The general term signifying the overall lowering of the rock material on the Earth’s crust is |
E) denudation |
Which process must take place FIRST during the denudation of a landscape? |
A) weathering |
Weathering and mass wasting can be classified as ________ processes. |
A) denudational |
Denudation is NOT closely related to ________. |
E) internal processes |
________ is(are) the most obvious result of weathering. |
B) Fragmentation of bedrock |
Residual rock that has not experienced erosion is termed ________. |
E) bedrock |
A lava ________ is a small hole which develops in cooling lava when gas is unable to escape as the |
D) vesicle |
Weathering may reach as far as ________ below Earth’s surface. |
D) hundreds of meters |
Which of the following is NOT a type of opening along which weathering agents attack bedrock? |
C) batholiths |
Like faults, a ________ is a separation in a rock body. |
E) joint |
Lava ________ develop when gas is unable to escape as the lava solidifies. |
A) vesicles |
Carbonate rock is closely associated with ________. |
A) solution cavities |
Which of the following is NOT closely related to jointing? |
D) vesicles |
A joint can be distinguished from a fault in that ________. |
B) there is no movement along joints |
________ are the most common structural features of rocks. |
C) Joints |
The location of features, such as cliffs and valleys might be strongly influenced by the position of |
E) master joints |
Large ________ extend for considerable distances and depths through rock. Below the surface, there |
B) master joints |
Jointing is most regularly patterned in ________. |
B) fine-grained rocks |
Which of the following landscapes is most closely associated with jointing? |
A) Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah |
Which of the following is LEAST important in the weathering processes? |
A) Earthquakes |
A weathering type associated with curved and concentric sets of joints break away in successive |
D) exfoliation |
In rock, ________ is another term for pressure release. |
B) unloading |
The most important type of mechanical weathering process is ________. |
D) frost shattering |
Water is a major agent of weathering because of its property that, when it freezes, it decreases in |
B) expands in volume |
Salt wedging is of slight consequence in ________. |
E) humid regions |
In frost wedging, the principal force is exerted against the ________ of the confining rock. |
D) walls |
________ might happen directly as the result of the removal of an overlying weight from the |
B) Exfoliation |
Granular disintegration is most closely associated with ________. |
E) frost wedging |
The peeling of thin layers of stone off a large rock is ________. |
E) exfoliation |
In dry climates, ________ is a (are) prevalent process(es). |
A) salt wedging |
Frost wedging is associated with ________ in coarse-grained rocks. |
C) granular disintegration |
Frost wedging is NOT a significant agent in producing ________. |
B) dust |
Salt wedging is most closely associated with ________. |
C) capillary action |
Which of the following is most effective in weathering rock? |
E) freeze/thaw cycles |
Where is the daily temperature change the most significant in rock weathering? |
B) mountain summits |
Exfoliation is probably the result of unloading and ________. |
C) hydration |
Frost shattering is also called frost ________. |
E) wedging |
As water freezes it expands almost ________ percent and is able to mechanically weather rock. |
E) 10 |
The term "exfoliation dome" is best applied to ________. |
D) Yosemite National Park |
The chemical union of water with another substance is called ________. |
C) hydrolysis |
The single most important weathering agent is ________. |
D) water |
The new substances made through oxidation of existing minerals are ________ than the original |
E) softer |
Caverns are most closely associated with ________. |
C) solution cavities |
The main chemical weathering processes all take place more or less simultaneously because they |
D) water |
Water penetrating into soil promotes chemical weathering by acting as a weak ________. |
A) acid |
In percolating rainwater, dissolved gases and the decay products of local vegetation increases the |
A) drive chemical reactions |
The rotting of rock by the various types of chemical weathering takes place best in ________. |
A) humid regions |
The major end product of chemical weathering is(are) ________. |
B) clays |
The most common oxidation effect in the lithosphere is ________. |
E) rusting |
Which openings in rocks are associated with calcareous rocks? |
D) solution cavities |
Chemical weathering is speeded because mechanical weathering tends to ________. |
E) greatly increase the surface area to be weathered |
Calcium bicarbonate produced in the chemical weathering process of carbonation ________. |
D) is very soluble |
Which sort of rocks are most susceptible to hydrolysis? |
E) igneous |
Invariably, hydrolysis makes a mineral ________. |
C) take up more volume |
Which of the following processes is most closely associated with "rusting"? |
A) oxidation |
From a chemical standpoint, the three reacting agents of greatest importance to weathering are |
E) carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water |
Oxidation of aluminum causes which of the following colors on the surfaces of rocks? |
C) reddish brown |
Which material is most resistant to chemical weathering? |
C) quartz |
Which of the following can occur far below the surface in the tropics? |
A) hydrolysis |
Which of the following is NOT associated with biological weathering? |
A) formation of rock joints |
Which of the following processes is NOT associated with the biological weathering of he |
A) photosynthesis |
If no water is involved, rocks can mechanically weather if they undergo ________ temperature |
C) millions of |
Weathering is deepest ________. |
D) in the humid tropics |
Gravity is the main force impelling movement in all of the following EXCEPT ________. |
C) hydrolysis |
Mass wasting is associated with which speed of movement? |
E) a wide variety of speeds |
Mass movements are likely to happen after ________. |
A) heavy rains |
Clays are sometimes instrumental in mass movements because of their ability to ________. |
D) absorb water |
With the passage of time, all talus migrates ________. |
A) downslope |
The rock debris which accumulates at the base of steep slopes by gravitational action is called |
E) talus |
The main downslope movement of subarctic and arctic landscapes is ________. |
D) solifluction |
The slowest and least perceptible form of mass wasting is ________. |
B) creep |
The single most important mechanism of transport for weathered overburden in the subarctic |
A) mass wasting |
The best example of a product of mass wasting is ________. |
C) scree |
A result of soil creep might be ________. |
E) a tilted fence post |
Which of the following is thought to transfer materials WITHOUT the lubricating effect of water? |
E) rock glaciers |
Where the land is flat, ________ exerts a minimal influence on topographic development. |
B) gravity |
________ and amount of moisture present can be used to classify types of mass wasting. |
D) Speed of movement |
Mass wasting is most likely during ________. |
B) heavy rain |
Clay is a facilitator for mass wasting because clay ________. |
B) absorbs water |
________ is a facilitator of mass wasting. |
B) Clay |
________ often initiates mass wasting in subarctic and high latitudes. |
A) The heaving of frozen |
Within 5%, the typical angle of repose is ________. |
C) 35% |
One sub-surface material which intensifies the process of earthquakes and mass movement is |
B) clay |
Clays which change to a near-liquid state as a result of sudden disturbance are ________ clays. |
C) quick |
When fragments deposited by mass movement are at the ________, they are in a fine balance |
D) angle of repose |
In mountain areas, when large amounts of rock fragments move downslope of their own weight, |
D) rock glaciers |
In ________ there is a rough sorting of particles, with larger pieces farther downslope. |
D) a rockfall |
"The angle of repose" is a term most closely associated with ________. |
A) talus |
________ move downslope as much as 160 kilometers per hour. |
B) Landslides |
A slope collapse with a backward rotation is a ________. |
E) slump |
Landslides are often responsible for the formation of ________. |
D) lakes |
A slump is a downslope movement with a ________. |
C) backwards rotation |
The mass-wasting type characterized by a crescent-shaped scarp face is the ________. |
A) slump |
Which of the following is NOT closely associated with large landslides? |
B) Solifluction |
A massive pile of highly irregular debris in the form of a low-lying ridge or cone on a valley |
D) landslide |
Undercutting of a bank by its stream may trigger ________. |
D) a landslide |
The La Conchita landslides are most closely associated with ________. |
E) cracks underneath cliff houses |
Which of the following mass movements involves the greatest amount of water? |
B) flow |
A mudflow including numerous larger blocks of material is a(n) ________. |
B) debris flow |
Which of the following form of mass wasting is relatively fast and wet compared to the others? |
C) mudflow |
An earthflow is most conspicuous in ________ where a bulging lobe of material pushes out onto a |
C) its lower reaches |
Creep associated with animals and resembling a faint network of trails is called ________. |
B) a terracette |
The process of creep works ________. |
A) universally |
The process of solifluction works ________. |
C) mainly in the tundra |
Typically, solifluction lobes move a few ________ per year. |
E) centimeters (inches) |
Which of the following is the slowest of all types of mass movement? |
D) solifluction |
No matter where you go, which of the following is almost certainly acting on the landscape around |
E) creep |
In freeze/thaw or wet/dry conditions in soil creep, an individual soil particle tends to ________. |
D) be lifted vertically from the ground surface and placed slightly downhill |
Soil creep is unimportant in arid regions since lack of water removes the primary ________. |
A) lubricant |
The slight displacement of human-built structures such as fence posts and telephone poles is subtle |
D) soil creep |
It is clear that some rocks will never weather, waste, or erode. |
False |
Mechanical and chemical weathering usually act in concert with one another. |
True |
Generally, joints do not exist below one meter from Earth’s surface. |
False |
Joints and solution cavities are different names for the same feature. |
False |
Usually, the number of faults in an area is a much greater number than the number of joints. |
False |
When water freezes, it decreases in density and expands in volume. |
True |
Salt wedging is a form of physical weathering especially prevalent in the humid tropics. |
False |
Angular rocks and boulders on high mountain peaks were produced by frost shattering. |
True |
Exfoliation is a type of weathering which is produced by hydrolysis. |
False |
Salt wedging is a weathering process which is unimportant in humid regions. |
True |
Exfoliation appears to involve both mechanical and chemical weathering agents. |
True |
Brush fires and forest fires speed the process of mechanical weathering. |
True |
Oxidation in rocks is often initiated by oxygen dissolved in water. |
True |
Oxidation produces compounds which are more easily eroded than the original rock. |
True |
Mechanical weathering is more effective than chemical weathering in the breakdown of the |
False |
Chemical weathering is at its peak in high northern latitudes. |
False |
Plant roots are agents of weathering. |
True |
Any downward movement of broken rocks owing to gravity is called mass wasting. |
True |
Gravity is the energizing force in mass wasting. |
True |
Water is the energizing force in mass wasting. |
False |
Mass wasting is generally the second step in a three-step system of denudation |
True |
Mass wasting and denudation are synonymous terms. |
False |
Mass wasting and weathering are synonymous terms. |
False |
Landslides are the most common form of mass wasting. |
False |
Debris flows are mass movements that occur on slopes in arid regions. |
True |
Clayey soils or clayey subsoils greatly facilitate mass movement. |
True |
The steepest angle that can be assumed by loose fragments on a slope without downslope |
True |
The angle of repose is the same for all materials. |
False |
Rock glaciers form on flat surfaces. |
False |
A talus slope has a characteristic angle of repose of about 35 degrees. |
True |
A crescent-shaped scarp on a high slope often appears above a rock glacier. |
False |
Talus slopes are normally gently concave upward, with the steepest angle near the apex of the |
True |
A common maximum speed for landslides is about 500 kilometers per hour. |
False |
Sometimes, landslides come down into a valley and then race upslope on the other side. |
True |
Mudflows tend to follow the local drainage network. |
True |
In a flow, the center moves faster than the outer edges |
True |
A mudflow is a slope collapse with a backward rotation. |
False |
Mudflows are potentially more dangerous to humanity than earthflow |
True |
Soil creep is generally faster on water-saturated slopes than on dry ones. |
True |
Burrowing animals, earthquakes, and thunder are all significant contributors to soil creep. |
True |
Where solifluction occurs, drainage channels are usually scarce. |
True |
In extreme cases, soil creep can carry materials as much as a kilometer downhill in a single year. |
False |
Soil creep, because it is so common, produces a rich array of landforms. |
False |
The "active layer" of permafrost must melt for solifluction to occur. |
False |
Chap 15
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