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In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____. |
producers |
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An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____. |
detritivore |
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When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____. |
secondary consumer |
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A cow eating grass is an example of a _____. |
primary consumer |
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A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____. |
tertiary consumer |
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The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____. |
batesian mimicry |
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species whose absence would cause major disruption in a community |
keystone |
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Which of these is a starting point for primary succession? |
a surface exposed by a retreating glacier |
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According to MacArthur and Wilson’s hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to _____. |
the island’s size and distance from the mainland |
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Name the five levels of organization in order |
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism |
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all species living in the same place |
ecological community |
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an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction |
biological community |
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ecologists call relationships between species in a community |
interspecific interactions |
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occurs when species compete for a resource that limits their growth or survival (-,-) |
interspecific competition |
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local elimination of a particular species that results from strong competition |
competitive exclusion |
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states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place |
competitive exclusion principle |
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the specific set of biotic and abiotic resources used by an individual (ecological role) |
ecological niche |
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_____ _______ reduces the impacts of competition through differences in organisms ecological niches |
resource partitioning (example is two lizards, one prefers sunny places, the other prefers shady spots) |
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the niche that is POTENTIALLY occupied by a species |
fundamental niche |
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the niche that is ACTUALLY occupied by a species |
realized niche |
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range of physical and chemical conditions needed for survival. The total space & time that a species could occupy if there were no other species to interact with. Limits are abiotic. |
fundamental niche |
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range of space & time that a species occupies based on limitations of interactions with other species. Limits are biotic interactions |
realized niche |
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(+/− interaction) refers to an interaction in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey |
predation |
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or camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot (type of coloration) |
cryptic coloration |
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Animals with effective chemical defenses often exhibit (type of coloration) |
aposematic coloration |
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an edible or harmless species mimics an unedible or harmful model (type of mimicry) |
batesian mimicry (see slide 26) |
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two or more unedible species resemble each other (type of mimicry) |
Müllerian mimicry |
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(+/− interaction) refers to an interaction ?in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga |
Herbivory (see slide 30) |
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a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another |
symbiosis |
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(+/− interaction), one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process |
parasitism |
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Parasites that live within the body of their host are called |
endoparasites |
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Parasites that live on the external surface of a host are |
ectoparasites |
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(+/+ interaction), is an interspecific interaction that benefits both species |
mutualism |
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(+/0 interaction), one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped |
commensalism |
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(+/+ or 0/+) is an interaction in which one species has positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact (broad effect) |
facilitation |
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