During puberty, adolescents’ thoughts center on _____. A. friends |
themselves |
During puberty, young people center on themselves, in part because brain maturation heightens _____. A. self-esteem |
self-consciousness |
Thinking intensely about themselves and about what others think about them is called _____. A. hypotheticalism |
egocentrism |
Adolescent egocentrism begins _____, and may increase again at the start of college. |
at puberty |
Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their _____. A. personal fable |
personal fable |
The belief that unless one’s number is up, one cannot be harmed by things that would hurt someone else is referred to as _____. |
the invincibility fable |
Avery, who is 14 years old, is attending her first swim team practice. She is very sensitive to the facial expressions, body language, communication styles, and other social cues given by her new teammates. Avery’s sensitivity to these social cues is aided by her adolescent _____. A. hypothetical thinking |
egocentrism |
Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence _____. A. formal operational thought |
formal operational thought |
When Piaget asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that by age _____ logic is used to understand a reciprocal relationship. |
13 or 14 |
Jeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably _____. A. solve the problem through a trial-and-error strategy |
B. put weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scale |
In Piaget’s balance experiment, trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of those of the age defined by _____. |
logical thought |
One of the most prominent aspects of formal operational thought is the ability to _____. A. reject adult thought and values |
think in terms of possibilities |
Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines _____. |
hypothetical thought |
Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, "Why can’t I have wine with dinner? You do," or "I don’t understand why I’ll be able to vote when I’m 18, but I have to wait until I’m 21 to buy alcohol!" This demonstrates Justine’s _____. A. inductive reasoning |
perceptual thinking |
Deductive reasoning is also referred to as _____ reasoning. A. top-down |
top-down |
Which term refers to reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics? |
deductive reasoning |
Which term refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions? |
inductive reasoning |
Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as _____ reasoning. |
inductive |
The mistaken belief that if money, time, or effort cannot be recovered has already been invested in some endeavor, that more should by invested in an effort to reach the goal. |
sunk cost fallacy |
What is an example of the sunk cost fallacy? A. walking out of a movie theater when the movie is only half over because the movie is poor quality |
reading a book to the end even though the reader was bored by chapter 3 |
A common fallacy in which a person ignores the overall frequency of some behavior or characteristics in making a decision. |
base rate neglect |
What group is likely to experience logic failures in thinking? A. adolescents only |
adolescents and adults |
The notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli, is called _____. A. dual-thinking model |
dual-process model |
Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a hunch is referred to as _____. A. deductive reasoning |
intuitive thought |
Fifteen-year-old Richard wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver’s license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, "I know other kids who do it, and it’s just stupid that I have to wait another three months until I turn 16." This is an example of what kind of thinking? A. reasoning |
intuitive |
Kristy and her friends come up with several options of things to do on Friday night, and ultimately decide to go to a new movie because it received positive reviews. In making this decision Kristy and her friends are using what type of thought? A. deductive reasoning |
intuitive |
Formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget is referred to as _____. A. deductive reasoning |
analytic thought |
Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, "I’ve never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?" This is an example of what kind of thinking? A. concrete operational |
analytical thought |
A longitudinal study (Harden & Tucker-Drob, 2011) that traced the development of sensation-seeking, which can lead to intuitive thinking, from early adolescence to the mid-20s found that increases in sensation-seeking were notable from ages _____. A. 12 to 14 |
12 to 14 |
During adolescence, impulsivity declines and analytic thinking _____. |
increases |
Adolescent victims of cyberbullying are likely to experience _____. |
depression |
Middle school typically includes grades _____. A. 4 to 6 |
6 to 8 |
Many developmentalists find middle schools to be "developmentally regressive," which means _____. A. teachers do not allow students to be independent |
learning goes backwards |
Rachel and Matt are in their first year of middle school. Statistically, one would expect their academic achievement to _____. A. improve |
decline |
Which student is MOST likely to be admired during middle school? A. Allie, who is a straight A student |
louisa |
The common middle-school schedule that involves classroom changes every 40 minutes has the effect of creating a developmental ________. |
mismatch |
An approach to understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement. a.dual-process |
entity theory of intelligence |
An approach to understanding intelligence that holds that intelligence can be directly increased by effort is referred to as the _____ approach. a.intrinsic-extrinsic |
incremental |
A strategy to increase student motivation in middle schools is to encourage a belief in _____. A. students’ ability to master whatever they seek to learn |
A. students’ ability to master whatever they seek to learn |
Most U.S. high schools emphasize learning based on _____, which is developmentally appropriate. A. formal thinking |
formal thinking |
According to the results of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the countries with the highest math test scores are _____. A. Greece, Iceland, and China |
D. China, Singapore, and South Korea |
The nations with the best PISA results _____. a.focus on memorization of math formulas |
have a culture that strongly values education |
CD FINAL Ch. 15
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