learning |
Relatively permanent change in behavior about by experience |
Nature vs. nurture |
nature- is genes nurture- human environment |
maturation |
… |
habitutation |
decreases in response to a stimulus |
Basics of classical conditioning |
Ivan Pavlov before conditioning During conditioning After conditioning |
Jhon B. Watson |
Human behavior ex. ringing of the bell |
Little Albert |
Human behavior ex. |
extinction |
ounce when previously conditioned response decrease in frequency and diaper |
spontaneous recovery |
Reemergence of an extinguished condition |
Genrealization vs. Discrimination |
… |
Stimulus Generalization |
… |
Stimulus Discrimination |
… |
Law of effect- Thorndike |
Responses that lead to stratifying consequences are more likely to be repeated |
Skinner Box- B. F. Skinner |
… |
Reinforcement |
Process in which a stimulus increase the probability that preceding will be repeated. |
Reinforce |
any stimulus increased the probability that proceeding behavior will occur again. |
Make up term system |
used in treatment of psychological disorders |
primary reinforces |
stratifying biological need and words naturally regardless of a person previous experience. |
secondary reinforces |
stimulus that become reinforcing because of its association with primary reinforce |
positive reinforces |
stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a proceeding response. |
Nagative Reinforces |
… |
Punishment |
stimulus that decrease the probability that a prior behavior will occur again |
Poistive Punishment Addition of something |
weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant |
Negative punishment |
Removal of something ex. Pro and Cons |
Why reinforcement beats punishment |
Formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desireable behaviors and decreasing the incident of unwanted ones |
Schedules of Reinforcement |
Different pattern of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior |
continuous schedule |
Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs |
Partial intermittent reinforcement schedule |
Reinforces of a behavior some but bot all the time |
variable Ratio Schedule |
occurs after varying number of responses rather than a fixed number. |
fixed interval schedule |
Provides reinforcement for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed ex. overall rates of response relatively low |
Variable interval schedule |
time between reinforcement varies around some average rather than being fixed. |
Fixed ratio schedule |
Reinforcement is given only a specific number of responses are made. |
Behavioral modification |
formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desireable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones |
cognitive learning theory |
study of learning that focuses on the thought process that underlie learning |
latent learning |
New behavior is not demonstration until some incentive is provided for displaying it. |
cognitive map |
mental representation of special location and directions |
observational learning |
learning by observing the behavior of another person or model |
Albert Bandura |
social cognitive approach |
psychologist use the term to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience |
learning |
Who is associated with the study of classical conditioning |
Ivan Pavlov |
what is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elict the same response naturally |
classical conditioning |
what are some examples of responses learned through classical conditioning |
experimental foot steps |
occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency what the cs is presented in the abences of the UCS |
extinction |
operant conditioning most importantly involves forming assossications between |
moderate behavior and consequences |
classical conditioning applies mostly to blank behavior |
existing |
operant conditioning is to blank new behavior |
new |
The root of operant conditioning may be traces to blank early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages |
Thorndike |
Responses that lead to stratifying consequences are more likely to be repeated. This is the law of |
effect |
what is a skinner box |
is a laboratory apparatus used to study animal and behavior |
Perhaps the most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was |
skinner |
The process by which a stimulus increases the like hood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called |
reinforcement |
Reinforces that satisfy biological need are called blank reinforces |
primary |
One reason Richard continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks. Richard paycheck is blank reinforce |
positive/ secondary |
negative reinforcement |
leads to increase in the probability of a behavior |
positive punishment |
addition of something/ weakens a response through application of an unpleasant |
schedules of reinforcement |
different pattern of frequency and timing or reinforcement following desire behavior |
Bandura"s bobo doll experiment were intended to demonstrate |
observational learning |
observational learning |
… |
ch.5 learning
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