Biology Final ch.18

A group of organisms of one species occupying a geographical location at the same time is a

A. population.
B. community.
C. peer group.
D. flock.
E. herd.

population.

The physical location where an organism lives is termed its

A. home boundary.
B. range.
C. habitat.
D. community.
E. ecosystem.

habitat.

All of the organisms in a given location or area are termed a

A. peer group.
B. flock.
C. community.
D. population.
E. herd.

community.

The study of the relationships among organisms and the environment is

A. ethology.
B. habitology.
C. ergonomics.
D. ecology.
E. geology.

ecology.

The number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume of habitat is

A. carrying capacity.
B. population density.
C. a community.
D. population distribution.
E. population dynamics.

population density.

The number of new individuals produced per unit time in a population is its

A. immigration rate.
B. emigration rate.
C. death rate.
D. birth rate.
E. expatriation rate.

birth rate.

The number of individuals that die in a population per unit time is its

A. immigration rate.
B. emigration rate.
C. death rate.
D. birth rate.
E. expatriation rate.

death rate.

A population age structure diagram depicting an equal number of individuals in each age group suggests that the population is

A. stable.
B. growing.
C. declining.
D. facing extinction.
E. very small.

stable.

In a survivorship curve, a type I species, like a human or elephant, is a species that

A. has an equal probability of dying at any age.
B. has the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span.
C. has a strong possibility of becoming extinct in a relatively short period of time.
D. has an extremely short life span.
E. has the highest probability of dying at a very young age.

has the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span.

In a survivorship curve, a type II species, like a song bird, is a species that

A. has an equal probability of dying at any age.
B. has a strong possibility of becoming extinct in a relatively short period of time.
C. has the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span.
D. has an extremely short life span.
E. has the highest probability of dying at a very young age.

has an equal probability of dying at any age.

In a survivorship curve, a type III species, like most insects and plants, is a species that

A. has an equal probability of dying at any age.
B. has a strong possibility of becoming extinct in a relatively short period of time.
C. has the highest probability of dying at a very young age.
D. has the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span.
E. has an extremely long life span.

has the highest probability of dying at a very young age.

The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support indefinitely is the habitat’s

A. density dispersion.
B. carrying capacity.
C. growth capacity.
D. environmental load.
E. dispersion capacity.

carrying capacity.

In regards to a species’ life history, opportunistic species

A. are long lived.
B. provide extensive care for their offspring.
C. are limited primarily by carrying capacity.
D. reproduce later in life.
E. produce many offspring.

produce many offspring.

In regards to a species’ life history, equilibrium species

A. have only a few offspring.
B. are short lived.
C. reproduce at an early age.
D. have a large number of offspring.
E. give very little care to their offspring.

have only a few offspring.

A human population with a large percentage of pre-reproductive individuals

A. is common in less-developed countries and will most likely increase in size.
B. is common in more-developed countries and will most likely increase in size.
C. is common in less-developed countries and will most likely decrease in size.
D. is common in more-developed countries and will most likely decrease in size.

is common in less-developed countries and will most likely increase in size.

A human population with a large percentage of post-reproductive individuals

A. is common in less-developed countries and will most likely increase in size.
B. is common in more-developed countries and will most likely increase in size.
C. is common in more-developed countries and will most likely decrease in size.
D. is common in less-developed countries and will most likely decrease in size.

is common in more-developed countries and will most likely decrease in size.

Predation of deer by wolves is an example of a

A. density-independent limit.
B. density-codependent limit.
C. density-dependent limit.
D. death-dependent factor.
E. death-independent factor.

density-dependent limit.

An example of a density-independent factor that affects a population’s growth is

A. insects eating your tomato plants.
B. your tomato plants competing for water.
C. a fungus infecting your tomato plants.
D. frost killing all of your tomato plants.
E. All answers are correct.

frost killing all of your tomato plants.

In 2010, India had a population of 1,170,000,000, a birth rate of 0.027, and a death rate of 0.013. What was the growth rate of India’s population?

A. 0.027
B. 0.013
C. 0.014
D. 0.040
E. 0.001

0.014

In 2010, India had a population of 1,170,000,000, a birth rate of 0.027, and a death rate of 0.013. Approximately how much did the Indian population grow in 2010?

A. 170,000,000
B. 1,700,000
C. 170,000
D. 17,000,000
E. 17,000

17,000,000

Based upon the age structure diagram, you expect the Indian population to

A. shrink.
B. stay constant.
C. grow and then stabilize.
D. grow exponentially.

grow and then stabilize.

Which of the following best describes the link between survivorship curves and equilibrium species?

A. Equilibrium species are limited by density-independent factors and have few offspring.
B. Equilibrium species are limited by density-dependent factors and have many offspring.
C. Equilibrium species are limited by density-dependent factors and have few offspring.
D. Equilibrium species are limited by density-independent factors and have many offspring.

Equilibrium species are limited by density-dependent factors and have few offspring.

Which of the following best describes the link between survivorship curves and opportunistic species?

A. Opportunistic species are limited by density-dependent factors and have few offspring.
B. Opportunistic species are limited by density-independent factors and have few offspring.
C. Opportunistic species are limited by density-independent factors and have many offspring.
D. Opportunistic species are limited by density-dependent factors and have many offspring.

Opportunistic species are limited by density-independent factors and have many offspring.

Researchers studying guppies in Trinidad found that guppies in streams with high predation reproduced earlier and more frequently. Which of the following is most important in driving the guppies to change their life history in face of predation?

A. The guppies are an equilibrium species.
B. The guppies are an opportunistic species.
C. Density-independent factors affects the guppy populations.
D. Density-dependent factors affects the guppy populations.
E. Sexual selection affects the guppy populations.

The guppies are an opportunistic species.

Why have human growth rates increased the most in developing countries in the past 50 years?

A. Death rates have fallen more slowly than birth rates.
B. Death rates have gone up faster than birth rates.
C. Death rates have fallen faster than birth rates.
D. Death rates have gone up more slowly than birth rates.

Death rates have fallen faster than birth rates.

Why are the leading causes of human death in high-income countries heart disease, stroke, and cancer, while in low-income countries infectious diseases are the leading causes of death?

A. High-income countries have sedentary life habits, excess food resources, and longer life expectancies.
B. High-income countries have larger ecological footprints.
C. High-income countries have larger population densities only.
D. High-income countries have larger population densities and are usually clustered.
E. Genetic differences between populations causes the differences.

High-income countries have sedentary life habits, excess food resources, and longer life expectancies.

A country’s ecological footprint can be calculated by multiplying its population size by the footprint of each individual. Why are some ecologists concerned about the ecological footprint of a country like India?

A. Its population is increasing.
B. Its standard of living is increasing.
C. Both its population and standard of living are increasing.
D. Its population and land area are increasing.
E. Its standard of living and land area are increasing.

Both its population and standard of living are increasing.

In the section "Investigating Life: Let Your Love Light Shine", a firefly flashing a light to attract a mate may also attract predators. The observation that animals take this risk to find a mate is consistent with which definition of natural selection?

A. reproduction of the fittest
B. survival of the fittest
C. longevity of the fittest
D. survival of the largest
E. reproduction of the largest

reproduction of the fittest.

In the section "Investigating Life: Let Your Love Light Shine", a male places a protein-rich packet of sperm called a spermatophore into the female’s reproductive tract during mating. The spermatophore fertilizes the female and provides food for the eggs. Which of the following is a selective advantage for females?

A. choosing a male who produces a lot of sperm
B. choosing a larger male
C. mating with multiple males
D. choosing a male with a large spermatophore
E. producing fewer eggs

choosing a male with a large spermatophore.

In the section "Investigating Life: Let Your Love Light Shine", what hypothesis did the scientists test?

A. The frequency of a male’s flashes indicates how healthy he is.
B. A male’s flashes correlates with the number of sperm he produces.
C. Females reject males who present them small spermatophores.
D. Females cannot determine the size of a male’s spermatophore before mating.
E. A male’s flashes correlate with the size of his spermatophore.

A male’s flashes correlate with the size of his spermatophore.

In the section "Investigating Life: Let Your Love Light Shine", what correlation did the scientists observe in part a of the figure?

A. The longer the flash duration, the larger the size of the spermatophore.
B. The shorter the flash duration, the larger the size of the spermatophore.
C. The longer the flash duration, the smaller the size of the spermatophore.
D. There was no correlation between the flash duration and the size of the spermatophore.

The longer the flash duration, the larger the size of the spermatophore.

In the section "Investigating Life: Let Your Love Light Shine", what correlation did the scientists observe in part b of the figure?

A. Females preferred males who flashed for 80 msec.
B. Females preferred males who flashed for 132 msec.
C. Females preferred males who flashed for 108 msec.
D. Females did not show any preference based on flash duration.

Females preferred males who flashed for 108 msec.

In the section "Investigating Life: Let Your Love Light Shine", how did the scientists obtain the different frequencies of flashes part b of the figure?

A. They trained male fireflies to flash for a given duration.
B. They electrically stimulated male fireflies to flash for a given duration.
C. They made an artificial male firefly.
D. They played videotapes of fireflies flashing for a given duration.

They made an artificial male firefly.

In the section "Investigating Life: Let Your Love Light Shine", what did the scientists propose to explain why females did not prefer males with longer duration flashes?

A. The males produced spermatophores too large in size.
B. They were similar to those from predatory fireflies.
C. The males produced spermatophores too small in size.
D. They may be from a different species of firefly.

They were similar to those from predatory fireflies.

When exponential growth is plotted over time an S-shaped curve emerges.

True False

False

When exponential growth is plotted over time a J-shaped curve emerges.

True False

True

The maximum number of individuals of a population that a habitat can support indefinitely is its carrying capacity.

True False

True

Governments of France, Canada, and China offer financial incentives to encourage citizens to have children.

True False

False

The United Nations has estimated (for the high estimate) that the world’s human population may reach about 10.5 billion by the year 2050 and will continue to increase.

True False

True

Conditions whose growth-limiting effects increase as a population grows are density-independent factors.

True False

False

Which of the following organisms is an example of an opportunistic species?

A. dolphins
B. humans
C. rabbits
D. penguins
E. tortoises

rabbits

Which of the following organisms is an example of an equilibrium species?

A. cats
B. rats
C. spiders
D. whales
E. goldfish

whales

Ecologists study

A. prokaryotes only.
B. eukaryotes only.
C. interactions between all organisms.
D. plants and animals only.
E. animals only.

interactions between all organisms.

Which of the following is NOT within the study of ecology?

A. spread of disease
B. predator-prey relationships
C. invasive plant species
D. bonds of DNA
E. land management

bonds of DNA

Which of the following is an example of an aquatic ecosystem?

A. fishes, snails, crabs, water, and salinity
B. fishes, snails, and crabs only
C. both water and salinity
D. water only
E. salinity only

fishes, snails, crabs, water, and salinity

Which of the following is an example of an aquatic community?

A. fishes, snails, crabs, water, and salinity
B. fishes, snails, and crabs only
C. both water and salinity
D. water only
E. salinity only

fishes, snails, and crabs only

Which of the following are biotic components?

A. trees, birds, insects, rainfall, and sunlight
B. trees, birds, and insects only
C. birds and insects only
D. rainfall and sunlight only
E. trees only

trees, birds, and insects only

Which of the following are abiotic components?

A. trees, birds, insects, rainfall, and sunlight
B. trees, birds, and insects only
C. birds and insects only
D. trees only
E. rainfall and sunlight only

rainfall and sunlight only

Oysters and many other mollusks produce many offspring of which only a few survive to adulthood and then have little risk of predation with their strong adult shells. Oysters are an example of an organism with a type ______ survivorship curve.

A. 0
B. I
C. II
D. III
E. IV

III

Hydra, a type of cnidarian, have equal survival rates through life because they are equally fit at all stages. Hydra are an example of an organism with a type ______ survivorship curve.

A. 0
B. I
C. II
D. III
E. IV

II