Which secretion is not a barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body? Lysozyme. |
antigens |
True or false? The leukocytes of the innate immune system are B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. True |
false |
How do cells involved in the innate immune response detect the presence of pathogens?
Leukocytes recognize the secretions from a pathogen. |
Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens |
Which of the following cells can engulf a pathogen? Macrophages. |
macrophages |
Which of the following statements best describes the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response? They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels at the wound site. They release cytokines to stimulate the release of additional neutrophils and macrophages. They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at the wound site. They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at some distance from the wound site. |
They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at the wound site. |
Which of the following events of the innate immune response occurs first when a wound that breaks the skin has occurred? Neutrophils secrete substances that degrade bacterial cell walls. Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding. Mast cells secrete chemical messengers to regulate blood flow to the wound. Macrophages present bacterial proteins as antigens on their plasma membrane. |
Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding. |
The site of inflammation may become swollen due to the increased numbers of cells and fluids at the site and painful due to signals from pain receptors. True |
true |
Innate immunity and acquired immunity are both _____. based on the trapping of microbes by mucus characteristics of all vertebrate animals dependent on surface secretions from sebaceous and sweat glands, which give the skin an acidic pH that is unfavorable for bacterial colonization dependent on tears, saliva, and mucous secretions that contain lysozyme, an enzyme that digests bacterial cell walls dependent exclusively on cell-mediated responses |
characteristics of all vertebrate animals |
Macrophages are _____. large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body the best defense against parasites cells that induce the lysis of virus-infected body cells antigen-presenting cells that originate from neutrophils short-lived cells that self-destruct soon after engulfing foreign invaders |
large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body |
An antigen _____. is a protein attacked by an invading microorganism could be an invading bacterium is a protein molecule that helps defend the body against disease is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte induces development of white blood cells in the bone marrow |
is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte |
The fact that there are about a million different antigen receptors possible in human B cells is based on _____. temporary changes in the ways that RNA is spliced in the B cells constant changes in the splicing pattern of receptor genes after the differentiation of the B cell the capacity of memory cells to produce antibodies recombination of the segments of the receptor DNA that make up the functional receptor genes of differentiated B cells having one million different immunoglobulin genes |
recombination of the segments of the receptor DNA that make up the functional receptor genes of differentiated B cells |
The role of active cytotoxic T cells is to attack _____. body cells that have been infected |
body cells that have been infected |
Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium? macrophage |
macrophage |
_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages.
Cytotoxic T cells |
Helper T cells |
B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____. plasma cells |
plasma cells |
The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response. interleukin-2 … humoral |
perforin … cell-mediated |
Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____. macrophages … B cells and T cells |
B cells … plasma cells and memory cells |
Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response? cytotoxic T cells |
memory cells |
Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies? bacterial cells |
plasma cells |
Which structure is not a component of the adaptive immune system? Tissues. |
tissues |
True or false? B cells were originally isolated from the bursa in chickens, and their function is to produce antibodies; T cells were originally isolated from the thymus in mice, and their functions include killing host cells that are being infected with a virus. True |
true |
Which of the following statements about the clonal-selection theory of immune system function is false? Cloned cells persist after the pathogen is eliminated. Each lymphocyte recognizes one antigen. An activated lymphocyte makes many copies of itself in response to an infection. Antigens are recognized by receptor proteins inside the lymphocyte. |
Antigens are recognized by receptor proteins inside the lymphocyte. |
What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection? Antibodies coat viral particles. Macrophages digest viral particles. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells. CD8+ T cells are activated. |
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells. |
How do cells involved in the humoral response respond to antigen presentation on the surface of a B cell? Helper T cells secrete antibodies against the viral antigen. Helper T cells recognize the receptor-antigen complex and cause plasma and memory cells to be produced to then produce antibodies. Helper T cells divide and produce plasma and memory cells. The B cell recognizes the receptor-antigen complex and divides to produce plasma and memory cells. |
Helper T cells recognize the receptor-antigen complex and cause plasma and memory cells to be produced to then produce antibodies. |
Which protein presents viral antigens on the outer surface of cells? MHC protein. |
MHC protein. |
How are cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) produced? Plasma cells secrete cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Helper T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes. CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes. B cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes. |
CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes. |
Cell-mediated immunity differs from humoral immunity in that _____. a subsequent secondary immune response can occur in humoral immunity clonal selection occurs only in cell-mediated immunity a humoral response is mounted more quickly cell-mediated immunity is longer lasting they respond differently to invaders |
they respond differently to invaders |
Helper T cells are part of _____. innate immunity |
cell-mediated immune responses |
Extracellular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria in body fluids are attacked by _____. helper T cells |
antibodies from plasma cells |
Tissues are immunogically "typed" before an organ transplant to make sure that the donor and recipient match as closely as possible in their _____. MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins |
MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins |
A primary reason for needing a new vaccine for influenza each year is that _____. the first infection with influenza weakens the immune system mutation in the influenza virus is frequent influenza is a disease that causes the apoptosis of all memory cells immunity typically disappears one month after recovery from a disease the influenza virus might proliferate in different tissues during each subsequent year, and immune memory is limited to those tissues initially infected |
mutation in the influenza virus is frequent |
bio test 3 chapter 43
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