Biology Chapter 1- The Science of Biology

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What is the goal of science?

to investigate and understand nature, to explain events in nature, and to make predictions (using those explanations)

What is science?

Science is an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world.

observation

use of one or more of the senses to gather information

data

Information gathered from observations

inference

logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience

hypothesis

a proposal intended to explain certain previously known facts or observations

qualitative

relating to or involving comparisons based on qualities (such as color, size, font)

quantitative

relating to the measurement of quantity (such as there are 6 sides, 4 colors, etc.)

True or False? Science can prove anything, solve any problem, or answer any question.

False

True or False? Science is primarily concerned about the natural world.

True

True or False? Astrology (using constellations to predict your future) is a science.

False

True or False? Science always provides temporary answers to questions.

True

True or False? Science is most concerned with collecting facts.

False

True or False? Science had proved most of the major mysteries of nature.

False

True or False? Scientists often try to prove themselves and others wrong.

True

controlled experiment

a test of the effect of a single variable by changing it while keeping all other variables the same

manipulated variable

factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes; also known as independent variable

controlled variable

factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same

theory

a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

How is the hypothesis used to form a conclusion?

Data from the experiment is used to either support or reject the hypothesis.

What were Redi’s findings?

He completed an experiment with meat and maggots appeared out of "nowhere". Spontaneous generation.

What did Needham say about Redi’s findings?

He didn’t agree. He heated a bottle of gravy and sealed it, saying that the heat would kill anything that was in the gravy. When he saw that activity did occur in the gravy, he inferred that they must have come from the gravy.

How did Spallanzani prove Needham wrong?

He thought that the gravy wasn’t heated enough to kill everything that was in it. He repeated the experiment, but heated the gravy more. Alongside another heated gravy, he sealed one. After a while, he saw that there was no "animals" in the sealed gravy, while there was in the unsealed gravy.

In the end, what did Pasteur prove?

He proved that life can only be formed from other life.

What is the hypothesis of spontaneous generation?

living things can be created by non living things

What are the eight characteristics of living things?

1. Made of Cells 2. Reproduce 3. Based on universal genetic code (DNA) 4. Obtain and use materials and energy 5. Grow and Develop 6. Respond to Environment 7. Maintain Homeostasis 8. As a group, change over time (Evolution)

sexual reproduction

process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism

asexual reproduction

process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

metabolism

set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes

homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

What are the levels of biology?

Molecular,cells,tissues,organ systems, organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

molecules

The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms

cells

The basic unit of all living things

tissue

a part of an organism consisting of cells having a similar structure and function

organ

a group of tissues

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

organism

an individual living thing

population

a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area

community

populations inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other

ecosystem

community, together with it’s nonliving environment

biosphere

the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth, contains all ecosystems

metric system

a decimal system of weights and measures based on the meter and the kilogram and the second

microscope

magnifier of the image of small objects

light microscope

microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image

electron microscope

a microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light

cell fractionation

technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated

What can a light microscope study that an electron microscope can’t?

Living things.

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