The afferent division of the PNS _____________. controls smooth muscle |
carries sensory information |
The __________ nervous system controls glandular secretion. sympathetic |
sympathetic and parasympathetic |
Which of these components is usually absent from a neuron? centrioles |
centrioles |
Which of these is not a neuron structural category? multipolar |
pseudopolar |
Most CNS neurons fall into which structural category? anaxonic |
multipolar |
Which is the largest and most abundant type of neuroglia? astrocytes |
astrocytes |
Neuroglia perform all of these functions except __________. secrete CSF |
release neurotransmitters |
Which of these types of neuroglia are abundant in peripheral ganglia? microglia |
satellite cells |
The most abundant intracellular cation is __________ while the most abundant extracellular anion is __________. sodium; chloride |
potassium; chloride |
What happens just after an axon is depolarized to threshold? Some potassium channels open. |
Some sodium channels open. |
During propagation of the action potential, __________. local currents depolarize a spot adjacent to the active zone |
All of these events occur during propagation of the action potential. |
Which of these axons will conduct an action potential most quickly? Type A fiber |
Type A fiber |
Compared to type A axons, type C axons are __________. slower propagating |
Type C axons have all of these characteristics. |
Compared to nerve action potentials, muscle action potentials do not have __________. greater resting potentials |
faster propagation |
Which ion triggers synaptic vesicles to discharge neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft? potassium |
calcium |
The effect of a nerve impulse on a postsynaptic neuron depends on the __________. kind of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron |
All of these factors affect what happens at the postsynaptic neuron. |
EPSPs and IPSPs summate at the __________. synaptic knob |
axon hillock |
Which of these neurotransmitters do adrenergic synapses use? nitric oxide |
norepinephrine |
Which of these neurotransmitters does not bind to a plasma membrane receptor? GABA |
nitric oxide |
Which of these neurotransmitters is released at CNS adrenergic synapses? norepinephrine |
norepinephrine |
EPSPs are ___________. graded |
EPSPs have all of these characteristics. |
If a nerve cell receives many IPSPs at the same time, __________. the membrane potential will depolarize |
it will show temporal summation |
The neurotransmitter glutamate opens channels that are permeable to sodium ions. What effect does glutamate produce on a postsynaptic neuron? IPSPs |
EPSPs |
The simplest level of information processing takes place at the __________. axon terminals |
axon hillock |
The neurotransmitter GABA blocks presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels. Consequently, GABA produces __________. EPSPs |
presynaptic inhibition |
If EPSPs summate to a sustained value above threshold, then the initial segment will __________. generate both large and frequent action potentials |
generate a string of action potentials |
Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system? integrate sensory information |
direct long-term functions, such as growth |
The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. central |
central |
The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles. sympathetic |
somatic |
The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated autonomic. |
afferent |
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates: heart muscle cells |
All of the answers are correct. |
The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the ________ nervous system. |
peripheral |
The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following? neurofibrils |
All of the answers are correct. |
Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons? multipolar |
pseudopolar |
The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is pseudopolar. |
multipolar. |
The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the protoplasm. |
perikaryon. |
Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called perikaryon. |
Nissl bodies. |
The axon is connected to the soma at the collaterals. |
axon hillock. |
Branches that may occur along an axon are called hillocks. |
collaterals. |
Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as dendrites. |
telodendria. |
Neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in synaptic terminals. |
vesicles |
The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the hillock. |
synapse. |
The rabies virus travels to the CNS via retrograde axoplasmic transport. |
retrograde axoplasmic transport. |
Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called anaxonic. |
anaxonic. |
Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called tripolar. |
unipolar. |
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, with the soma in between, are called bipolar. |
bipolar. |
Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called bipolar. |
multipolar. |
Sensory neurons of the PNS are bipolar. |
unipolar. |
Which of the following activities or sensations is not monitored by interoceptors? activities of the digestive system |
sight |
________ neurons are small and have no anatomical features that distinguish dendrites from axons. Sensory |
Anaxonic |
________ neurons are short, with a cell body between dendrite and axon, and occur in special sense organs. Multipolar |
Bipolar |
In a(n) ________ neuron, the dendrites and axon are continuous or fused. unipolar |
unipolar |
________ neurons are the most common class in the CNS. Multipolar |
Multipolar |
________ neurons form the afferent division of the PNS. Sensory |
Sensory |
________ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS. Bipolar neurons |
Interneurons |
Most CNS neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains the ability of neurons to generate an action potential. |
why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue. |
How does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron? The soma becomes unable to export products to the synaptic terminals. |
The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon. |
The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically-gated ion channels.
The first statement is false but the second statement is true. |
Both statements are true and relate to synaptic transmission. |
The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ________. |
neuron |
Products from the soma of a neuron are transported to the synaptic terminals by ________ axoplasmic transport. |
anterograde |
Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration. Wallerian |
Wallerian |
Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia? secretion of cerebrospinal fluid |
memory |
Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system? satellite cells |
satellite cells |
The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the microglia. |
astrocytes. |
Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except guiding neuron development. |
conducting action potentials. |
________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system. Dendrites |
Neuroglia |
The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following? adjusting the composition of the interstitial fluid |
All of the answers are correct. |
The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the oligodendrocytes. |
astrocytes. |
The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by ependymal cells. |
oligodendrocytes. |
________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal. Oligodendrocytes |
Ependymal cells |
Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called astrocytes. |
microglia. |
The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by satellite cells. |
Schwann cells. |
Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are oligodendrocytes. |
satellite cells. |
Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because the neurolemma is impermeable to most molecules. |
the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier. |
Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in loss of sensation and motor control. |
loss of sensation and motor control. |
Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the formation of cerebrospinal fluid. |
formation of cerebrospinal fluid. |
When pressure is applied to neural tissue, all these effects are possible, except a decrease in blood flow. |
neurons are triggered to divide. |
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by regenerating cell bodies for the neurons. |
forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth. |
After a stroke, what type of glial cell accumulates within the affected brain region? oligodendrocytes |
microglia |
Which of the following interactions between electrical and chemical gradients does not lead to the establishment of a neuron's resting potential? Potassium ions are repulsed by positive charges outside the cell. |
Electrical forces push sodium ions out of the cell. |
Voltage-gated channels are present on the surface of dendrites. |
in the membrane that covers axons. |
Integral membrane proteins that connect electrical synapses are called desmosomes. |
connexons. |
________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface. Mechanically-gated |
Mechanically-gated |
Any stimulus that opens ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential. a voltage-gated |
All of the answers are correct. |
Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron? membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions |
membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions |
If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function, all of the following occur, except the membrane will slowly lose its capacity to generate action potentials. |
the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase. |
Graded potentials produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface. |
may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization. |
If the potassium permeability of a resting neuron increases above the resting permeability, what effect will this have on the transmembrane potential? The inside of the membrane will become more negative. |
The inside of the membrane will become more negative. |
A stimulus that changes a postsynaptic neuron's membrane from resting potential to -85 mV is: a saltatory stimulus |
an inhibitory stimulus |
If the axolemma becomes more permeable to potassium ion: the inside of the membrane will have a positive charge |
a stronger stimulus will be required to cause an action potential |
The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Sodium channels are inactivated. The proper sequence of these events is 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1. |
4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5 |
The all-or-none principle states that all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials. |
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials. |
The same ________ can have different effects depending on the properties of the ________. substrate; receptor |
neurotransmitter; receptor |
Which of the following statements about the action potential is false? During the depolarization phase, membrane potential becomes positive. |
The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions. |
How would a chemical that prevents the opening of voltage-regulated Na+ channels affect the function of a neuron? neuron will only be able to hyperpolarize |
neuron will only be capable of producing graded potentials |
Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons? Action potentials would lack a repolarization phase. |
The axon would be unable to generate action potentials |
Which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted? diameter of the axon |
whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS |
A neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called the postsynaptic neuron. |
the postsynaptic neuron. |
Which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system? electrical |
chemical |
Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. |
acetylcholine |
The following are the steps involved in transmission at a cholinergic synapse. 1. Chemically-gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated. The correct sequence for these events is 2, 5, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3. |
4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5 |
If the chemically-gated sodium channels in the postsynaptic membrane were completely blocked, smaller action potentials would result. |
synaptic transmission would fail. |
The effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic membrane depends on the characteristics of the receptors. |
All of the answers are correct. |
When cholinergic receptors are stimulated, chloride ions enter the postsynaptic neuron. |
sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron. |
If the axon terminal of a motor neuron suddenly became permeable to calcium ion, neurotransmitter release will be blocked. |
the motor end plate will be depolarized. |
Each of the following is an example of a neuroeffector junction, except the junction between a neuron and a(n) smooth muscle cell. |
nerve cell |
Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. |
norepinephrine. |
Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that is important in learning and memory? glycine |
glutamate |
Which of the following is not a possible drug effect on synaptic function? interfere with neurotransmitter reuptake |
change the type of receptor found in the |
Opioids relieve pain by blocking the release of substance Q. |
substance P. |
Which of the following is a recognized class of opioid neuromodulators? dynorphins |
All of the answers are correct. |
Active neurons need ATP to support which of the following? the movement of materials from the soma by axoplasmic transport |
All of the answers are correct. |
After acetylcholinesterase acts, the synaptic terminal reabsorbs axoplasm. |
reabsorbs the choline. |
A postsynaptic neuron will have an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) when more calcium ions than usual diffuse into the neuron. |
chemically-regulated sodium channels are open and sodium is diffusing into the cell. |
Presynaptic facilitation by serotonin is caused by blockage of calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane. |
calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remaining open longer. |
The site in the neuron where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated is the synaptic terminal. |
axon hillock. |
EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when more potassium ions than usual leak out of a cell. |
extra sodium ions enter a cell. |
IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) are local depolarizations. |
are local hyperpolarizations. |
When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs? decrease in speed of impulse transmission |
temporal summation |
Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated temporal summation. |
spatial summation. |
How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate? It would be much briefer. |
It would last indefinitely. |
How is an action potential propagated along an axon? Stimuli from the graded (local) potentials from the soma and dendrites depolarize the entire axon. |
An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area |
Tetraethylammonium (TEA) blocks voltage-gated K+ channels such that K+ cannot pass even when the channels are open. However, TEA leaves K+ leakage channels largely unaffected. How would you expect the action potential to change if you treated a neuron with TEA? The action potential would fail. Once the voltage reached threshold, it would return to the resting membrane potential. |
The action potential would depolarize as usual, but the repolarization phase would take longer, causing the action potential to be more broad in time. |
An action potential in one segment of axon causes adjacent sections of axon membrane to reach threshold through what mechanism? the generation of local currents |
the generation of local currents |
In a myelinated axon, how do the nodes of Ranvier differ from other segments of the same axon? The nodes are longer segments of the axon. |
The nodes are more permeable to ions. |
Where are action potentials regenerated as they propagate along a myelinated axon? at the nodes of Ranvier |
at the nodes of Ranvier |
Which of the following would increase the membrane permeability to K+? more K+ leakage channels |
more K+ leakage channels |
Following repolarization, the neuron may become slightly hyperpolarized before it re-establishes its resting membrane potential. Voltage-gated Na+ channels stop the flow of Na+ relatively quickly, while voltage-gated K+ channels are slow to close, resulting in the overshoot. |
Voltage-gated Na+ channels stop the flow of Na+ relatively quickly, while voltage-gated K+ channels are slow to close, resulting in the overshoot. |
Which statement best characterizes a K+ leak channel? Common trans-membrane channels are always open for any ion to move through in the presence of K+. |
Trans-membrane protein channels that are always open to allow K+ to cross the membrane without the additional input of energy |
Cl− is a common negatively charged extracellular ion. Predict the effect on the RMP if many Cl− gated channels are suddenly opened. A more negative RMP would result. |
A more negative RMP would result. |
Saltatory propagation occurs in _________ axons, in which action potentials _________. myelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another |
myelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another |
If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside, the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential. |
the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential. |
Which of the following best characterizes depolarization? small consecutive steps of Na+ penetration into the axon along its length |
small consecutive steps of Na+ penetration into the axon along its length |
What conditions will increase the diffusion of molecules, such as neurotransmitters? An increase in the distance between the neurons. |
An increase in the amount of neurotransmitter exocytized by the presynaptic axon. |
Which best represents synaptic transmission? presynaptic axon to synapse to dendrite or postsynaptic cell body |
presynaptic axon to synapse to dendrite or postsynaptic cell body |
A postsynaptic cell can be a neuron, a muscle cell, or a secretory cell. What is an example of a presynaptic cell? a muscle cell |
a neuron |
What part of the nervous system performs information processing and integration? somatic nervous system |
central nervous system |
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system? integration of sensory input |
regulation of neurogenesis |
Which of the following allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles? the afferent division of the nervous system |
the somatic nervous system |
Which neuroglia are the most abundant and versatile of the glial cells? ependymal cells |
astrocytes |
Which part of the neuron is responsible for generating a nerve impulse? soma |
axon |
Which of the following types of neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS)? motor |
motor |
Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? ependymal cells |
microglia |
Which of the following types of glial cells produces the myelin sheaths that insulate axons, or nerve fibers, in the central nervous system (CNS)? ependymal cells |
oligodendrocytes |
Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS? Schwann cells |
Schwann cells |
Which of the following are bundles of neurofilaments that are important in maintaining the shape and integrity of neurons? perikaryon |
neurofibrils |
Which of the following is true of axons? Axons use chemically gated ion channels to generate graded potentials. |
A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length. |
Which of the following is the conducting region of the neuron? terminal boutons |
axon |
Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons? the number of processes extending from the cell body neuron |
the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system |
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons? multipolar |
multipolar |
Which of the following is NOT true of association neurons? Association neurons account for over 99% of the neurons in the body. |
Most association neurons are confined within the peripheral nervous system (PNS). |
In multiple sclerosis, the cells that are the target of an autoimmune attack are the _________. neurons |
oligodendrocytes |
Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron? inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
excitatory postsynaptic potential |
Which of the following is NOT true of an electrical synapse? Communication through these synapses may be unidirectional or bidirectional. |
They are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters. |
Opening K+ or Cl- channels in a postsynaptic membrane would produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). True |
true |
Which of the following is NOT one of the chemical classes into which neurotransmitters fall? amino acids |
chlorides |
Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing? diverging circuit |
reverberating circuit |
What component of the reflex arc determines the response to a stimulus? integration center |
integration center |
Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit? reverberating circuits |
pre-discharge circuits |
Which pattern of neural processing works in a predictable, all-or-nothing manner, where reflexes are rapid and automatic responses to stimuli in which a particular stimulus always causes the same response? oscillative processing |
serial processing |
Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers. True |
true |
Which of the choices below describes the ANS? motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles |
motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions |
analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions |
Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system? innervation of glands |
innervation of skeletal muscle |
The overlapping functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, and motor output. True |
true |
The autonomic nervous system is under voluntary control; whereas, the somatic nervous system is involuntary. True |
false |
The term central nervous system refers to the ________. brain and spinal cord |
brain and spinal cord |
Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system. True |
true |
Myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocyte. True |
true |
Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups. True |
true |
The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons. True |
true |
The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neuron processes. True |
false |
Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes. True |
true |
If bacteria invaded the CNS tissue, microglia would migrate to the area to engulf and destroy them. True |
true |
Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes? control the chemical environment around neurons |
provide the defense for the CNS |
What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called? Schwann cells |
ependymal cells |
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. motor neurons |
found in the retina of the eye |
The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________. axon |
axon\ |
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. nuclei |
ganglia |
A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. association neuron |
association neuron |
Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________. microglia |
astrocytes |
Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. ependymal cells |
oligodendrocytes |
Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons? They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate. |
They are mitotic. |
The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place. True |
false |
During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative. True |
true |
Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase. True |
false |
A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons. True |
true |
When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________. postsynaptic potential |
generator potential |
Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? They can form on receptor endings. |
They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point. |
A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell |
the membrane potential has been reestablished |
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________. negatively charged and contains more sodium |
negatively charged and contains less sodium |
If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________. the impulse would move to the axon terminal only |
the impulse would spread bidirectionally |
In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. True |
true |
What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? type of stimulus receptor |
frequency of action potentials |
Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? Ions always move passively across membranes. |
Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes. |
A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane. True |
true |
Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium. |
A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium. |
Select the correct statement regarding synapses. The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another. |
The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another. |
Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? moves membrane potential away from threshold |
short distance hyperpolarization |
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? cholinesterase |
acetylcholine |
The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________. cholinesterase |
neurotransmitter |
Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? acetycholine |
nucleic acid |
Some neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor. True |
true |
Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. True |
true |
Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________. are crucial for the development of neural connections |
are crucial for the development of neural connections |
Which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? afferent nerve fibers |
spinal cord |
In a spinal reflex, information flows from __________ to __________ to __________. PNS; PNS; CNS |
PNS; CNS; PNS |
The __________ is part of the CNS and the __________ is part of the PNS. spinal cord; spinal nerve |
spinal cord; spinal nerve |
The spinal cord consists of __________ segments, each associated with two pairs of nerve roots. 12 |
31 |
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates within the __________. subarachnoid space |
subarachnoid space |
The spinal cord stops elongating at about __________ years of age. 4 |
4 |
The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________. axons of multipolar neurons |
cell bodies of unipolar neurons |
The gray horns of the spinal cord contain __________. neuroglia |
The gray horns contain all of these elements. |
The CSF is confined between the __________ and the __________. pia mater; dura mater |
pia mater; arachnoid mater |
The six projections from the gray matter seen in cross-sections of the spinal cord are called __________. pyramids |
horns |
Which of these is absent in the gray matter of the spinal cord? neuroglia |
myelinated axons |
The __________ gray horns contain sensory nuclei. intermediate |
dorsal |
The region of the body surface monitored by a pair of spinal nerves is known as a(n) __________. segment |
dermatome |
The connective tissue layer that covers Schwann cells is the __________. endomysium |
endoneurium |
A typical spinal nerve has a __________ ramus consisting of unmyelinated axons that innervate smooth muscles. dorsal |
gray |
Nerve cells (neurons) that control peripheral effectors are known as __________. motor neurons |
motor neurons |
Neural circuits occur in all of these patterns except __________. multipolar |
multipolar |
The most abundant category of neurons is __________. somatic afferents |
interneurons |
Which of these is not one of the essential components of a reflex arc? output to upper motor neuron |
output to upper motor neuron |
A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex. acquired |
visceral |
A reflex arc always includes a(n) __________. efferent axon |
A reflex arc always includes all of these structures. |
Which processes are always part of a reflex arc? receptor activation |
All of these processes are part of every reflex arc. |
The input for the stretch reflex comes from the __________. gamma motor neuron |
muscle spindle |
A distinction about the flexor reflex is that it __________. prevents a muscle from overstretching |
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus |
The reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex. tendon |
tendon |
The __________ reflex involves activating muscles contralateral to the receptor. crossed extensor |
crossed extensor |
Which of these are not properties of the stretch reflex? It is activated by muscle elongation. |
It is a disynaptic reflex. |
An example of the brain modifying reflex patterns is _________. postponing emptying a full urinary bladder |
All of these are examples of the brain modifying reflex patterns. |
An example of the brain affecting spinal reflexes is the replacement of the __________ by the __________. Babinski sign; plantar reflex |
Babinski sign; plantar reflex |
Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________. stimulus response |
reinforcement |
The spinal cord is part of the autonomic nervous system. |
central nervous system. |
The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament. filum terminale |
filum terminale |
Spinal nerves are purely motor. |
both sensory and motor |
The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments. 31 |
31 |
The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain synapses. |
cell bodies of sensory neurons. |
The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains cell bodies of motor neurons. |
axons of sensory neurons. |
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains axons of sensory neurons. |
axons of motor neurons. |
The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the periosteum. |
dura mater. |
After age ________ the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not. 8 |
4 |
If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed, the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level. |
sensory input would be blocked. |
The subdural space lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. |
the dura mater and the arachnoid mater |
The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the dura mater. |
pia mater |
A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a cervical enlargement. |
spinal nerve. |
In meningitis, viruses can be the cause. |
All of the answers are correct. |
Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block? It can provide sensory and motor anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected. |
All of the answers are correct. |
Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the pia mater. |
subarachnoid space. |
The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the spinal mater. |
spinal meninges |
Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the epidural space. |
pia mater. |
Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the dura mater. |
subarachnoid space. |
In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about L1. |
L1. |
Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect? inability to breathe |
loss of sensation in his torso |
The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly unmyelinated axons. |
myelinated and unmyelinated axons. |
The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly nerve cell bodies. |
nerve cell bodies. |
The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly somatic motor nuclei. |
sensory nuclei |
The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly autonomic motor nuclei. |
somatic motor nuclei. |
Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the central canal. |
white columns. |
In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as ganglia. |
columns |
The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called fibers. |
horns. |
Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the gray commissures. |
gray commissures. |
The white matter of the spinal cord contains both axons and dendrites. |
bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions. |
The outermost connective-tissue covering of nerves is the perineurium. |
epineurium. |
The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the dermatomes. |
white rami communicantes. |
The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve and contain postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or limbs are white rami communicantes. |
gray rami communicantes |
Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs do not rejoin the spinal nerve but form sympathetic nerves. |
sympathetic nerves. |
The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back. gray ramus communicantes |
dorsal ramus |
Which of the following associations is incorrect? 5 sacral spinal nerves |
11 thoracic spinal nerves |
Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region. cervical |
cervical |
The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus. lumbar |
brachial |
In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise? lumbar |
brachial |
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the endosteum. |
perineurium. |
Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles. abdominal |
leg |
The ________ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs. ventral ramus |
ventral ramus |
The obturator nerve is distributed to the skin over buttocks. |
adductors of the hip. |
A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense. |
lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis. |
The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n) plexus. |
plexus. |
Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus, except the ________ nerve. femoral |
sciatic |
The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm. sciatic |
phrenic |
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the subneurium. |
endoneurium |
The ventral rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following, except the ________ plexus. lumbar |
nuchal |
If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he would have full range of motion in all extremities. |
might be unable to breathe on his own. |
As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve. perineal |
sciatic |
Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed? descending tracts |
ascending tracts |
The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves, except the median. |
phrenic |
Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following, except parallel processing. |
multipolar. |
All of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they involve at least two neurons. |
cannot be modified by the brain. |
Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes. visceral |
innate |
Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following, except the motor response. |
whether they are sensory or motor. |
All of the following are true of muscle spindles, except that they consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers. |
are found in tendons. |
The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex. flexor |
tendon |
Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called a crossed extensor reflex. |
reciprocal inhibition. |
The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles. crossed extensor |
crossed extensor |
The flexor reflex usually depends on cranial neurons. |
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus. |
In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater? a monosynaptic reflex |
a polysynaptic reflex |
All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes, except that they involve pools of interneurons. |
are arranged according to dermatomes. |
Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex? flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked |
why you close your eyes when you sneeze |
Which brain nucleus is the body's "biological clock"? suprachiastmatic nucleus |
suprachiastmatic nucleus |
Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________. medulla |
pons |
The arbor vitae refers to ________. the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum |
cerebellar white matter |
The brain stem consists of the ________. midbrain, medulla, and pons |
midbrain, medulla, and pons |
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________. frontal lobe |
temporal lobe |
What cells line the ventricles of the brain? astrocytes |
ependymal cells |
The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. cerebrum |
medulla |
Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres? central fissure |
longitudinal fissure |
Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? visceral command center |
executive suite |
If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________. spinal cord may be affected |
spinal cord may be affected |
The central sulcus separates which lobes? frontal from parietal |
frontal from parietal |
Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex? dendrites |
fiber tracts |
Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei? regulating attention and cognition |
initiating protective reflex actions |
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. ganglia |
gyri |
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. lateral sulcus |
lateral sulcus |
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes. |
Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes. |
Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. segmental and nigrostriatal |
pyramidal and corticospinal |
Broca's area ________. is usually found in the right hemisphere |
is considered a motor speech area |
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality? prefrontal cortex |
prefrontal cortex |
The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________. nutrients such as glucose |
metabolic waste such as urea |
All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________. amygdaloid nucleus |
caudate nucleus |
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. limbic system |
reticular formation |
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________. loss of body temperature control |
loss of proprioception |
Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________. reticular nuclei |
vestibular nuclei |
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________. gustatory cortex |
visceral sensory area |
Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)? Wernicke's area |
red nuclei |
White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________. outer portion of the spinal cord |
cerebral cortex |
Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________. spinal cord |
premotor cortex |
Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________. spinal cord |
premotor cortex |
Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain. True |
true |
Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains. True |
true |
The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi. True |
false |
The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system. True |
false |
The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate. True |
true |
The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant. True |
true |
The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain. True |
true |
The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro. True |
false |
Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon. True |
false |
A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei. True |
true |
Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres. True |
false |
The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space. True |
true |
Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus. True |
false |
One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing. True |
true |
Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain. True |
true |
The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________. long-term memory |
Association |
Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano? declarative |
procedural |
REM sleep is associated with ________. decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure |
temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm |
Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory? thalamus |
medulla |
Which statement about coma is true? Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma. |
Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma. |
Declarative memory ________. is hard to unlearn when learned once |
is the ability to learn specific information |
Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children? Alpha |
Theta |
NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate. True |
true |
A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep. True |
false |
The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing. True |
true |
Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned. True |
false |
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? arachnoid and dura |
arachnoid and pia |
Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? red blood cells |
red blood cells |
Which of the following is not a function of the CSF? reduction of brain weight |
initiation of some nerve impulses |
Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury? concussion |
concussion |
Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons. True |
false |
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain. True |
true |
Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________. spinal nerve roots |
upper motor neurons |
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. primary visual area |
visual association area |
Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. True |
true |
The adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2. True |
true |
Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other. True |
true |
Spinocerebellar tracts ________. terminate in the spinal cord |
carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum |
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________. sympathetic ganglia |
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord |
Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________. posterior spinothalamic |
lateral spinothalamic |
The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers |
myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers |
An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________. hemiplegia |
paraplegia |
Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________. medulla |
thalamus |
Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival? suprachiasmatic nucleus |
suprachiasmatic nucleus |
Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" for all brain activity? diencephalon |
cerebral cortex |
Which parts of the brain constitute the "emotional brain" known as the limbic system? diencephalic and brain stem structures |
cerebral and diencephalic structures |
Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the two cerebral hemispheres? internal capsules |
commissures |
Which part of the brain is considered the "gateway" to the cerebral cortex? thalamus |
thalamus |
Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus? somatic motor control center |
visceral control center of the body |
Which part of the brain stem houses the reflex centers for respiration and cardiovascular functioning? reticular formation |
medulla oblongata |
Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate somatic motor output so that smooth, well-timed movements occur? cerebellum |
cerebellum |
The middle primary brain vesicle, the mesencephalon, gives rise to which adult brain structure? cerebrum |
midbrain |
Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain? Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci. |
The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. |
Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of functional areas within the cerebral cortex? sensory areas |
visual areas |
Which of the following are motor areas of the cerebral cortex that lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes and control voluntary movement? primary somatosensory cortex; somatosensory association cortex; visual areas |
primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field |
Which of the following areas of the brain is responsible for spatial discrimination? primary somatosensory cortex |
primary somatosensory cortex |
Which of the following areas of the brain controls voluntary movement of the eyes? primary visual cortex |
frontal eye field |
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? emotional responses |
secretion of the hormone melatonin |
Which of the following regions of the brain provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility that are needed for our daily living? cerebellum |
cerebellum |
In general, information flows from sensory receptors to the appropriate primary sensory cortex. True |
true |
The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. True |
true |
The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex. True |
false |
During an epileptic seizure, the triggering of convulsions would not directly involve the uncontrolled activity of neurons located in the ______. pyramidal tracts |
thalamus |
Which of the following is a characteristic of a coma but is NOT a characteristic of sleep? absence of brain waves ("flat EEG") |
continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons |
Which of the following does not occur during a narcoleptic sleep episode? increased heart rate |
increased gastrointestinal activity |
In anterograde amnesia ______. there is an inhibition of afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex |
LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted |
__________ causes a person to lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state. Sleep apnea |
Narcolepsy |
Patients who have lesions involving Broca's area __________. do not understand language |
can understand language, but have difficulty speaking |
Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM). True |
true |
During meningitis, which of the following is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain? pia mater |
pia mater |
Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus? periosteal part of the dura mater |
arachnoid mater |
Which meninx is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution? pia mater |
pia mater |
__________ forms a liquid cushion for CNS structures. The pia mater |
Cerebrospinal fluid |
Which of the following is not a site where a tumor is likely to cause hydrocephalus? fourth ventricle |
pia mater |
Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the __________. hypothalamic nuclei |
substantia nigra |
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)? decussation |
memory |
What part of the spinal cord represents the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal? cauda equina |
cauda equina |
Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. |
First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion. |
Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be structurally affected if spina bifida develops in a fetus? cauda equina |
laminae of thoracic vertebrae |
In spina bifida, the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop. True |
false |