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In coenocytic hyphae, __________. |
Nuclei undergo mitosis w/out cytokinesis |
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The decline of amphibian populations is most probably due to a(n) ________ parasite. |
Chytrid |
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Fungi that consist of a continuous mass containing hundreds or thousands of nuclei are known as __________. |
Coenocytic |
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What is the major feature of glomeromycetes? |
Arbuscules |
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What are arbuscules? |
the tiny tips of glomeromycete hyphae that invade plant roots and branch into treelike structures within root cells, forming arbuscular mycorrhizae |
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Which choice below generally represents the correct order of events in fungal sexual reproduction? |
1) plasmogamy 2) karyogamy 3) meiosis 4) germination |
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During what stage of fungal reproduction are diploid cells produced? |
Karyogamy |
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What clade do fungi belong to? |
Opisthokonts |
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi __________. |
form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a plant’s roots and extracellular spaces of the root cortex |
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ___________. |
form extending branching hyphae by invaginating through the cell wall of the roots |
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Two types of mycorrhizal fungi: |
Ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular |
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Multicellular fungal bodies are composed of ___________. |
Filaments called Hyphae |
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__________ shows that the ancestors of animals and fungi diverged into separate lineages 1-1.5 billion years ago. |
Molecular clock analysis |
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It has been suggested that the fungal ancestor was a ___________. |
Nucleariid |
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Lichens are important pioneers in areas that have been burned by fires or destroyed by lava flows because __________. |
they are important in the initial stages of soil formation |
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The asexual spores produced by members of the phylum Ascomycota are called __________. |
Conidia |
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The fungal groups that are paraphyletic—that is, a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants—are the __________. |
chytrids and the zygomycetes |
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Two of the most common mycoses (fungal infections) in humans are __________. |
athlete’s foot and yeast infections |
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Fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota are the most important decomposers of wood because of their ability to break down __________. |
Lignin |
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Which fungi absorb nutrients from living organisms? |
Both parasitic and mutualistic |
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A parasitic fungus that attacks rye plants produces a structure called a(n) ________. |
Ergot |
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The __________ clade includes 160 species, with most producing arbuscular mycorrhizae. |
Glomeromycete |
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Molecular evidence suggests that fungi share a common ancestor with who? |
Animals (both evolved from aquatic flagellated protists) |
|
Fungi "eat" their food by ___________. |
secreting digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorbing the smaller compounds into their bodies |
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How many ascropores do you observe in asci during sexual reproduction of Neurospora? |
8 |
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Where did these ascropores that we observed during sexual reproduction of Neurospora result from? |
Meosis followed by mitosis |
|
You discover a fungus growing on the remains of a decaying tree trunk and hypothesize that it is a basidiomycete fungus because it resembles a mushroom in shape and size. If your logic is correct, microscopic analysis of the tissue found in the stalk of this fungus will reveal the presence of __________. |
Dikaryotic cells w haploid nuclei |
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What induces the dikaryotic mycelium to form compact masses that develop into basisiocarps (mushrooms)? |
Environmental cues (rain and temperature changes) |
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What role do pheromones play in fungal sexual reproduction? |
Fungi use these chemical signals to determine whether a potential sexual partner is of a suitable mating type. |
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What are haustoria? |
specialized hyphae of both mutualistic and parasitic fungi; used to extract/exchange nutrients from their plant hosts |
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Hyphae with two nuclei per cell are called __________. |
dikaryotic |
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The zygosporangium _________. |
develops a rough, thick-walled coating that can resist harsh conditions for months (metabolically inactive) |
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Fungal species are classified in a particular phylum based on __________. |
the type of sexual structure they form |
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What is a fungus with no known sexual stage called? |
deuteromycete |
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Based on a genomic analysis of a mycorrhizal fungus and four nonmycorrhizal fungi, researchers were able to identify ___________. |
protein-coding genes, genes for membrane transporters, and genes for small secreted proteins |
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