Ch. 13 mastering bio

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Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of

the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.

Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during

meiosis I

Which of the following defines a genome?

the complete set of an organism’s genes

What is crossing over?

the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids

Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not during mitosis?

Synapsis occurs.The pairing of homologous chromosomes that only occurs during prophase I of meiosis is called synapsis.

If a cell has completed the first meiotic division and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its contents?

It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.

Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?

Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.

When we see chiasmata under a microscope, that lets us know which of the following has occurred?

prophase I

1. Formation of four new nuclei, each with half the chromosomes present in the parental nucleus
2. Alignment of tetrads at the metaphase plate
3. Separation of sister chromatids
4. Separation of the homologs; no uncoupling of the centromere
5. Synapsis; chromosomes moving to the middle of the cell in pairs

Which of the steps takes place in both mitosis and meiosis?

3

If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be

2x.

How many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can be packaged in gametes made by an organism with a diploid number of 8 (2n = 8)?

16

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that

sister chromatids separate during anaphase.

Asexual reproduction _____

produces offspring genetically identical to the parent. Only one individual makes a genetic contribution to the offspring.

How are sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes different from each other

Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.

Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?

Each cell has eight homologous pairs.

Which of the following might result in a human zygote with 45 chromosomes?

an error in either egg or sperm meiotic anaphase

Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____

two…haploid. At the end of meiosis I there are two haploid cells.

Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____

four…haploid. At the end of meiosis II there are typically 4 haploid cells.

During _____ sister chromatids separate.

anaphase II. Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that the cell is haploid.

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids

telophase I

Synapsis occurs during _____.

prophase I. Synapsis, the pairing of homologous chromosomes, occurs during prophase I.

Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during ____

anaphase I. During anaphase I sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres, and homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.

During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell.

metaphase II. Metaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic metaphase except that the cell is haploid.

At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.

telophase II. At the end of telophase II and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.

During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.

prophase II. Prophase II is essentially the same as mitotic prophase except that the cells are haploid.

Which of the following defines a genome?

the complete set of an organism’s genes and other DNA sequences

Asexual reproduction occurs during _____.

mitosis

Which of the following is a true statement about sexual vs. asexual reproduction?

In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.

Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?

Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs.

Homologous chromosomes _____

carry information for the same traits

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is _____

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids

How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I? They have _____

half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.

Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I

Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.

Sister chromatids separate from each other during _____

mitosis and meiosis II

Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis

synapsis of chromosomes

Which of the following can occur by the process of meiosis but not mitosis

Diploid cells form haploid cells

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated during _____

anaphase I

What is a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal?

Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells.

What is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism?

Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.

For the duration of meiosis I, each chromosome _____

consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere

Crossing over normally takes place during which of the following processes?

meiosis I

Homologous pairs of chromosomes align opposite of each other at the equator of a cell during ___

meiosis metaphase I

Centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles in meiosis _____.

anaphase II

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of _____

the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I

Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during _____

meiosis I only

When homologous chromosomes cross over, what occurs

Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged.

How is natural selection related to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction.

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