
continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons
All of the listed responses are correct.

continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons

Which of the following does not occur during a narcoleptic sleep episode?

increased heart rate
REM sleep
increased oxygen use
increased gastrointestinal activity

increased gastrointestinal activity

In anterograde amnesia ______.

there is an inhibition of afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex
LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted
communication between the medial temporal lobe and the association cortex remains unaffected
declarative memory is not significantly altered

LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted

__________ causes a person to lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state.

Sleep apnea
Narcolepsy
Syncope
Epilepsy

Narcolepsy

Patients who have lesions involving Broca’s area __________.

do not understand language
can communicate through writing or sign language, but they cannot speak
can understand language, but have difficulty speaking
do not understand written communications, but they can speak clearly and intelligibly

can understand language, but have difficulty speaking

Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM).

True
False

true

During meningitis, which of the following is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain?

pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
arachnoid villi

pia mater

Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus?

periosteal part of the dura mater
membranous part of the dura mater
pia mater
arachnoid mater

arachnoid mater

Which meninx is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution?

pia mater
meningeal layer of the dura mater
periosteal layer of the dura mater
arachnoid mater

pia mater

__________ forms a liquid cushion for CNS structures.

The pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid
The dura mater
The blood-brain barrier

Cerebrospinal fluid

Which of the following is not a site where a tumor is likely to cause hydrocephalus?

fourth ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
pia mater
subarachnoid space

pia mater

Parkinson’s disease results from degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the __________.

hypothalamic nuclei
basal nuclei
substantia nigra
reticular formation

substantia nigra

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)?

decussation
memory
somatotopy
relay

memory

What part of the spinal cord represents the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal?

cauda equina
cervical enlargement
lumbar enlargement
conus medullaris

cauda equina

Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons.

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.
First-order neurons have cell bodies in the thalamus.

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be structurally affected if spina bifida develops in a fetus?

cauda equina
roots of sacral spinal nerves
sacrum
laminae of thoracic vertebrae

laminae of thoracic vertebrae

In spina bifida, the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop.

True
False

false

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