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Nucleoli are present during _____ |
interphase |
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Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____ |
telophase |
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Chromosomes become visible during _____ |
prophase |
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Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____. |
anaphase |
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Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____ |
prometaphase |
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During _______ centromeres come apart, and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes, which migrate to opposite poles of the cell. |
anaphase |
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Cytokinesis in ______ involves the formation of a cleavage furrow |
animal cells |
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Events of _____ include the condensation of chromatin and the dispersal of nucleoli. |
prophase |
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Cytokinesis in _____ involves the formation of a cell plate. |
plant cells |
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During ______ both nuclear envelopes and nucleoli re-form |
telophase |
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During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____ |
two chromosomes and four chromatids |
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During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided |
mitotic phase |
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During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes |
interphase |
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A single individual is reproducing |
asexual reproduction |
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Human gametes are produced by _____ |
meiosis |
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Normal human gametes carry _____ chromosomes |
23 |
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Once meiosis I is completed, cells are __ |
haploid |
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A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes. |
16, since 16 is half of 32. |
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Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____. |
two … haploid |
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Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____ |
four … haploid |
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The events of prophase II are essentially the same as those of mitotic prophase except that prophase II cells are ____ |
haploid |
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During ___- sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles |
anaphase II |
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_____ are present at the end of telophase II and cytokinesis |
Four haploid cells |
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During _____ sister chromatids separate. |
anaphase II |
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At the end of _______there are two haploid cells |
telophase I and cytokinesis |
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At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids |
telophase I |
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Homologous chromosomes pair during _______ |
prophase l |
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Metaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic metaphase except that the cells are _____ |
haploid. |
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During metaphase I tetrads align along the____ |
metaphase plate. |
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Synapsis occurs during _____ |
prophase I |
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Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____ |
anaphase I |
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During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell |
metaphase II |
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During ______homologous chromosomes, consisting of sister chromatids, migrate to opposite poles. |
anaphase I |
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At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells. |
telophase II |
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During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell |
prophase II |
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During ____the centrosome duplicates and the chromosomes are not condensed |
interphase |
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Pairing of ____ is followed by crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. |
homologous chromosomes |
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Humans produce gametes (eggs and sperm) thorugh the process of? |
Meiosis |
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The nucleus is where _______ is stored in the chromosomes |
Genetic information |
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Most of a person’s cells are diploid with __ sets of chromosomes. |
2 |
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Each _____ chromosome has a corresponding ____ chromosome |
maternal …. paternal |
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The matched pairs are called _____ chromosomes |
homologous |
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Why do cells need to divide? |
Reproduction of single-celled organism, Growth from a small to larger organism, repair of damaged tissues, replacement of worn- out cells |
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What is the cell cycle? |
The life of a cell from the time it is formed until it divides into 2 cells. Identical genetic information is passed from the original cell to the 2 cells that are formed. |
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Cell division involves the distribution of identical ______ to two daughter cells |
identical genetic information in DNA |
|
Genome |
All the cell’s DNA (where DNA is organized into multiple chromosomes. |
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How many chromosomes do human have in somatic cell? |
46 chromosomes, two set of 23 one set inherited from each parent |
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Chromosomes uncoiled state this is called _________ |
chromatin |
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Each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes ___________ , units that specify an organism’s inherited traits |
genes |
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After copying the chromosomes has two sister chromatids held together by a _________ |
centromere |
|
Mitosis |
the division of the nucleus, usually followed by cytokinesis 1.Results in identical daughter cells 2.Used in organisms for growth, repair, replacement |
|
Cytokinesis |
the division of the cytoplasm |
|
Meiosis |
a kind of cell division used to form cells that have half the usual number of chromosomes, one of each kind instead of two 1.This type of cell division is used to produce gametes, eggs and sperm, for sexual reproduction 2.Occurs in gonads of humans (testes or ovaries) |
|
What does Fertilization do? |
Two gametes are fused forming zygote ,Original number of chromosomes is restored |
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The cell cycle can divide into what phases? |
Mitosis (M) phase and Interphase |
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What does M phase usually include? |
It includes both mitosis and cytokinesis |
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Which phase in the cell cycle is the shortest? |
It is M phase |
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In the Interphase, the cell ________ its chromosomes |
grows and copies |
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Interphse can be subdivided into 3 subphases and they are: |
G1 Phase, S phase, G2 phase |
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____ first gap, in here the cell grows |
G1 phase |
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______ , synthesis,in this phase the cells continues to grow, and chromosomes are duplicated |
S phase |
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Mitosis can be broken down into 5 phases and they are: |
Prophase, Prometaphase Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase, |
|
_____ occurs before mitosis and is NOT one of the 5 phases |
Interphase |
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When does the Nucleoli disappear on mitosis? |
Phophase |
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Interphase |
|
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Prophase is c |
|
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prometaphase d and e |
|
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Metaphase |
|
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anaphase |
|
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telophase & cytokinesis |
|
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What is the fist step for bacteria division? |
Chromosome replication begins, soon thereafter one copy of the orgin moves rapidly towards the other end of the cell |
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What is the 2 step for bacteria division? |
Replication continues. One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell |
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What is the 3 step for bacteria division? |
Replication finishes, plasma membrane gorw inwards and new cell is deposited. |
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What is the 4 step for bacteria division? |
2 daughter cells result |
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What causes a cell to divide? |
Molecular signals trigger cell division |
|
The cell cycle control system |
a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. |
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G1 is the _____, if the "go ahead " signal is given here, the cell will usually move through the remaining phases and divide. |
Checkpoint |
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In G1, what happen to the when the cells gets the stop signal? |
It will go into a nondividing state, named the G0 phase |
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