This organelle is involved in production of cellular energy. |
D) mitochondria |
This organelle is characterized by folded membranes called cristae. |
D) mitochondria |
When a phagocytic white blood cell ingests a foreign bacterial cell, the vesicle fuses with |
B) lysosome |
This membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by |
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum |
This organelle detoxifies a number of toxic substances. |
E) peroxisome |
Cisternae of this organelle are continuous with the nuclear envelope. |
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum |
This organelle has both a cis and a trans face. |
A) Golgi apparatus |
This membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes. |
E) peroxisome |
These organelles are often called the "demolition crew" of the cell. |
B) lysosome |
This organelle primarily modifies products from the rough ER, and it resembles a stack of |
A) Golgi apparatus |
This organelle is primarily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases. |
B) lysosome |
This organelle is defective in the inherited disorder Tay-Sachs disease. |
B) lysosome |
This organelle is numerous in liver and kidney cells. |
E) peroxisome |
This organelle produces ATP molecules. |
D) mitochondria |
This organelle contains a single DNA molecule and is capable of self-replication. |
D) mitochondria |
Mitosis refers only to nuclear division. Separation of the entire cell following mitosis is |
C) cytokinesis. |
Phospholipids of the plasma membrane are arranged |
C) as a bilayer with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the polar heads. |
Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the largest in diameter? |
A) microtubules |
Which of the following statements about integral proteins in the plasma membrane is false? |
D) They are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids. |
Which type of endocytosis ingests the most specific type of molecule? |
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis |
Hormones are secreted by |
C) exocytosis. |
Of the following, the only organelle that has a double membrane structure is the |
D) mitochondrion. |
Functions of the Golgi apparatus include all of the following except |
B) DNA replication. |
Which of the following statements about the rough endoplasmic reticulum is false? |
C) It stores lipids as inclusions. |
Which of the following is not a cytoskeleton element? |
D) centriole |
Which type of proteins are required for exocytosis? |
D) SNARE proteins |
In chromatin, the DNA molecule wraps around proteins called |
D) histones. |
In the cell life cycle, DNA is replicated during |
B) interphase S. |
The longest arrays of microtubules that assemble from each centrosome during prophase |
A) mitotic spindle fibers. |
During anaphase, motor proteins attached to mitotic spindle fibers serve to |
A) pull the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. |
The ________ face of the Golgi apparatus is ________ to receive spherical vesicles from the |
A) cis; convex |
Which membranous organelle stores calcium and is a primary site of lipid metabolism? |
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
Which organelle is important in neutralizing free radicals? |
D) peroxisome |
Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the nuclear envelope? |
A) separation of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm |
Peroxisomes function to |
A) synthesize and degrade hydrogen peroxide. |
Dyneins and kinesins are motor proteins that ________. |
B) move organelles along microtubules through the cytoplasm. |
Cell division is analogous to |
B) a building duplicating its blueprint and then forming a new building by splitting in two. |
The plasma membrane is important for all the following reasons except |
D) it is an important site for DNA transcription. |
The plasma membrane is composed of all of the following except |
B) tubulin protein. |
Materials that are to be exocytosed by cells are enclosed in vesicles synthesized by the |
C) Golgi apparatus. |
Which of the following does not pass through nuclear pores? |
A) chromatin |
Which of the following is associated with protein synthesis? |
B) ribosomes |
Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known |
D) rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
Which is not part of interphase? |
C) M |
Embedded in the plasma membrane of cells, cholesterol molecules act to |
A) stabilize the membrane. |
The endocytotic process in which small vesicles of fluid are brought into the cell is called |
B) pinocytosis. |
The double membrane structure is unique to the |
C) mitochondrion. |
Peroxisomes |
A) are the toxic waste removal system of the cell. |
The stiffest elements of the cytoskeleton, analogous to the bones of the human body, are |
A) microtubules. |
The mitotic spindle forms from the |
C) centrosome matrix. |
The nuclear envelope is continuous with the rough ER, but it differs from the rough ER in |
B) has unique pores. |
Membrane-bound organelles have the same type of membrane as the plasma membrane |
A) for the absence of a glycocalyx. |
In the process of phagocytosis, the organelles whose enzymes break down ingested foreign |
D) lysosomes. |
During mitosis, the kinetochore microtubules of the mitotic spindle |
A) attach to chromatids and align them at the metaphase plate. |
The theory proposing that aging results from the effects of free radicals is primarily a theory |
A) wear and tear. |
The cytoskeletal elements that are analogous to the muscles of the body which generate |
B) microfilaments. |
Transcription of DNA requires the presence of |
B) extended chromatin. |
The process of cellular aging may involve all of the following except |
B) decreased production of lysosomes. |
During what phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindle break down and disappear? |
C) telophase |
The cytoskeletal elements that form a ring to "squeeze" the two daughter cells apart during |
B) microfilaments. |
During what phase of the cell cycle is the DNA duplicated? |
C) interphase |
The plasma membrane is |
C) the membrane surrounding the cell. |
The cell that gathers information and controls body functions is a |
D) neuron. |
The temporary structures in the cytoplasm include all of the following except |
D) the Golgi apparatus. |
Which of the following is an inclusion, not an organelle? |
D) glycosome |
The smooth ER contains its own molecules of DNA. |
False |
Hypercholesterolemia is an inherited disease in which the body’s cells lack the protein receptors that bind to cholesterol-delivering LDLs. |
True |
Ribosomes consist of two subunits, each surrounded by a membrane. |
False |
Peroxisomes are important in detoxification of a number of toxic substances, for instance, hydrogen peroxide. |
True |
The nucleolus serves as the cell’s ribosome-producing machine. |
True |
Microtubules are composed of actin. |
False |
Chromatin is composed of DNA wound around proteins known as actin. |
False |
An example of a type of cell with high rates of mitosis is a cell of the skin. |
True |
During the S phase, cells are characterized by rapid growth. |
False |
During the G1 phase, DNA is replicated in the cytoplasm. |
False |
Telomeres are structures that limit the maximum number of times cells can divide. |
True |
Extended chromatin is tightly wound around histones. |
False |
A mitotic spindle develops during early telophase of mitosis. |
False |
During anaphase, the chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell. |
False |
Cytokinesis is the physical division of the cytoplasm between the two newly formed cells that result from mitosis. |
True |
This phase is the physical division of the cytoplasm between the two newly formed cells that result from mitosis. |
cytokinesis |
What is the transport mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell? |
exocytosis |
Cell aging may be related to production of what charged molecules produced by the mitochondria? |
radicals (free radicals) |
Identify the two different types of membrane-associated molecules that comprise the glycocalyx. |
glycolipids and glycoproteins |
What would extended chromatin wrapped around a group of eight histones be called? |
a nucleosome |
This is the phase in which a cell grows and carries on all its usual metabolic activities. |
G1 phase of interphase |
These are the smallest living units in the body. |
cells |
This is the outermost continuous boundary of a human cell. |
plasma membrane (plasmalemma) |
This is the name for the currently held theory describing the plasma membrane structure. |
fluid mosaic model |
The phospholipid molecules of the plasma membrane are primarily composed of ________. |
a non-polar tail comprised of 2 fatty acid chains attached to a polar head |
This network of rods running throughout the cytosol acts as a cell’s "bones," "muscles," and "ligaments." |
cytoskeleton |
This is the mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter a cell. |
endocytosis |
This is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane. |
osmosis |
This is the type of protein involved in transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane. |
integral proteins (transmembrane proteins) |
This is an inherited disease that leads to an accumulation of undigested glycolipids especially in the lysosomes of neurons. |
Tay-Sachs disease |
Differentiate phagocytosis from receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
In phagocytosis, the cell extends pseudopods and engulfs the foreign protein/foreign cell, which is often degraded after the phagocytic vesicle fuses with a lysosome. In receptor-mediated endocytosis, specific membrane receptors bind specific extra-cellular molecules. Once bound, the membrane deforms inward, creating a vesicle with the receptors and molecules inside. The vesicle contents are released into the cytoplasm or fuse with a lysosome, with the receptors recycled back to the membrane. |
Describe how cellular differentiation results in structural variation among cells in the human |
Cellular differentiation is the result of highly regulated gene activation/inactivation in the developing embryo. The products of gene activation are proteins. As the embryo develops, certain cells will begin to produce proteins that neighboring cells do not produce. As development progresses, these unique protein "signatures" lead to differences in cellular function. For example, in muscle cells actin and myosin proteins predominate which results in their unique contractile properties. |
Describe the two checkpoints that occur during interphase. |
The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell has reached a maximum size and has replicated the necessary organelles and enzymes to synthesize DNA. The G2 checkpoint, checks to see whether replication errors or DNA damage has occurred during DNA synthesis. |
Describe the mitochondria. |
These are long, thin organelles, that have their own DNA molecule which allows for self-replication. They produce ATP molecules, which are the equivalent of cellular energy. They are bound by two membranes. The inner one is highly folded into cristae, where many of the critical molecules involved in ATP production are imbedded. |
Describe the three major types of cytoskeletal elements. |
Microtubules are the largest in diameter and are formed by the protein tubulin. They are stiff, but bendable. Microtubules are important in the trafficking of organelles within the cytoplasm. Microfilaments are the smallest in diameter. They are strands of the protein actin, are contractile proteins, which are typically very labile. Intermediate filaments are of intermediate diameter. They are very stabile and permanent, functioning to resist shearing forces within and between adjacent cells. |
Which letter indicates the rough endoplasmic reticulum? |
D) D |
Which letter indicates the nucleolus? |
A) A |
Which letter indicates the microvilli? |
C) C |
Which letter indicates the mitochondrion? |
B) B |
Which letter indicates the Golgi apparatus? |
E) E |
Which letter indicates the DNA molecule? |
A) A |
Which letter indicates the chromatid? |
D) D |
Which letter indicates a nucleosome? |
C) C |
Which letter indicates histones? |
B) B |
Which letter indicates the metaphase chromosome? |
E) E |
BIOL231 – Ch2 Test
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