A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____. |
water molecules are produced as a polymer is formed from monomers |
The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____. |
proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids |
Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____. |
glycosidic linkage |
Cellulose |
a polysaccride that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells, not digestable |
The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that _____. |
none of them dissolves in water |
Palm oil and coconut oil are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they _____ than other plant oils, they may contribute to cardiovascular disease. |
contain fewer double bonds |
Secondary structure |
the localized folding and/or coiling of the primary structure of a polypeptide, resulting from hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone |
R groups |
hydrophobic/nonpolar, found on the inside of the folded chain, away from water |
The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____. |
DNA to RNA to protein |
nucleotides |
is a nucleic acid monomer consisting of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides joined together by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages form nucleic acid molecules. |
carbohydrates include |
monosaccharide’s, starch, polysaccharide, disaccharide |
unsaturated fats |
have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids |
The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the |
primary level. |
Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? |
The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken. |
base sequence that could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA |
5´-ATGC-3´ with 5´-GCAT-3´ |
Which feature of large biological molecules explains their great diversity? |
The many ways that monomers of each class of biological molecule can be combined into polymers |
What structural difference accounts for the functional differences between starch and cellulose? |
Starch and cellulose differ in the glycosidic linkages between their glucose monomers. |
Which level of protein structure is characteristic of some, but not all, proteins? |
Quaternary level of protein structure |
A nucleotide consists of three parts |
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. ATP consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a pentose sugar, and three phosphate groups. |
Bilogical Macromolecules |
proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids |
polymers are made up of |
monomers |
Carbohydrates contain |
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
Use of carbs |
store sugars for energy production |
Monosaccharides |
monomer of carbohydrates, |
an example of monomers in a carbohydrate |
glucose, DNA, and RNA |
Fructose |
structural isomer of glucose that is sweeter |
Galactose |
stereoisomer of glucose |
Disaccharides |
two of more monosaccharides bonded together |
examples of disaccharides |
sucrose and lactose |
Purpose of disaccharides |
in animals: nutrition, in plants: transport |
Polysaccharide |
long polymers made up of monosaccharides used for energy storage |
an example of a polysaccharide |
starch, glycogen, chitin |
Glycogen |
animal starch, branched amylose chains |
chitin |
structural material in anthropods and fungi |
Nucleic Acids |
information molecule of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates |
Nucleic Acids are held together by what bond |
phosphodiester bond |
pyrimidines |
single ring |
purines |
double ring |
A&T |
DNA |
A&U |
RNA |
Examples of purines |
adenine (A) and guanine (G) |
examples of pyrimidines |
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
Hydrolysis |
adds a water molecule, breaking a bond |
DNA and RNA differences |
DNA has a double strand, RNA contains ribose sugar and uracil |
mRNA |
transfer of genetic information |
tRNA |
transfers amino acids |
rRNA |
site of protein synthesis |
Proteins |
amino acid monomer strung together to make polypeptides |
Proteins are made up of |
amino group + R goup + carboxyl group |
Acids have what kind of charge |
negative |
bases have what kind of charge |
positive |
acids/bases are located where |
on exterior of 3-demensional structure |
____ bonds link amino acids in proteins |
peptide bonds |
Primary structure |
Amino acid sequence |
Secondary Structure |
begins to fold and hydrogen bonds form |
Tertiary Structure |
final folded shape that is determined by the primary structure |
Quaternary Structure |
two or more polypeptide chains form a functional protein-subunits. Ex. hemoglobin |
Chaperone proteins |
help proteins fold correctly, heat shock proteins (able to maintain structure at high temps) |
Chaperonins |
help form large macromolecule complexes, refold improperly folded proteins |
Lipids |
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids- hydrophobic, made of hydrocarbons |
the monomer of a lipid |
fatty acid polymer chains |
saturated fat |
single bond, solid at room temp, most animal fats |
unsaturated |
double bond , or oils, liquid at room temp, come from plants and fish usually |
Triglycerides |
animal fats, plant oils, glycerol head, 3 fatty acid tails |
Phospholipids |
found in membranes, glycerol head, 2 fatty acid tails, phosphate group |
Structure of a phospholipid |
hydrophilic head- phosphate group(outward) hydrophobic tail- fatty acid tail (center) |
Steroids |
hormone, venoms, pigments (chlorophyll) |
-PO4 is at what end of a nucleic acid |
5′ |
-OH3 is at what end of a nucleic acid |
3′ |
Cell Bio Ch. 5
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