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What does DNA stand for? |
deoxyribosenucleic acid |
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DNA is the genetic material in _____ _____. |
living things |
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DNA is a molecule made of repeating ______. |
nucleotides |
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What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? |
a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) |
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Nucleotides join together to form long _____. |
strands |
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The _____ ______ of one nucleotide bonds to the ____ _____ of an adjacent nucleotide. |
phosphate group, sugar molecule |
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The phosphate groups and sugar molecules for the backbone of the chain, while the nitrogenous bases stick out like the ______ of a _____. |
teeth, zipper |
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What does adenine always pair with in DNA base pairing? |
thymine |
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What does thymine always pair with in DNA base pairing? |
adenine |
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What does cytosine always pair with in DNA base pairing? |
guanine |
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What does guanine always pair with in DNA base pairing? |
cytosine |
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The amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of ____. |
thymine |
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The amount of guanine is always equal to the amount of _____. |
cytosine |
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If there is 15% adenine, how much thymine, guanine, and cytosine will there be? |
thymine- 15%, guanine- 35%, cytosine- 35% |
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Write the complimentary base pair for: ATTGCCGAATG |
TAACGGCTTAC |
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What is the DNA structure called? |
double helix |
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What is the DNA structure described as? |
twisted ladder (spiral staircase) |
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the strands of DNA run in opposite directions from each other |
antiparallel |
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The closer the relationship between 2 organisms, the more similar their ____ _______ will be. |
DNA sequence |
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Scientists study nucleotide sequences to : |
organisms, related, crimes |
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A cattail, a cat, and a catfish are all different organisms composed of ______ ____ ______. |
different DNA sequences |
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If you compare the chromosomes of a cattail, a cat, and a catfish, you would find that they all contain DNA made up of the ___ _ ______ with adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. |
same 4 nucleoties |
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The sequence of nucleotides forms the unique ______ _______ of an organism. |
genetic information |
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Before a cell can divide, it must (1) _____ and (2) make a ___ of its _____ |
unwind, copy, DNA |
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unzips the strand of DNA |
helicase |
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adds on new nucleotides to the complementary DNA strand |
polymerase |
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Each DNA molecule resulting from replication has one ______ ______ and one ____ _____. |
original strand, new strand |
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Like DNA, RNA is also a ____ ____. |
nucleic acid |
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What does RNA stand for? |
ribonucleic acid |
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RNA differs from DNA in 3 major ways: |
single stranded, ribose, uracil |
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What does uracil pair with in RNA? |
adenine |
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The process of making a copy of mRNA from the DNA template is called…. |
transcription |
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What does mRNA stand for? |
messenger RNA |
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mRNA brings a copy of the DNA out of the ____ into the _____. |
nucleus, cytoplasm |
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Base pairing in transcription: |
CGGUAAGGU |
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What is only done is RNA? |
translation |
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In _____, the codons in the mRNA strand is translated to a strand of _____ _____. (proteins) |
translation, amino acid |
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A group of 3 _____ _____ in mRNA codes for one amino acid. |
nitrogenous bases |
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Each group of 3 nitrogenous bases is called a…. |
codon |
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Once the codons are made, the _____ reads each codon. |
ribosome |
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uses a DNA template to make RNA |
transcription |
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3 RNA bases that code for an amino acid |
codon |
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changes RNA codons into an amino acid |
translation |
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Any change in the DNA sequence is called a ____ |
mutation |
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Any agent that can cause a change in DNA is called a _____ |
mutagen |
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Mutagens can be ____ or _____ agents |
chemical, physical |
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Give an example of a mutagen. |
pesticides, tobacco |
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a change in a single base pair in DNA |
point mutation |
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a base pair is either added or taken away, changing all of the reading frame for the following codons |
frameshift mutation |
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a change in the number or structure of chromosomes |
chromosomal mutations |
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Chromosomal mutations can change the number or location of genes on _______. |
chromosomes |
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What are the 4 types of chromosomal mutations? |
deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation |
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