Ch. 8 Cell Division and Reproduction

Karyotype

A display of the chromosomes;

Autosomes

22 pairs of chromosomes are called;

True

True or False: The one pair (XX or XY) are called sex chromosomes.

Homologous Pair

Each pair of autosomal chromosomes is called a;

Sister chromatids

Each chromosome in a karyotype has two parts called;

True

True or False: Each chromatid is one double helix.

Centromere

Sister chromatids are help together at a constricted region called the;

Cell Cycle

An orderly set of stages that take place between the time a eukaryotic cell divides and the time the resulting daughter cells also divide is called the;

G1, S, and G2

Interphase includes;

Interphase

For most of the cell cycle the cell is in;

Growth

"G" in interphase stands for;_______. (protein synthesis is very much a part of these growth stages)

G1 stage

The cell recovers from the previous division in the;

G1 stage

Cell increases in size, doubles its organelles, and accumulates molecules that will be used for DNA synthesis in the;

S stage

Follows the G1 stage of interphase;

Synthesis

"S" in the S stage stands for;

S Stage

DNA replication results in duplicated chromosomes in the;

S Stage

At the end of this stage, each chromosome is composed of two identical sister chromatids;

G2

Follows the S stage;

G2 stage

Extends from the completion of DNA replication to the onset of cell division;

G2

Organelle replication continues during this stage, and the cell synthesizes proteins that will assist cell division in what stage?

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

The "M" stage of the cell cycle includes;

Mitosis

Type of cell division that maintains the chromosome number, because the daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell had;

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm, which starts even before mitosis is finished is called;

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

Mitosis phases are;

Diploid

Chromosomes occurring in pairs, 2n;

Haploid

Chromosomes not in pairs, n;

True

True or False: At the start of mitosis, each chromosome is duplicated and composed of two sister chromatids.

False

True or False: Do plant cells have centrioles or an aster?

Aster

Short, radiating fibers about the centrioles at the poles of a spindle;

Prophase

Nucleolus has disappeared, and duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centrosomes begin moving apart, and spindle is in process of forming;

Prophase

Chromosomes are scattered in what phase;

Metaphase

Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the equator. Kinetochores attach sister chromatids to spindle fibers that come from opposite poles;

Metaphase

Chromosomes are aligned at equator in what phase;

Anaphase

Sister chromatids part and becomes daughter chromosomes that are pulled toward the poles;

Anaphase

Daughter chromosomes are between equator and poles in what phase;

Telophase

Daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelops and nucleoli reappear;

Telophase

Daughter nuclei have formed in what phase;

The nucleus and of the cytoplasm

Cell division (mitosis) involves division of what?

a cleavage furrow

Cytokinesis in an animal cell is called;

the cell plate

Cytokinesis in a plant cell is called;

Meiosis

Reduces chromosome number

Independent assortment, crossing over, and fertilization

What increases genetic variation?

True

True or False: Cancer is uncontrolled cell division.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death;

G1, G2, and M checkpoints

Cancer cell check points are;

Mutations

Due to different environment assaults can result in abnormal growth of cells and eventually cancer (DNA changes);

Carcinogenesis

The development of cancer;

Carcinogenesis

Any tissue that already has a high rate of cell division is inherently more susceptible to;

Cancer cells lack differentiation, cancer cells have abnormal nuclei, cancer cells form tumors, and cancer cells undergo angiogenesis and metastasis

Characteristics of cancer cells;

True

True or False: Meiosis reduces the chromosome number.

meiosis

Reduction division;

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

The same four phases of mitosis occurs during meiosis 1 and 2, what are they?

meiosis

Involves two divisions;

meiosis

Produces 4 daughter cells;

synapsis and crossing over

During meiosis 1, two events occur that are not seen in mitosis, what are they?

interkinesis

The period of time between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 is called;

True

True or False: Sexual reproduction involves sperm and egg which increases genetic variation.

True

True or False: In meiosis 1 the homologous pairs line independently at the equator

life cycle

Includes the reproductive events that occur from one generation to the next;

asexual reproduction

During this reproduction, there is only one parent and the offspring are genetically identical to that parent;

sexual reproduction

This kind of reproduction usually requires two parents, and the life cycle involves both meiosis and mitosis;

independent assortment

All possible combinations of chromosomes can occur among the gametes;

prophase 1

Chromosomes have duplicated. Homologous pair during synapsis (tetrad), and crossing over occurs;

metaphase 1

Homologous chromosomes line independently at the equator;

anaphase 1

Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled toward the poles;

telophase 1

spindle disappears and nuclei reform around separated homologous chromosomes;

interkinesis

Space and time between telophase 1 and prophase 2;

FACT CARD

When you think about it, the events of meiosis 2 are the same as those for mitosis, except that in meiosis 2, the daughter cells have the haploid (n) number of chromosomes.

prophase 2

Cells have one chromosome from each pair of homologous chromosomes;

metaphase 2 and metaphase

Chromosomes align at the equator;

anaphase 2 and anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes;

telophase 2 and telophase

Spindle disappears, nuclei reform and cytokinesis takes place;

FACT CARD

Meiosis requires two nuclear division, but mitosis requires only one nuclear division.

FACT CARD

Meiosis results in four daughter cells, mitosis results in two daughter cells;

FACT CARD

Following MEIOSIS, the four daughter cells are haploid (meaning that they have half the chromosome number of the parent cell).

FACT CARD

Following MITOSIS, the daughter cells are diploid (meaning- having the same chromosome number as the parent cell).

FACT CARD

Following MEIOSIS, the daughter cells are genetically different to each other and to the parent cell.

FACT CARD

Following MITOSIS, the daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.

FACT CARD

During MEIOSIS 1, tetrads form, and crossing-over occurs during prophase 1. These events do not occur during mitosis.

FACT CARD

During metaphase 1 of meiosis, tetrads (homologous chromosomes) are at the equator. The homologues align at the spindle equator independently.

FACT CARD

During metaphase in mitosis, duplicated chromosomes align at the spindle equator.

FACT CARD

During anaphase 1 of meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate, and duplicated chromosomes (with centromeres intact) move to opposite poles.

FACT CARD

During anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate. becoming daughter chromosomes that move to opposite poles.

FACT CARD

Nondisjunction (failure to separate in meiosis 1) causes chromosome number anomalies.

polyploid

When a eukaryote has 3 or more complete sets of chromosomes it is called a;

aneuploid

An organism that does not have an exact multiple of the diploid number of chromosomes is an;

monosomy

When an individual has only one of a particular type of chromosome;

trisomy

When an individual has three of a particular type of chromosome (2n+1);

nondisjunction

Occurs during meiosis 1, when homologous chromosomes fail to separate and both homologous chromosomes go into the same daughter cell;