ch 12 A&P

NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate. T or F

True

Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain. T or F

True

Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains. T or F

True

A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep. T or F

False

The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi. T or F

False

Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. T or F

True

Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons. T or F

False

The adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2. T or F

True

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space. T or F

True

The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing. T or F

True

The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system. T or F

False

Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned. T or F

False

The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate. T or F

True

The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant. T or F

True

The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain. T or F

True

The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro. T or F

False

Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon. T or F

False

A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei. T or F

True

Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres. T or F

False

Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other. T or F

True

The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space. T or F

True

One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing. T or F

True

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.

False

Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain. T or F

True

Which brain nucleus is the body’s "biological clock"?
A) dorsomedial nucleus
B) suprachiastmatic nucleus
C) lentiform nucleus
D) subthalamic nucleus

B

Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________.
A) midbrain
B) medulla
C) pons
D) cerebrum

C

The arbor vitae refers to ________.
A) cerebellar gray matter
B) cerebellar white matter
C) the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum
D) flocculonodular nodes

B

The brain stem consists of the ________.
A) cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla
B) midbrain, medulla, and pons
C) pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain
D) midbrain only

B

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.
A) prefrontal lobe
B) frontal lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) parietal lobe

C

Spinocerebellar tracts ________.
A) terminate in the spinal cord
B) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum
C) give rise to conscious experience of perception
D) are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord

B

What cells line the ventricles of the brain?
A) ependymal cells
B) neurons
C) epithelial cells
D) astrocytes

A

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
A) arachnoid and epidura
B) arachnoid and pia
C) arachnoid and dura
D) dura and epidura

B

The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.
A) pons
B) medulla
C) midbrain
D) cerebrum

B

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.
A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
B) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord
C) the thalamus
D) sympathetic ganglia

A

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?
A) central fissure
B) longitudinal fissure
C) parieto-occipital fissure
D) lateral fissure

B

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?
A) motor command center
B) visceral command center
C) executive suite
D) decussation center

C

A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________.
A) sulcus
B) fissure
C) gyrus
D) furrow

A

Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex?
A) The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas.
B) Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body.
C) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.
D) No functional area of the cortex works alone.

C

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.
A) spinal cord may be affected
B) cranial nerves would not form
C) hindbrain would not be present
D) telencephalon would cease development

A

The central sulcus separates which lobes?
A) frontal from parietal
B) parietal from occipital
C) temporal from parietal
D) frontal from temporal

A

Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________.
A) anterior spinothalamic
B) reticulospinal
C) lateral spinothalamic
D) posterior spinothalamic

C

Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?
A) cell bodies
B) dendrites
C) unmyelinated axons
D) fiber tracts

D

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.
A) myelinated nerve fibers only
B) unmyelinated nerve fibers only
C) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
D) soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

C

Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei?
A) regulating attention and cognition
B) controlling starting and stopping movements
C) inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements
D) initiating protective reflex actions

D

An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.
A) paraplegia
B) hemiplegia
C) quadriplegia
D) spinal shock only

A

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.
A) upper motor neurons
B) lower motor neurons
C) spinal nerve roots
D) neuromotor junction

A

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.
A) gyri
B) sulci
C) fissures
D) ganglia

A

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.
A) longitudinal fissure
B) lateral sulcus
C) central sulcus
D) cranial fossa

B

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
A) Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes.
B) Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible.
C) Damage to the visual association area can result in blindness.
D) Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location.

A

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.
A) pyramidal and corticospinal
B) extrapyramidal and rubrospinal
C) segmental and nigrostriatal
D) supplementary and cerebellar-pontine

A

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.
A) calcarine cortex
B) primary visual area
C) visual association area
D) lateral geniculate body

C

Broca’s area ________.
A) corresponds to Brodmann’s area 8
B) is usually found in the right hemisphere
C) serves the recognition of complex objects
D) is considered a motor speech area

D

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
A) prefrontal cortex
B) posterior association area
C) limbic association area
D) combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex

A

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.
A) metabolic waste such as urea
B) nutrients such as glucose
C) alcohol
D) anesthetics

A

All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________.
A) hippocampus
B) cingulate gyrus
C) amygdaloid nucleus
D) caudate nucleus

D

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.
A) Association
B) automatic memory
C) long-term memory
D) rehearsal

A

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?
A) declarative
B) procedural
C) motor
D) emotional

B

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.
A) thalamus
B) reticular formation
C) pyramids
D) limbic system

B

Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
A) glucose
B) red blood cells
C) potassium
D) protein

B

REM sleep is associated with ________.
A) decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure
B) decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex
C) temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm
D) decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex

C

Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?
A) reduction of brain weight
B) protection from blows
C) nourishment of the brain
D) initiation of some nerve impulses

D

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________.
A) pathologic sleep
B) loss of body temperature control
C) production of excessive quantities of urine
D) loss of proprioception

D

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________.
A) red nuclei
B) vestibular nuclei
C) reticular nuclei
D) superior colliculi

B

Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory?
A) hippocampus
B) medulla
C) thalamus
D) prefrontal cortex

B

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.
A) olfactory cortex
B) gustatory cortex
C) vestibular cortex
D) visceral sensory area

D

Which statement about coma is true?
A) Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.
B) During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state.
C) Coma is neurologically identical to syncope.
D) Coma is a form of deep sleep

A

Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________.
A) Huntington’s disease
B) Parkinson’s disease
C) cerebellar disease
D) spinal cord disease

B

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?
A) contusion
B) concussion
C) hemorrhage
D) swelling

B

Declarative memory ________.
A) is the ability to learn specific information
B) is best remembered in the doing
C) is hard to unlearn when learned once
D) usually involves motor skills

A

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?
A) postcentral gyrus
B) gustatory cortex
C) red nuclei
D) Wernicke’s area

C

Which statement is not true?
A) Sleep requirements decline from infancy to early adulthood, level off, then decline again in old age.
B) Half of infant sleep is composed of REM sleep.
C) Ten-year-olds are in REM sleep about 1.5-2 hours per night.
D) Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.

D

Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate?
A) During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked.
B) Absence seizures typically begin in adolescence and is often severely disabling.
C) Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor.
D) The aura in tonic-clonic seizures typically occurs as the patient regains consciousness.

C

White matter is found in all of the following locations except the ________.
A) corpus callosum
B) cerebral cortex
C) corticospinal tracts
D) outer portion of the spinal cord

B

Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________.
A) spinal cord
B) medulla
C) thalamus
D) somatosensory cortex

C

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.
A) spinal cord
B) premotor cortex
C) primary motor cortex
D) rubrospinal tracts

B

Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children?
A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Delta
D) Theta

D

Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

Fourth

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.

Cor-pus Call-o-sum

The ________ is a conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers and houses nuclei for cranial nerves V-VII.

Pons

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

in-fun-dib-u-lum

Arachnoid villi are valvelike structures that protrude externally through the ____ mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood.

Dura

Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the ________ horn.

Dorsal

The storage and retrieval of information is called ________.

Memory

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

Di-en-ceph-a-lon

The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.

Pyramids

The corpora quadrigemina are found in the ________.

Midbrain

Which type of wave predominates during stage 4 NREM sleep?

Delta

The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are damaged, the past is lost.

hippo-campus

A 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness is called a ________ rhythm.

Circa-dian

A temporary cessation of breathing during sleep found most commonly in the elderly is called sleep ________.

Apnea

The ________ is a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain.

Blood-brain barrier