|
humpback whales use what specific method of feeding? |
a bubble net system to capture krill for food |
|
animals that eat plants are called |
herbivores |
|
animals that eat meat are called |
carnivores |
|
animals that live in or on their food source and eat their way through it are called |
substrate feeders |
|
animals that eat plants and meat are called |
omnivores |
|
most animals are |
bulk feeders |
|
digestion |
the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food for absorption into the body |
|
during which stage of food processing is undigested material removed from the digestive tract? |
elimination |
|
what happens to nutrient macromolecules in an animal’s digestive tract? |
nutrient macromolecules are digested into monomers before absorption |
|
Through digestion, polysaccharides are broken down into |
monosaccharaides |
|
through digestion, nucleic acids are broken down into |
nucleotides |
|
the hydra, unlike the earthworm, clam, grasshopper, or bird, has what kind of cavity? |
gastrovascular |
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an animal digestive tract that consists of two openings (a mouth and an anus) is called |
the alimentary canal |
|
an alimentary canal is best defined as |
a tube-shaped compartment for the transport, digestion, and absorption of food |
|
the main function of an earthworm’s gizzard is to |
grind food |
|
list the organs of a bird’s digestive system in the correct order, from first to last contact with food material |
esophagus, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestine, anus |
|
the main function of the hindgut in the grasshopper is to |
absorb water and compact waste |
|
list the order of the parts of the human digestive system, from first to last contact with food material |
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
|
smooth muscle propels food through the alimentary canal by a process called |
peristalsis |
|
regulation of the passage of food from the stomach is accomplished by |
sphincters |
|
digestion begins in the |
oral cavity |
|
the digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth. What name is given to the starch-digesting enzyme secreted by salivary glands? |
amylase |
|
the epiglottis is a |
flap of cartilage that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing |
|
the structure of the esophagus fits its function in that |
it has smooth muscles for peristalsis |
|
the Heimlich maneuver is performed to forcibly |
elevate the diaphragm |
|
the mucous-producing cells that line the stomach |
lubricate and protect the stomach lining |
|
the secretory parietal cells of the stomach are responsible for producing |
hydrochloric acid |
|
the stomach mixes food with secretions of the stomach wall to form |
chyme |
|
the function of the pyloric sphincter is to |
periodically release chime into the duodenum in periodic squirts |
|
heartburn is usually caused by the |
reflux of chime from the stomach into the lower esophagus |
|
when the wall of the stomach cannot protect the organ from the effects of digestion, the result is |
a gastric ulcer |
|
most gastric ulcers are caused by |
spiral-shaped bacteria |
|
in the digestive system, most nutrient absorption occurs in the |
small intestine |
|
epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase nutrient absorption. these projections are called |
microvilli |
|
what is the main digestive function of the pancreas |
to produce digestive enzymes and a bicarbonate buffer |
|
an enzyme that is present in children but often absent in adults |
lactase |
|
bile produced in the liver is stored in the __________ before entering the intestine |
gallbladder |
|
Which enzyme breaks large polypeptides into smaller polypeptides? |
chymotrypsin |
|
nutrients absorbed by the intestines move directly to the liver, which |
converts excess glucose to glycogen |
|
absorption of water is a major function of the |
colon |
|
altogether, the body secretes about 7 liters of water into the alimentary canal each day. About what percentage of this water gets reabsorbed? |
90% |
|
lions are not always successful hunters, and may go days between meals. what evolutionary adaptation helps the lion survive periods of famine? |
an expandable stomach |
|
interestingly, most herbivorous animals do not have the ability to digest the cellulose in plants; however, in the absence of this ability, they have evolved a mechanism that allows them to survive despite eating only plant matter, namely |
digestion by symbiotic microorganisms |
|
which digestive system structure is greatly expanded in size in koalas, resulting in a very large surface area for prokaryotes to digest plant material? |
cecum |
|
all animals must obtain _________________ from outside sources |
fuel to power body activities |
|
the rate of energy consumption by the body is called |
metabolic rate |
|
organisms suffering from malnourishment have a diet deficient in |
one or more essential nutrients |
|
a material that must be ingested in preassembled form because the animal cannot synthesize it is |
an essential nutrient |
|
essential fatty acids, which are required in the human diet, are |
those fatty acids that humans are unable to synthesize |
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