Ch. 8- Cellular Reproduction

Which one of the following combinations of sex chromosomes results in Turner syndrome?
A. XXY
B. YO
C. XYY
D. XO

D. XO

A consequence of asexual reproduction in a plant is that __________.
A. pollen dispersal is critical to survival
B. a partner is needed for reproduction
C. gametes are produced in large numbers
D. its entire genetic legacy can remain intact

D. its entire genetic legacy can remain intact

Accidents can occur in meiosis wherein members of a chromosome pair fail to separate at anaphase. This is called _____.
A. genetic variation
B. nondisjunction
C. genetic recombination
D. chiasma

B. nondisjunction

Crossing over is __________.
A. the exchange of corresponding portions of homologous chromosomes
B. an independent assortment of chromosomes
C. the movement of genetic material from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome
D. the formation of tetrads

A. the exchange of corresponding portions of homologous chromosomes

The process of meiosis accomplishes which of the following?
A. It allows genetic exchange and eliminates the formation of haploid cells.
B. It provides eight haploid gametes and can eliminate chromosomes.
C. It provides for formation of four haploid cells and reduces the need for sister chromatids.
D. It produces four haploid cells and allows exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

D. It produces four haploid cells and allows exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

Meiosis and cytokinesis result in the formation of __________.
A. two haploid cells
B. two diploid cells
C. four diploid cells
D. four haploid cells

D. four haploid cells

A typical body cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes is called a __________.
A. sister cell
B. gamete
C. haploid cell
D. somatic cell

D. somatic cell

Sexual reproduction requires the cellular process of __________ followed by __________.
A. mitosis … fertilization
B. mitosis … meiosis
C. mitosis … gamete formation
D. meiosis … fertilization

D. meiosis … fertilization

A karyotype (a chromosome display) would be unable to determine ________.
A. Down syndrome
B. sex
C. eye color
D. Turner syndrome

C. eye color

One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ________.
A. mitosis requires only one parent cell, but meiosis requires two parent cells
B. mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not
C. mitosis produces more daughter cells for each division than meiosis
D. mitosis produces haploid cells, but meiosis produces diploid cells

B. mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not

Which of the following is the best description of the events of anaphase I?
A. All of the chromosomes inherited from the mother go to one pole of the cell, and all of the chromosomes inherited from the father go to the other pole.
B. Homologous chromosomes randomly separate and migrate to opposite poles.
C. Half of the chromosomes inherited from the mother go to one pole along with half of the chromosomes inherited from the father.
D. Sister chromatids separate and the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles.

B. Homologous chromosomes randomly separate and migrate to opposite poles.

Upon completion of telophase I and cytokinesis, there is(are) ______ cell(s).
A. four haploid
B. one diploid
C. two diploid
D. two haploid

D. two haploid

During metaphase I, ______.
A. homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
B. sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles
C. crossing over occurs
D. the nuclear envelope breaks up

A. homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Which of the following is a characteristic seen in prophase I that does NOT occur in prophase II?
A. Crossing over occurs.
B. Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell.
C. Spindle formation occurs.
D. The number of chromosomes doubles.

A. Crossing over occurs.

What chromosomes belong to a typical human female?
A. 46 autosomes and two X chromosomes
B. 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome
C. 22 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes
D. 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes

D. 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes

What chromosomes belong to a typical human male?
A. 46 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome
B. 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome
C. 22 autosomes and two Y chromosomes
D. 44 autosomes and two Y chromosomes

B. 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome

Homologous chromosomes ______.
A. include only the autosomes
B. carry the same versions of all genes
C. carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
D. are a set of chromosomes that the cell received from one parent

C. carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics

Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called ______.
A. nonhomologous chromosomes
B. autosomes
C. homologous chromosomes
D. sex chromosomes

B. autosomes

The 2n number for the cell depicted here is ________.
A. eight
B. two
C. four
D. one

B. two

The above figure shows that ________.
A. meiosis forms diploid gametes
B. the human 2n number is 4
C. meiosis results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells
D. fertilization results in four haploid daughter cells

C. meiosis results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells

Please read the following paragraph and answer the following question.

Amanda’s parents realized that her body was not developing properly about the time she was 12 years old. She was shorter than most of her friends and was not going through changes normally associated with female puberty. They took her to a doctor who initially diagnosed Amanda with Turner Syndrome because of her physical features. He ordered a karyotype that confirmed his diagnosis. Amanda was born with only one X chromosome. Although there is no specific cure, the doctor was able to treat her and correct some of the problems associated with the condition. For example, she received growth hormone to improve her growth and estrogen to help her develop the physical changes of puberty.

If only some, but not all, of Amanda’s somatic (body) cells had only one X chromosome, this could indicate that an error occurred ________.
A. during mitosis which occurred at a multicellular stage of Amanda’s development
B. during mitosis leading to the sperm or egg that came together to form Amanda
C. during meiosis which occurred in Amanda’s ovaries
D. during meiosis in the first cell division of the original cell that was Amanda (the zygote)

A. during mitosis which occurred at a multicellular stage of Amanda’s development

What is the chromosome number found in humans cells after meiosis I is completed?
A. 43 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
B. 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
C. 22 autosomes and a sex chromosome
D. 46 autosomes

C. 22 autosomes and a sex chromosome

This diagram of the human life cycle shows that ________.
A. a diploid zygote undergoes meiosis to produce an adult human
B. fertilization produces a haploid zygote
C. meiosis produces a diploid zygote
D. meiosis produces haploid sperm and egg cells

D. meiosis produces haploid sperm and egg cells

BioFlix Activity: Meiosis — Meiosis II

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BioFlix Activity: Meiosis — Meiosis I

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BioFlix Activity: Meiosis — Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

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BioFlix Activity: Meiosis — Chromosome Structure

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Which of these phases encompasses all of the stages of mitosis?
A. C
B. E
C. D
D. B
E. A

B. E

During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.
A. S
B. mitosis
C. G1
D. the mitotic phase
E. G2

D. the mitotic phase

During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
A. G1
B. mitosis
C. interphase
D. cytokinesis
E. S

C. interphase

Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.
A. two… diploid
B. four … diploid
C. four … haploid
D. two … haploid
E. two… identical to the other

D. two … haploid

Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.
A. four … diploid
B. four … haploid
C. two … haploid
D. four … identical to the other
E. two… diploid

B. four … haploid

During _____ sister chromatids separate.
A. anaphase II
B. metaphase I
C. prophase I
D. interphase
E. prophase II

A. anaphase II

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids.
A. telophase II
B. telophase I
C. interphase
D. telophase
E. metaphase II

B. telophase I

Synapsis occurs during _____.
A. metaphase II
B. telophase I and cytogenesis
C. prophase II
D. prophase I
E. anaphase II

D. prophase I

Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____.
A. telophase II and cytokinesis
B. metaphase II
C. prophase II
D. anaphase I
E. metaphase I

D. anaphase I

During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell.
A. anaphase I
B. metaphase II
C. metaphase I
D. telophase I and cytokinesis
E. prophase I

B. metaphase II

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.
A. telophase II
B. prophase I
C. interphase
D. anaphase I
E. prophase II

A. telophase II

During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.
A. prophase I
B. telophase I and cytokinesis
C. anaphase II
D. metaphase II
E. prophase II

E. prophase II

BioFlix Activity: Meiosis — Overview

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Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces
A. eight haploid cells.
B. two haploid cells.
C. four haploid cells.
D. two diploid cells.
E. four diploid cells.

C. four haploid cells.

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during
A. anaphase I.
B. meiosis II.
C. interphase.
D. metaphase I.
E. prophase I.

C. interphase.

During prophase I of meiosis,
A. chromosome pairs are positioned in the middle of the cell.
B. homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.
C. there are four haploid daughter cells.
D. the homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles.
E. there are two daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes.

B. homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.

The correct order of events during meiosis is
A. prophase I, anaphase I, metaphase I, telophase I, meiosis II, cytokinesis.
B. metaphase I, prophase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.
C. prophase I, anaphase I, telophase I, metaphase I, meiosis II.
D. metaphase I, prophase I, telophase I, anaphase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.
E. prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

E. prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?
A. telophase I.
B. prophase I.
C. Metaphase I.
D. meiosis II.
E. anaphase I.

B. prophase I.

Connecting the Concepts: Cell Division

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Learning through Art: Chromosomes

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Gametes are produced by _____.
A. meiosis
B. mitosis
C. fertilization
D. asexual reproduction
E. the cell cycle

A. meiosis

Normal human gametes carry _____ chromosomes.
A. 23 pairs of
B. 23
C. 46 pairs of
D. 46
E. 5

B. 23

Which of these cells is (are) haploid?
A. C and D
B. B
C. A and D
D. D
E. B and C

A. C and D

A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes.
A. 8
B. 16
C. 32
D. 30
E. 64

B. 16

Ordinary cell division produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical. This type of cell division is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT
A. growth of a multicellular organism.
B. production of sperm and eggs.
C. asexual reproduction.
D. cell replacement.

B. production of sperm and eggs.

How is sexual reproduction different from asexual reproduction?
A. Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm.
B. Asexual reproduction requires two kinds of cell division.
C. Asexual reproduction requires testes and ovaries.
D. Sexual reproduction occurs with only a single parent.

A. Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm.

Asexual reproduction __________.
A. produces offspring that always look exactly like the parent
B. leads to a loss of genetic material
C. is limited to plants
D. can produce offspring genetically identical to the one single parent

D. can produce offspring genetically identical to the one single parent

Most of an organism’s DNA is carried by its _____.
A. chromosomes
B. mitochondria
C. nucleoli
D. endoplasmic reticulum

A. chromosomes

Replication of chromosomal DNA occurs __________.
A. in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
B. to repair gene damage caused by mutation
C. before a cell divides
D. whenever a cell makes protein

C. before a cell divides

Nucleoli are present during _____.
A. prometaphase
B. anaphase
C. metaphase
D. prophase
E. interphase

E. interphase

Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____.
A. interphase
B. telophase
C. prometaphase
D. metaphase
E. anaphase

B. telophase

Chromosomes become visible during _____.
A. interphase
B. metaphase
C. prophase
D. prometaphase
E. anaphase

C. prophase

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____.
A. anaphase
B. metaphase
C. interphase
D. telophase
E. prometaphase

A. anaphase

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.
A. metaphase
B. telophase
C. interphase
D. anaphase
E. prometaphase

E. prometaphase

During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.
A. one chromosome and two chromatids
B. one chromosome and four chromatid
C. two chromosomes and four chromatids
D. four chromosomes and two chromatids
E. two chromosomes and two chromatids

C. two chromosomes and four chromatids

BioFlix Activity: Mitosis — Events of Mitosis

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BioFlix Activity: Mitosis — Stages of the Cell Cycle

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What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?
A. A mitotic spindle must form.
B. The nuclear envelope must break up.
C. The sister chromatids must be separated.
D. The nucleus must divide in two.
E. The chromosomes must be duplicated.

E. The chromosomes must be duplicated.

The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?
A. Interphase
B. Telophase
C. Anaphase
D. Metaphase
E. Prophase

E. Prophase

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
A. Telophase
B. Metaphase
C. Interphase
D. Anaphase
E. Prophase

B. Metaphase

The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
A. Interphase
B. Telophase
C. Anaphase
D. Metaphase
E. Prophase

C. Anaphase

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?
A. Telophase
B. Prophase
C. Interphase
D. Metaphase
E. Anaphase

A. Telophase

At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.
A. cytokinesis
B. condensation
C. telophase
D. meiosis
E. replication

A. cytokinesis

Building Vocabulary: Cancer

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Building Vocabulary: Cell Division

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As shown in the following figure, plant cell cytokinesis differs from animal cell cytokinesis because ________.
A. plant cells form a cell plate and animal cells do not
B. animal cells produce more daughter cells
C. plant cells produce more daughter cells
D. animal cells form a cell plate and plant cells do not

A. plant cells form a cell plate and animal cells do not

The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are found in the ______.
A. centriole
B. nucleus
C. nucleolus
D. Golgi apparatus

B. nucleus

Chromatin consists of ______.
A. DNA only
B. protein only
C. DNA and protein
D. RNA and protein

C. DNA and protein

A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______.
A. centromeres
B. sister chromatids
C. genomes
D. centrosomes

B. sister chromatids

Sister chromatids are joined at the ______.
A. centriole
B. centromere
C. spindle
D. centrosome

B. centromere

Which of the following occurs during interphase?
A. Chromatin becomes tightly coiled.
B. The mitotic spindle forms.
C. Sister chromatids separate.
D. Chromosome duplication.

D. Chromosome duplication.

The mitotic cell cycle results in the production of ________.
A. two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information
B. four cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information
C. two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information
D. four cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information

C. two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information

Which of the following occurs during prophase?
A. Chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell.
B. The mitotic spindle begins to form.
C. Sister chromatids separate.
D. The nuclear envelope forms.

B. The mitotic spindle begins to form.

Which of the following is a stage of mitosis?
A. DNA synthesis
B. telophase
C. cytokinesis
D. interphase

B. telophase

The CORRECT sequence of stages of mitosis is ________.
A. anaphase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase
B. telophase, prophase, anaphase, metaphase
C. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
D. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

D. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

During metaphase ______.
A. centromeres divide
B. sister chromatids separate
C. the nuclear envelope breaks up
D. chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

D. chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Which of these events occurs during anaphase?
A. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
B. Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes.
C. The nuclear envelope reappears.
D. The nuclear envelope breaks up.

B. Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes.

During telophase, ________.
A. chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
B. the nuclear envelope breaks up
C. sister chromatids become separate chromosomes
D. the events of prophase are reversed

D. the events of prophase are reversed

A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ______.
A. not have completed anaphase
B. have its chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell
C. have two nuclei
D. have less genetic material than it started with

C. have two nuclei

What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?
A. Benign tumors are not the result of a failure of a cell cycle control system; malignant tumors are.
B. Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do.
C. Benign tumors are composed of cancer cells; malignant tumors are not.
D. Benign tumors do not form lumps; malignant tumors do form lumps.

B. Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do.

With the exception of gametes, a human cell contains __________ chromosomes.
A. 47
B. 46
C. 2n
D. 23

B. 46

The cell cycle is a series of events that occur in which order?
A. G1, S, cytokinesis, mitosis, G2
B. G1, S, mitosis, cytokinesis, G2
C. G1, S, G2, cytokinesis, mitosis
D. G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

D. G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

Which of the following is the correct order for the four main stages of mitosis?
A. prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
B. metaphase, telophase, prophase, anaphase
C. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
D. anaphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase

C. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase