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learning |
Relatively permanent change in behavior about by experience |
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Nature vs. nurture |
nature- is genes nurture- human environment |
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maturation |
… |
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habitutation |
decreases in response to a stimulus |
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Basics of classical conditioning |
Ivan Pavlov before conditioning During conditioning After conditioning |
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Jhon B. Watson |
Human behavior ex. ringing of the bell |
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Little Albert |
Human behavior ex. |
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extinction |
ounce when previously conditioned response decrease in frequency and diaper |
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spontaneous recovery |
Reemergence of an extinguished condition |
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Genrealization vs. Discrimination |
… |
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Stimulus Generalization |
… |
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Stimulus Discrimination |
… |
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Law of effect- Thorndike |
Responses that lead to stratifying consequences are more likely to be repeated |
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Skinner Box- B. F. Skinner |
… |
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Reinforcement |
Process in which a stimulus increase the probability that preceding will be repeated. |
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Reinforce |
any stimulus increased the probability that proceeding behavior will occur again. |
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Make up term system |
used in treatment of psychological disorders |
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primary reinforces |
stratifying biological need and words naturally regardless of a person previous experience. |
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secondary reinforces |
stimulus that become reinforcing because of its association with primary reinforce |
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positive reinforces |
stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a proceeding response. |
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Nagative Reinforces |
… |
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Punishment |
stimulus that decrease the probability that a prior behavior will occur again |
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Poistive Punishment Addition of something |
weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant |
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Negative punishment |
Removal of something ex. Pro and Cons |
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Why reinforcement beats punishment |
Formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desireable behaviors and decreasing the incident of unwanted ones |
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Schedules of Reinforcement |
Different pattern of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior |
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continuous schedule |
Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs |
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Partial intermittent reinforcement schedule |
Reinforces of a behavior some but bot all the time |
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variable Ratio Schedule |
occurs after varying number of responses rather than a fixed number. |
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fixed interval schedule |
Provides reinforcement for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed ex. overall rates of response relatively low |
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Variable interval schedule |
time between reinforcement varies around some average rather than being fixed. |
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Fixed ratio schedule |
Reinforcement is given only a specific number of responses are made. |
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Behavioral modification |
formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desireable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones |
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cognitive learning theory |
study of learning that focuses on the thought process that underlie learning |
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latent learning |
New behavior is not demonstration until some incentive is provided for displaying it. |
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cognitive map |
mental representation of special location and directions |
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observational learning |
learning by observing the behavior of another person or model |
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Albert Bandura |
social cognitive approach |
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psychologist use the term to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience |
learning |
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Who is associated with the study of classical conditioning |
Ivan Pavlov |
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what is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elict the same response naturally |
classical conditioning |
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what are some examples of responses learned through classical conditioning |
experimental foot steps |
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occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency what the cs is presented in the abences of the UCS |
extinction |
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operant conditioning most importantly involves forming assossications between |
moderate behavior and consequences |
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classical conditioning applies mostly to blank behavior |
existing |
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operant conditioning is to blank new behavior |
new |
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The root of operant conditioning may be traces to blank early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages |
Thorndike |
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Responses that lead to stratifying consequences are more likely to be repeated. This is the law of |
effect |
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what is a skinner box |
is a laboratory apparatus used to study animal and behavior |
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Perhaps the most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was |
skinner |
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The process by which a stimulus increases the like hood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called |
reinforcement |
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Reinforces that satisfy biological need are called blank reinforces |
primary |
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One reason Richard continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks. Richard paycheck is blank reinforce |
positive/ secondary |
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negative reinforcement |
leads to increase in the probability of a behavior |
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positive punishment |
addition of something/ weakens a response through application of an unpleasant |
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schedules of reinforcement |
different pattern of frequency and timing or reinforcement following desire behavior |
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Bandura"s bobo doll experiment were intended to demonstrate |
observational learning |
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observational learning |
… |
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