|
Which of these are symbiotic associations? symplast apoplasts Casparian strips mycorrhizae root hairs |
mycorrhizae |
|
In roots the _____ forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of _____ cells before entering the _____ Casparian strip … endodermis … phloem xylem … endodermis … Casparian strip Casparian strip … ectoderm … xylem Casparian strip … endodermis … xylem |
Casparian strip … endodermis … xylem |
|
_____ provide(s) the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves. Translocation Bulk flow |
transpiration |
|
_____ bonds are responsible for the cohesion of water molecules. |
hydrogen |
|
_____ cells are the cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus playing a role in regulating transpiration. |
guard |
|
Which tissue acts as a filter on the water absorbed by root hairs? |
endodermis |
|
True or false? Root pressure can move water a long distance up the xylem because of the higher water potential of the xylem in comparison to the water potential in the surrounding cells. |
false |
|
Which of the following statements about the distribution of sap throughout a plant is true? The mechanism that explains the movement of sugars throughout a plant is called the pressure-flow hypothesis. The driving force for sugar movement is transpiration. |
The mechanism that explains the movement of sugars throughout a plant is called the pressure-flow hypothesis |
|
Which term describes an area where sugars are used or stored? |
sink |
|
Which of the following statements about xylem transport is true? All water transported by the xylem is used for photosynthesis in the leaves. Water and minerals move through the root cortex into the The xylem cells that conduct water and minerals are alive |
Water and minerals move through the root cortex into the xylem and upward through the stem and into leaves. |
|
What characterizes the rates of photosynthesis and transport in a plant on a dry cloudy day? Both the photosynthesis and transpiration rates are high. Both the photosynthesis and transpiration rates are low. The photosynthesis rate is high and phloem transport rates are low. The photosynthesis rate is low and stomata are open. |
Both the photosynthesis and transpiration rates are low |
|
True or false? The rate of sugar transport in a plant depends on the rate of photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration, and the difference in turgor pressure between the source and the sink. |
false |
|
Plants must always compromise between ________ and __________. (Concept 36.1) Maximizing photosynthesis…minimizing water loss Maximizing transport of minerals…minimizing transport of sugars Maximizing access to light…minimizing intake of CO2 Maximizing water loss…minimizing H+ protons Maximizing water absorption…minimizing leaf area |
Maximizing photosynthesis…minimizing water loss |
|
the proton pump_____ is a passive process releases kinetic energy uses the energy stored in ATP to produce a hydrogen ion gradient operates by osmosis uses the energy of a proton gradient to generate ATP |
uses the energy stored in ATP to produce a hydrogen ion gradient |
|
A plant cell placed in a solution with a lower water potential will _____. (Concept 36.2) lose water and burst gain water and plasmolyze lose water and become turgid lose water and plasmolyze gain water and become turgid |
lose water and plasmolyze |
|
Which of the following is a correct statement about a difference between xylem and phloem transport? (Concepts 36.3 and 36.5) Transpiration moves phloem sap but not xylem sap. Xylem sap moves from sugar source to sink, but phloem sap does not. Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down. Phloem carries water and minerals; xylem carries organic molecules. Active transport moves xylem sap but not phloem sap. |
Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down. |
|
A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should not expect to find much _____. (Concept 36.3) phosphorus nitrogen potassium |
sugar |
|
Which one of the following refers to the loss of water through the stomata in a plant’s leaves? (Concept 36.4) bulk flow respiration osmosis transpiration |
transpiration |
|
Xerophytes minimize water loss by _____. (Concept 36.4) developing a Casparian strip between their leaves and stem having leaves with a large surface-to-volume ratio using the CAM pathway using the C3 pathway |
using the CAM pathway |
|
The solute most abundant in phloem sap is _____. (Concept 36.5) |
sugar |
|
In addition to transporting sugar, the phloem also _____. (Concept 36.6) |
all the above |
|
Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink may translocate sugars from the breakdown of stored starch in a root up to developing shoots. occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements. depends on pumping water into sieve tubes at the source. results mainly from diffusion. depends on tension, or negative pressure potential. |
may translocate sugars from the breakdown of stored starch in a root up to developing shoots. |
|
A plant cell with a of -0.65 MPa maintains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that has a of -0.30 MPa and is in an open container. The cell has a of 0 MPa. |
of +0.35 MPa. |
|
Which of the following is an adaptation that enhances the uptake of water and minerals by roots? rhythmic contraction by cortical cells |
mycorrhizae |
|
Which of the following does not affect self-shading? stem thickness |
stem thickness |
|
Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because flaccid mesophyll cells are incapable of photosynthesis. |
stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf |
|
Stomata open when guard cells close aquaporins, preventing uptake of water. open because of a decrease in turgor pressure. sense an increase in CO2 in the air spaces of the leaf. become more turgid because of an addition of K+, followed by the osmotic entry of water. accumulate water by active transport. |
become more turgid because of an addition of K+, followed by the osmotic entry of water. |
|
All of the following are plant adaptations to life on land except collenchyma. |
the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. |
|
The ancestors of land plants were aquatic algae. Which of the following is not an evolutionary adaptation to life on land? C3 photosynthesis |
c3 photosynthesis |
|
Which structure or compartment is not part of the plant’s apoplast? the lumen of a sieve tube |
the lumen of a sieve tube |
|
Active transport of various materials in plants at the cellular level requires all of the following except ATP. |
xylem membrane |
|
The release of CO2 into the soil results in the formation of _____. |
hydrogen ions and carbonate ions |
|
What process is the source of the CO2 that root hairs release into the soil? photosynthesis |
respiration |
|
The binding of H+ ions to soil particles _____. displaces nitrates from soil particles |
displaces mineral cations |
|
Which of these ions is most likely to be leached from the soil? |
chlorine ions |
|
Acid precipitation _____. |
decreases soil fertility |
|
How do cations enter root hairs? |
diffusion |
|
Topsoil _____. (Concept 37.1) is a mixture of rock fragments, living organisms, and humus |
is a mixture of rock fragments, living organisms, and humus |
|
Humus consists of _____. (Concept 37.1) All of the organisms inhabiting the soil |
Decomposing organic material |
|
A major long-term problem resulting from excessive irrigation is the _____. (Concept 37.1)
erosion of fine soil particles |
accumulation of salts in the soil |
|
Mineral nutrients _____. (Concept 37.2) contribute little to a plant’s overall mass |
contribute little to a plant’s overall mass |
|
For an element to be considered a macronutrient _____. (Concept 37.2) |
it must be required in relatively large amounts |
|
Which of the following is a symptom of magnesium deficiency in plants? (Concept 37.2) plant overgrowth |
chlorosis |
|
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil _____. (Concept 37.3) convert nitrate to ammonium |
convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia |
|
The relationship between legumes and Rhizobium is _____. (Concept 37.3) |
mutualistic |
|
The sundew plant has to digest insects because _____. (Concept 37.3) its flowers are fertilized by pollen in its digestive tract it lives in a dry environment and uses moisture from the insects’ bodies it has lost the ability to perform photosynthesis it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil |
it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil |
|
What are the largest particles formed from the breakdown of rock? |
gravel |
|
True or false? Soil texture affects the amount of water available to plants; water is held best by clay and sand particles. |
false |
|
Which of the following steps occurs first during soil formation? |
Weathering of solid rock occurs. |
|
Why is the decomposition of dead organisms important for soil formation? The process increases the amount of silt in the soil. |
The process adds organic matter to the soil, which is necessary to support the growth of larger plants |
|
Which of the following statements about nutrient uptake by plants is true? Root hairs increase the volume of roots for more efficient absorption of water and nutrients. Plants require other elements besides carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to grow, and they can obtain these in soil. Positively charged ions remain dissolved in water and are easily absorbed by plant roots. Plants can easily absorb mineral ions from soil with large amounts of organic matter. |
Plants require other elements besides carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to grow, and they can obtain these in soil |
|
True or false? Plants use both active and passive transport processes to transport ions against their concentration gradients. |
false |
|
Why do fleshy fruits often have seeds with very tough seed coats? So the seeds can adhere to passing animals So the seeds can survive the mechanical forces and conditions in an animal’s gut So the seeds can extend the distance they travel by catching breezes So the seeds can be dispersed by propulsion |
So the seeds can survive the mechanical forces and conditions in an animal’s gut |
|
What characterizes the fruit of seeds that are dispersed by the wind? They contain a large amount of sugar. |
They have structures to extend the distance they travel on the wind. |
|
True or false? Fruits provide food to the developing plant. True |
false |
|
Which part of a flower develops into the seed? Endosperm cell |
ovule |
|
Which term describes the portion of a peach that can be eaten by humans? Pericarp |
pericarp |
|
True or false? The endosperm tissue that nourishes the developing plant has the same nutritional characteristics regardless of the plant species. True |
false |
|
Which part of a plant attracts pollinators? Stamen |
petals |
|
Which process involves the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma?
Pollination |
pollination |
|
True or false? The endosperm in a seed develops into the embryo. |
false |
|
Which term describes the male gametophytes of flowering plants? Microsporocytes |
pollen grains |
|
Which structure formed by the male gametophyte allows sperm to reach the ovary of a flowering plant? Stigma |
pollen tube |
|
How is fertilization in flowering plants different from fertilization in other plant groups? One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with a polar nucleus to form a diploid cell that forms a nutrient-rich tissue. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form a cell that develops into endosperm. Two sperm nuclei fuse with a polar nucleus to form a diploid zygote. |
One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form a cell that develops into endosperm |
|
Which of the following statements about seed formation in a flowering plant is true? The terminal cell formed from mitosis of the zygote divides to form a row of single cells that eventually forms the embryo. Hypocotyls are the seed leaves of the embryonic plant. The basal cell formed from mitosis of the zygote divides to form a globular mass that is the route for nutrient transfer to the developing embryo. The swellings that develop into cotyledons are located at the end of the embryo on top of the row of single cells. |
The swellings that develop into cotyledons are located at the end of the embryo on top of the row of single cells. |
|
Meiosis will produce microspores in the _____. anther |
anther |
|
What is endosperm? tissue that develops into a protective seed coat surrounding the embryo the female portion of a flowering plant via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo the leaves that are a part of the embryo the male portion of a flowering plant |
via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo |
|
Which association below is correct? dioecious … separate female and male plants |
dioecious … separate female and male plants |
|
In angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperm. What do these sperm do? One fertilizes an egg, and the other is kept in reserve. Each one fertilizes a separate egg cell. One fertilizes an egg, and the other combines with two polar nuclei, which develop into stored food cells (endosperm). Both sperm fertilize a single egg cell. One fertilizes an egg, and the other fertilizes the fruit. |
One fertilizes an egg, and the other combines with two polar nuclei, which develop into stored food cells (endosperm). |
|
The germination of seeds _____. depends on imbibition results in the cotyledon being the first structure to emerge from the seed occurs after a certain species-specific period of time |
depends on imbibition |
|
Which of the following is an advantage of asexual reproduction in plants? enhanced seed dispersal |
enhanced survival of genetically favorable offspring |
|
Self-incompatibility _____.
helps maintain genetic variability in a population is based on the same mechanism of transplant rejection seen in animals does not have potential agricultural applications |
helps maintain genetic variability in a population |
|
In grafting, the plant that provides the root system is the _____ and the twig is the _____. callus … protoplast |
stock … scion |
|
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in a pollen sac? sporangia → meiosis → two haploid cells → meiosis → two pollen grains per cell microsporocyte → meiosis → microspores → mitosis → two haploid cells per pollen grain pollen grain → mitosis → microspores → meiosis → generative cell plus tube cell two haploid cells → meiosis → generative cell → tube cell-fertilization → pollen grain pollen grain → meiosis → two generative cells → two tube cells per pollen grain |
microsporocyte → meiosis → microspores → mitosis → two haploid cells per pollen grain |
|
Which of the following occurs in an angiosperm ovule?
The endosperm surrounds the megaspore mother cell. |
A megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis. |
|
Where and by which process are sperm cells formed in plants? mitosis in male gametophyte pollen tube |
mitosis in male gametophyte pollen tube |
|
All of the following are primary functions of flowers except
photosynthesis. |
photosynthesis. |
|
Which of the following is one possible advantage of biofuels vs. oil? Biofuels will eliminate the need for gasoline. The amount of energy used to produce biofuels will be more than they yield. The CO2 produced by biofuels can be pumped into depleted oil and natural gas fields, effectively sequestering the carbon. They will not produce any greenhouse gas emissions. The CO2 produced by biofuels will be absorbed by the crops used to produce them, creating a carbon-neutral cycle. |
The CO2 produced by biofuels will be absorbed by the crops used to produce them, creating a carbon-neutral cycle. |
|
Which example below is a concern related to the debate over plant biotechnology? increased depletion of soil nutrients transfer of genes to animal herbivores introduced genes spreading into related wild species and leading to the creation of "superweeds" increased reliance on petrochemical fertilizers reducing availability of enhanced crops to third-world nations |
introduced genes spreading into related wild species and leading to the creation of "superweeds" |
|
Plant hormones act by directly affecting the activities of _____. membranes |
signal transduction pathways |
|
All of the following can function in signal transduction in plants except calcium ions. |
nonrandom mutations. |
|
Evergreen trees lose their leaves _____.
steadily all year |
steadily all year |
|
The breakdown of chlorophyll reveals the _____ pigments of a leaf. anthocyanin |
carotenoid |
|
The formation of the abscission layer cuts off transport of substances to and from the leaf. As the concentration of sugar trapped within a leaf increases, _____ pigments are produced. melanin |
anthocyanin |
|
The protective layer that forms between the abscission layer and the stem consists of _____. densely colored cells filled with a waxy layer irregularly shaped cells with very thick, lignified secondary walls mycorrhizae a layer of green palisade cells weak, colorless, thin-walled cells |
densely colored cells filled with a waxy layer |
|
After leaf abscission, growth will resume from the _____. abscission layer |
axillary bud |
|
_____ trees lose their leaves in preparation for winter.
Conifer |
Deciduous |
|
Which of the following seedlings will probably bend toward light? one whose tip is cut off and topped by a gelatin block containing no plant substances one whose tip is separated from its base by aluminum foil one whose tip is cut off one whose tip is covered with a black plastic cap one whose tip is separated from its base by a gelatin block |
one whose tip is separated from its base by a gelatin block |
|
Which of these plant hormones is not typically considered a growth-promoting substance?
auxin |
abscisic acid |
|
For a short-day plant, the _____ is critical in determining if flowering will occur.
maximum number of hours of darkness None of these is correct, since short-day plants are also known as day-neutral plants. minimum number of hours of darkness |
minimum number of hours of darkness |
|
For a long-day plant, the _____ is critical in determining if flowering will occur.
maximum number of hours of light None of these is correct, since short-day plants are also known as day-neutral plants. |
maximum number of hours of darkness |
|
Day-neutral plants flower regardless of _____.
day length, night length, or photoperiod |
day length, night length, or photoperiod |
|
Which of these would inhibit flowering in a short-day plant with a critical night length of 12 hours? 12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, 6 hours of dark All of these regimens would inhibit flowering in a short-day plant with a critical night length of 12 hours. 12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, 6 hours of dark 12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, 6 hours of dark 12 hours of light followed by 12 hours of dark |
12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, 6 hours of dark |
|
Which of these would stimulate flowering in a long-day plant with a critical night length of 12 hours? 12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, 6 hours of dark 12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, 6 hours of dark 8 hours of light and 16 hours of dark 12 hours of light followed by 12 hours of dark 12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, a flash of far-red light, 6 hours of dark |
12 hours of light, 6 hours of dark, a flash of red light, 6 hours of dark |
|
The Pr form of the phytochrome pigment has maximum absorption in the _____ part of the spectrum.
ultraviolet |
red |
|
A biological cycle with a period of about 24 hours is called _____. photoperiodism |
a circadian rhythm |
|
The molecule most involved in the flowering process is _____. ethylene |
FT protein |
|
Most plants flower when _____. the nights are the right length |
the nights are the right length |
|
What is the physical basis of the phototropic response?
Cell shortening. |
Cell elongation. |
|
True or false? Auxin is asymmetrically distributed in shoots because the auxin on the side of the plant facing the source of light is destroyed.
True |
false |
|
Where does the majority of stem growth in a plant occur? Axillary buds. |
Apical meristem. |
|
Which of the following statements about hormones is true? Hormones are small inorganic molecules. Hormones are produced at the sites where they are needed. Hormones are produced only in plants. Hormones can function at very low concentrations. |
Hormones can function at very low concentrations. |
|
Which term describes the direction of auxin transport in a plant? Multidirectional. |
polar |
|
How does auxin produce gravitropism in a plant that is placed on its side? Auxin accumulates on the side of the leaf opposite the sunlight and inhibits elongation of cells in that region. Auxin accumulates on the side of the leaf opposite the sunlight and stimulates elongation of cells in that region. Auxin accumulates on the lower surface of the root and stimulates elongation of cells in that region. Auxin accumulates on the lower surface of the root and inhibits elongation of cells in that region. |
Auxin accumulates on the lower surface of the root and inhibits elongation of cells in that region. |
|
How does auxin produce phototropism? Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant facing the source of light and stimulates their elongation. Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant opposite the source of light and stimulates their elongation. Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant facing the source of light and causes them to shorten. Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant opposite the source of light and causes them to shorten. |
Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant opposite the source of light and stimulates their elongation. |
|
Thigmotropism is a movement in response to _____. light |
touch |
|
Which one of the following is a response in plants to a water deficit? reduction in the rate of transpiration |
reduction in the rate of transpiration |
|
True or false? Plants do not produce many defenses against pathogens unless they are threatened because defensive structures and compounds require much energy and materials to produce and maintain. True |
true |
|
What is the initial localized response of a resistant plant to pathogen invasion? Systemin production. |
Hypersensitive response. |
|
Which compound is not used in the localized response to pathogen invasion? Phytoalexins. |
Salicylic acid. |
|
Which of the following statements about systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants is false? A suite of genes called the pathogenesis-related loci is expressed in response to a signal from an attacked leaf. SAR results in the production of protective compounds distant from the site of initial infection. Hormones produced by an attacked leaf carry a signal to the rest of the plant. Salicylic acid is the only compound involved in SAR signaling. |
Salicylic acid is the only compound involved in SAR signaling. |
|
How does a plant defend against herbivores? Plant cells at the site of attack are killed to starve the herbivore of nutrients. Plant cells produce salicylic acid to warn the rest of the plant about the attack. The plant produces molecules that stimulate the herbivore’s digestive enzymes. The hormone systemin is produced at the site of injury and signals the plant to produce proteinase inhibitors |
The hormone systemin is produced at the site of injury and signals the plant to produce proteinase inhibitors |
|
Strains of pathogens that mildly harm, but do not kill, the host plant are termed _____. avirulent |
avirulent |
|
Which term describes a mechanism by which the internal conditions of an organism are kept at set values without regard to the external conditions?
Negative feedback. |
Regulatory homeostasis. |
|
Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium? Regulates the excretion of waste. Controls the exchange of nutrients between the internal and external environments. Creates an internal environment that is different from the external environment. Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment. |
Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment. |
|
True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions. True |
true |
|
Which component of a homeostatic system sends instructions based on sensory information? Integrator. |
integrator |
|
Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body? Panting. |
Shivering. |
|
Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response? After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels. The arrival of platelets at a wound site stimulates the recruitment of more platelets to form a clot. A person who loses 3 pounds continues to diet to lose an additional 10 pounds. The onset of contractions during childbirth stimulates the release of a hormone that stimulates further contractions. |
After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels. |
|
How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types? Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. Connective tissue consists of contractile proteins. Connective tissue consists of cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses. There are three types of connective tissue. Connective tissue is found lining body surfaces. |
Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. |
|
Which of these describes loose connective tissue? It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material. It is composed of many fibers that connect bone to bone and muscle to bone. It is a rigid material that provides structural support. It transports nutrients and gases from one part of the body to another. It plays a role in padding, insulation, and energy storage. |
It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material. |
|
Cartilage is found _____. surrounding organs such as the kidneys in the heart at the ends of bones such as the femur covering the surface of your body connecting one bone to another |
at the ends of bones such as the femur |
|
_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport. Bone |
blood |
|
What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces? simple epithelium |
stratified epithelium |
|
What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?
stratified cuboidal epithelium |
simple columnar epithelium |
|
Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion? stratified squamous epithelium |
simple squamous epithelium |
|
What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules? stratified squamous epithelium |
simple cuboidal cells |
|
A neuron consists of _____. a cell body only |
dendrites, a cell body, and axons |
|
Nervous tissue functions _____.
as a physical barrier to the invasion of pathogens |
to sense stimuli |
|
What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?
smooth muscle |
smooth muscle |
|
Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers. branched |
branched |
|
_____ muscle is attached to bones. Smooth |
Skeletal |
|
Which of the following is a correct statement about an organism and its environment? Animals isolated from their environments live longer than those exchanging matter with the environment. The gastrovascular cavity provides the nutrient exchange surface in mammals. An animal is a closed system that is separate and distinct from its environment. The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals. None of the choices is correct. |
The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals. |
|
Homeostasis is the _____. maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment correlation of structure and function cooperation of body parts to form tissues, organs, and systems idea that all vertebrates are built in a similar way exchange of materials with the surrounding environment |
maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment |
|
Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____. increases the speed and rapidity of negative responses to environmental stimuli operates independently of most signaling mechanisms promotes decreases in metabolic rate rather than increases ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points produces a response by lowering the set point of an organism’s metabolism |
ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points |
|
In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, _____. a stimulus will initiate a response that returns the system to near its initial parameters a stimulus will prevent a small change from becoming too large only an effector and control center are necessary to complete the control system the range of acceptable values for a given parameter will be narrower than if the system were regulated by negative feedback a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change |
a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change |
|
Which of the following primarily involves heat transfer by convection? The water in the lake is so cold that your legs become numb. After sunset, you can feel heat from the warm pavement. You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through. As you lie on the sand, you can feel the sun’s warm rays on your skin. You sweat profusely as you mow the lawn on a hot summer day. |
You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through. |
|
A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to _____. reduce the loss of body heat to the environment |
reduce the loss of body heat to the environment |
|
Bats and hummingbirds are examples of _____. endotherms that are also homeotherms |
endotherms that are also poikilotherms |
|
Metabolic rate is _____. the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time determined when the organism is vigorously exercising after consuming a fatty meal directly proportional to body size the amount of heat gained by an animal in a unit of time typically higher in an ectothermic animal than in an endothermic one |
the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time |
|
Choose the list that correctly describes metabolic rates, corrected for body mass, from lowest to highest. frog, rabbit, snake |
fish, dog, mouse |
|
Which structure is not part of the alimentary canal? Stomach. |
Salivary glands. |
|
Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food? Ingestion. |
Excretion. |
|
True or false? One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract. True |
false |
|
True or False? The liver is a component of the alimentary canal. True |
false |
|
Choose the correct statement from the list below. Protein digestion begins in the small intestine with the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin The stomach has a high pH which allows for the activation of digestive enzymes. Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion. Mechanical digestion of proteins is more important than chemical digestion. |
Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion. |
|
Choose the correct statement from the list below. Carbohydrate absorption occurs primarily in the large intestine. Bile salts from the gall bladder are essential to the digestion of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are fully digested after passage through the stomach . Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase. |
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase. |
|
Choose the correct statement from the list below. Fats are fully digested after passage through the mouth and stomach. Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine Fat digestion begins in the stomach with the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin. Bile salts from the pancreas are essential to the digestion of fats |
Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine |
|
Secretin stimulates the _____ to secrete _____. pancreas … bicarbonate |
pancreas … bicarbonate |
|
Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the _____ to secrete _____. pancreas … bicarbonate |
pancreas … pancreatic enzymes |
|
The acidity of the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____. cholecystokinin, or CCK |
secretin |
|
The presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____. cholecystokinin, or CCK |
cholecystokinin, or CCK |
|
Bile is produced by the _____ and stored by the _____ until it is secreted into the small intestine. liver … gall bladder |
liver … gall bladder |
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When digested, proteins are broken down into _____.
glycerol only |
amino acids |
|
When digested, fats are broken down into _____. glycerol only |
both glycerol and fatty acids |
|
Starch is a type of _____. disaccharide |
polysaccharide |
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Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested. starches |
fructoses |
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Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch? bile |
amylase |
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Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____. lactose |
maltose |
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Protein digestion begins in the _____. mouth |
stomach |
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What is the main component of gastric juice? inactive pepsin |
water |
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_____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____.
Lipase … small intestine … fats … small intestine |
Bile … liver … fats … small intestine |
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What acid is responsible for stomach acidity? |
hydrochloric acid |
|
To survive, all animals must have _____. (Overview) a constant supply of nutrients from the environment |
a way to obtain and digest nutrients |
|
Which one of the following is an essential nutrient for a human? (Concept 41.1) |
All of the above are essential nutrients |
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For the body to absorb and use _____, they must be broken down by hydrolysis into _____. (Concept 41.2) monosaccharides … starch |
proteins … amino acids |
|
Which of the following lists the four stages of food processing in the order that they naturally occur? (Concept 41.2)
digestion, ingestion, absorption, elimination |
ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination |
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How does a gastrovascular cavity differ from an alimentary canal? The gastrovascular cavity _____. (Concept 41.2)
absorbs food molecules but does not produce hydrolytic enzymes |
has only a single opening |
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Which one of the following correctly represents the order in which food coming into the body passes through the structures of the digestive system? (Concept 41.3) pharynx, small intestine, large intestine, stomach |
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
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Breakdown of carbohydrates first begins in which one of the following organs? (Concept 41.3) small intestine |
mouth |
|
The cardiac sphincter surrounds the cardiac orifice, the upper opening into the stomach. If this sphincter failed to properly constrict, there might be a problem with _____. (Concept 41.3) the loss of control of defecation rapid emptying from the small intestine into the large intestine rapid emptying from the stomach into the small intestine movement of the bolus into the trachea rather than the esophagus regurgitation of food into the esophagus, commonly called "heartburn" |
regurgitation of food into the esophagus, commonly called "heartburn" |
|
Which one of the following statements is correct? (Concept 41.4) The teeth of herbivores tend to be sharper than the teeth of carnivores. Deer, cattle, and sheep are ruminants. Animals typically produce enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose. The intestines of carnivores tend to be longer than the intestines of herbivores of similar overall body size. Many carnivorous vertebrates house large populations of symbiotic bacteria and protists in special fermentation chambers in their alimentary canals |
Deer, cattle, and sheep are ruminants. |
|
Which one of the following statements is correct? (Concept 41.5) Energy in the form of glucose is stored in human liver and muscle cells. Obesity contributes to the most common type of diabetes. A gram of protein stores about twice as much energy as an equal amount of fat. The production of glucose accounts for the largest fraction of the energy budget of most animals. When fewer calories are taken in than are expended, the body first draws upon its reserves of fat in the liver. |
Obesity contributes to the most common type of diabetes. |
|
The "essential nutrients" for proper human nutrition include _____. glucose |
calcium, sodium, potassium, and other minerals |
|
Birth defects of the neural tube in humans _____. can be prevented by ingestion of more vitamin A during the periconception interval are not affected by nutritional considerations during pregnancy result from excess sodium in the pregnant woman’s diet are typically seen in 10-20% of male babies born in well-developed countries are reduced from about 6% without folic acid supplements in the periconception interval to about 1% when the supplements were taken |
are reduced from about 6% without folic acid supplements in the periconception interval to about 1% when the supplements were taken |
|
Different types of food are eaten by various groups of animals, but it is usually true that _____. animals typically produce enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose the teeth of herbivores tend to be sharper than the teeth of carnivores cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine many carnivorous vertebrates house large populations of symbiotic bacteria and protists in special fermentation chambers in their stomachs the intestines of carnivores tend to be longer than the intestines of herbivores of similar overall body size |
cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine |
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Among humans, increased interest in food intake normally occurs _____. via chemical signals related to the amount of glucose stored in the liver and muscle cells via chemical signals released when the stomach is empty via chemical signals related to the amount of protein stores in the liver when fewer calories are taken in than are expended, but only after the body depletes its reserves of fat in the liver only after the production of glucose in the liver can no longer meet metabolic needs |
via chemical signals released when the stomach is empty |
|
True or false? The lungs of humans form from the embryonic foregut. True |
true |
|
True or false? The pressure inside the human chest cavity is always positive, so the lungs stay relatively inflated even upon exhalation. |
false |
|
Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface between air and blood? Capillary. |
Alveolus |
|
True or false? The driving force for the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin into tissues is the difference in PCO2 levels between the blood and body tissues. |
false |
|
How is most carbon dioxide transported from tissues to the lungs? As protons (). |
As bicarbonate ions (). |
|
Which of the following statements about the oxygen-hemoglobin interaction is true? Each hemoglobin molecule can bind one oxygen molecule. The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules. The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the unloading of the oxygen molecules that are already bound. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is exponential, which means that hemoglobin can respond quickly to small changes in oxygen demand. |
The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules. |
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Arteries carry blood _____. away from capillaries |
away from the heart only |
|
Blood returns to the heart via the _____. aorta |
pulmonary veins |
|
From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. right atrium |
left atrium |
|
From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. right atrium |
right atrium |
|
From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. right atrium |
posterior vena cava |
|
What is the function of a circulatory system? It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body. It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the outside air. It acts as a reservoir for the storage of blood. It is the site of blood cell production. |
It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body. |
|
Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body? The circuits increase the amount of surface area available for the diffusion of gases and nutrients in the body. The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body. Blood is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated before being pumped to the rest of the body. Land vertebrates are bigger and require more tubing to reach all areas of the body. |
The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body. |
|
True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body. |
false |
|
What is the function of the left ventricle? It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation. It receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs. It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation. |
It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation. |
|
Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true? During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract. Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles. Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium. As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body |
Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles. |
|
Which event occurs first during diastole? The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract |
The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. |
|
G Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured? The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria. |
The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria. |
|
Voice sounds are produced by the _____. trachea |
larynx |
|
The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air. lungs |
nasal cavity |
|
In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid? grasshoppers |
grasshoppers |
|
Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct? When the right atrium contracts, it forces blood into the left atrium. Blood is pumped from the heart via the atria. In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs. Oxygen-loaded blood moves only through the right side of the heart. Blood arrives at the heart via the ventricles. |
In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs. |
|
Which statement about human blood vessels is correct? Arteries carry oxygenated blood; veins carry oxygen-poor blood. Arteries carry blood toward the atria of the heart. The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. Veins transport blood from the heart to the capillaries. Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. |
Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. |
|
Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures? salmon |
earthworms |
|
An advantage of gas exchange in water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____. water is easier to move over the respiratory surface ventilation requires less energy in water the fine structure of the gas exchange surface is supported by being in direct contact with the moving respiratory medium the respiratory surface does not have to be as extensive in water water usually contains a higher concentration of oxygen than air |
the fine structure of the gas exchange surface is supported by being in direct contact with the moving respiratory medium |
|
The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____. trachea |
bronchiole |
|
_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up.
A decrease … a drop Actually, it is the rise and fall of oxygen, not carbon dioxide, that controls breathing. |
An increase … a drop |
|
The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _____. is called the Bohr shift increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen decreases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen increases with increasing acidity at the tissue level |
increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen |
|
By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____. acidic |
acidic |
|
In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) |
combined with hemoglobin |
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