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the process of converting RNA code into an amino acid sequence is called ____________ |
translation |
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if a nucleotide is added or removed from a DNA molecule and mRNA is created, the codons after the mutation will not be read corrrectly. This is a ___________ ___________ |
frameshift mutation |
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a change in a single base pair of the DNA molecule that affects the synthesis of an entire protein is called a ____________ |
mutation |
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_____ brings amino acids to the ribosome for the assembly of proteins |
tRNA |
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each set of three nitrogen bases representing an amino acid is referred to as a _________ |
codon |
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the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself and is called ___________ |
replication |
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thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine are classified as ____________ |
nucleotides |
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a _________ _________ involves the addition or deletion of a single base in a DNA molecule |
frameshift mutation |
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during the process of transcription, DNA serves as the template for making _____, which leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosomes |
RNA |
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translation is to protein as transcription is to ____ |
RNA |
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DNA is to RNA as double stranded is to ________ _______ |
single stranded |
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adenine is to thymine as guanine is to ________ |
cytosine |
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name the three types of RNA |
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA |
|
a _____-___ tail is a tail with many adenines put on the end of a pre-mRNA DNA strand |
poly-a |
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What kind of bond joins the amino acids together during translation? |
peptide |
|
name the process in which DNA’s instructions are transferred to mRNA? |
transcription |
|
name the three classes of RNA |
messenger, ribosomal, transfer |
|
in DNA replication, DNA polymerase directs the addition of new nucleotides. What enzyme directs the addition of new nucleotides to RNA? |
RNA polymerase |
|
process of manufacturing proteins |
protein synthesis |
|
carries coded instructions for protein synthesis |
messenger RNA |
|
makes up the ribosome with other proteins |
ribosomal RNA |
|
section of three bases in mRNA that code for an amino acid |
codon |
|
sequence of three bases in tRNA that complement an RNA codon |
anticodon |
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brings amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order to build new proteins |
transfer RNA |
|
transfer of information from DNA to RNA |
transcription |
|
sequence of genes that are not part of a code for a protein |
intron |
|
short sequence of RNA that codes for a protein |
exon |
|
what is the three letter code and name for the amino acid that is the universal start codon? |
AUG, methionine |
|
Identify the codons that give the signal to stop the synthesis of protein |
UGA, UAG, UAA |
|
What is a stage in translation in which mRNA passes through ribosomal subunits, tRNAs deliver amino acids to the ribosomal binding units and uses peptide bonds? |
elongation |
|
When is the RNA is snipped out of the pre-mRNA strand during transcription? |
RNA splicing |
|
changes in genetic material that involve all or part or chromosomes |
chromosome mutations |
|
occurs when a chromosome breaks and a piece of the chromosome is lost |
deletion |
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occurs when a chromosome recieves an extra piece from its partner |
duplication |
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occurs when a chromosome or piece of a chromosome attaches to a chromosome in a different pair |
translocation |
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fragment of a chromosome that attaches itself in reverse order |
inversion |
|
mutation that occurs in only one nucleotide |
point mutation |
|
the deletion or addition of nucleotides that disrupts codons |
frameshift mutation |
|
the amino acid associated with the "start" codon |
methionine |
|
the type of RNA that delivers amino acids to ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
transfer |
|
a type of protein that can bind to an operator and block the promoter region of a gene |
repressor |
|
the "start" codon’s transcript |
AUG |
|
process that forms RNA in the nucleus |
transcription |
|
a type of frameshift mutation |
inversion |
|
one of 64 base triplets in mRNA |
codon |
|
the type of bond that forms between amino acids |
peptide |
|
DNA segments that move spontaneously about the genome |
transposons |
|
genes whose products guide formation of organs and limbs in developing embryos |
homeotic |
|
the type of RNA that carries protein-building instructions |
messenger |
|
the name for the "body" in which is the inactivated X chromosome in females |
Barr |
|
the type of acid carried by tRNA |
amino |
|
part of pre-mRNA that is spliced out |
intron |
|
subunits made up of rRNA and proteins |
ribosomes |
|
a base sequence in DNA that signals the start of a gene |
promoter |
|
the base triplet on tRNA that is complementary to mRNA’s codon |
anticodon |
|
what are spliced/ snipped out of pre-mRNA? |
introns |
|
x-rays, UV radiations, and certain types of chemical that can cause mutations are called what? |
mutagens |
|
Jumping genes are also called __________ |
transposons |
|
where in the cell does transcription take place? |
nucleus |
|
what pentose sugar does uracil have? |
ribose |
|
name the tRNA anitcodon for the mRNA start codon, and name the amino acid carried by that tRNA |
UAC, methionine |
|
name the three stop codons |
UGA, UAG, UAA |
|
how many codons code for an amino acid? |
61 |
|
what 2 letters are assigned to the first and second tRNA binding site on ribosomes? |
P and A |
|
if ACGTAG turns into ACCTAG, what kind of mutation is it? |
point mutation/ base-pair substitution |
|
if ACGTAG turns into ACTAG, what kind of mutation is it? |
deletion/ frameshift mutation |
|
transcription starts with RNA polyermase joining to the ________ region of the DNA |
promoter |
|
T/F. tRNA brings nucleotides to the ribosome during transcription |
false |
|
mature mRNA consists of a cap, poly-a tail, and a(n) _____ joined together |
exon |
|
DNA is CGT…what is the tRNA anticodon? |
CGU |
|
After the cap, a normal mRNA transcript begins with what? |
AUG |
|
repressor proteins bind to the ________ |
operator |
|
what are the noncoding regions regions of the RNA in eukaryotic cells called? |
introns |
|
what describes a three-base section of mRNA that codes for an amino acid? |
codon |
|
what is the sequence of three bases on tRNA called? |
anticodon |
|
what are "jumping gene" portions called on chromosomes? |
transposons |
|
after transcription, mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves to ___________ in the ____________ |
ribosomes, cytoplasm |
|
what term describes the deletion or addition of nucleotides tht disrupt codons? |
frameshift mutation |
|
what is the name for a sequence of nucleotides that a cell converts to RNA? |
gene |
|
transcription of a gene to RNA occurs in the _________ |
nucleus |
|
uracil is a ___________ |
pyrimidine |
|
the amino acid associated with the transcript for the "start" codon is ____________ |
methionine |
|
because of the Barr Body that girls have, we are a _______, which means we have different genes for every trait |
mosaic |
|
a sequence of DNA nucleotides that marks the location of a gene for RNA polymerase to begin transcription is called a __________ |
promoter |
|
repressor protein binds to an _________ |
operator |
|
the backbone of a DNA molecule is made of which two components? |
phosphate and deoxyribose |
|
the backbone of an RNA molecule is made of which two components? |
phosphate and ribose |
|
ribosomes are made up of _______ and ________ |
rRNA and protein |
|
messenger RNA is formed in the process of __________ |
transcription |
|
an RNA molecule is a polymer composed of subunits known as _____________ |
nucleotides |
|
translation occurs in which part of the cell? |
ribosome |
|
_____ carries protein building instructions |
mRNA |
|
____ is a major component in ribosomes |
rRNA |
|
____ deliver amino acids to ribosomes |
tRNA |
|
how many total codons are there? |
64 |
|
codons are on _____ |
mRNA |
|
anticodons are on ____, which carry amino acids |
tRNA |
|
the operon includes the __________, ________, and the ______ |
operator, promoter, genes |
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