The alimentary canal extends, in its entirety, from nus. A. the mouth to the large intestine. B. the stomach to the small intestine. C. the liver to the gallbladder. D. the mouth to the a nus E. the anus to the pharynx. |
D. the mouth to the anus |
The digestive system |
A. ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder |
The correct sequence for the layers in the walls of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost is the A. mucosa, muscular layer, serosa, submucosa. B. mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa. C. serosa, muscular layer, mucosa, submucosa. D. submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscular layer. E. serosa, muscular layer, submucosa, mucosa. |
B. mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa. |
The _______ is the layer of the alimentary canal that absorbs nutrients. A. mucosa B. submucosa C. muscular layer D. serosa E. subserosa |
A. mucosa |
Peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract A. from the pharynx to the anus. B. in the stomach and small intestine only. C. in the small and large intestines only. D. in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. E. only in the rectum and anus. |
A. from the pharynx to the anus. |
The teeth that are best adapted for biting off hunks of food are the A. incisors. B. canines. C. bicuspids. D. molars. E. premolars |
A. incisors |
The root canal of a tooth contains A. dentin. B. cementum. C. gingiva. D. blood vessels and nerves. E. hydroxyapatite. |
D. blood vessels and nerves. |
The mechanical breakup of food particles in the mouth is called A. mastication. B. salivation. C. peristalsis. D. absorption. E. perturbation. |
A. mastication. |
The uvula is A. a type of tooth. The uvula is A. a type of tooth. B. a projection from the soft palate. C. a part of the female reproductive system. D. part of the tongue. E. a flap of tissue that keeps food from entering the respiratory system. |
B. a projection from the soft palate |
Because of their location, swollen palatine tonsils may interfere with A. breathing. B. swallowing. C. both breathing and swallowing. D. neither breathing nor swallowing. E. defecating. |
C. both breathing and swallowing |
Salivary amylase digests A. carbohydrates. B. proteins. C. fats. |
A. carbohydrates |
The digestive functions of saliva include A. moistening, binding and building up food particles; beginning chemical digestion of carbohydrates; and cleansing the esophagus. B. moistening, binding and dissolving food particles; beginning chemical digestion of proteins; and cleansing the esophagus. C. moistening, binding and building up food particles; beginning mechanical digestion of fats; and cleansing the teeth and mouth. D. drooling and spitting. E. moistening, binding and dissolving food particles; beginning chemical digestion of carbohydrates; and cleansing the teeth and mouth. |
E. moistening, binding and dissolving food particles; beginning chemical digestion of carbohydrates; and cleansing the teeth and mouth. |
The parotid glands are A. the largest salivary glands. B. the smallest salivary glands. C. under the tongue. D. in the lower jaw. E. in the sinuses. |
A. the largest salivary gland |
In the swallowing reflex A. the soft palate, larynx and hyoid bone are raised. B. the epiglottis closes off the top of the trachea. C. the tongue presses against the uvula and soft palate. D. muscles pull the pharynx upward toward the food. E. all of the above |
E. all of the above |
The epiglottis is attached to the A. esophagus. B. trachea. C. pharynx. D. larynx. E. roof of the mouth. |
D. larynx |
Edith suffers from severe heartburn. She goes to her physician and is diagnosed with a hiatal hernia. This condition affects her A. abdominal wall. B. pelvic wall. C. diaphragm. D. stomach wall. E. small intestine. |
C. diaphragm. |
Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the A. heart. B. esophagus. C. stomach. D. small intestine. E. gallbladder. |
B. esophagus. |
Elliot thought that his peptic ulcers were caused by his nagging parents, and was surprised when the doctor handed him a prescription for medication to treat A. a bacterial infection. B. a viral infection. C. a too high pH. D. excess bile. E. overactive salivary glands. |
A. a bacterial infection. |
The main part of the stomach is called the A. fundus. B. pylorus. C. cardia. D. body. E. gastric region. |
D. body |
It is good that Emily does not remember being a newborn, because she was miserable, vomiting very often. An X-ray reveale hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The problem in Emily's digestive system, before surgery helped her, was A. an extra stomach. B. overgrowth of muscle that blocked the pyloric canal. C. absence of the pyloris. D. an inverted plyloris.E. a peptic ulcer. |
B. overgrowth of muscle that blocked the pyloric canal |
Matthew takes a drug that inhibits the production of HCl in the stomach to ease the symptoms of a gastric ulcer. If he takes it for a long time, digestion of which nutrient would be affected the most? A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Minerals E. None of the above |
C. Proteins |
The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete A. mucus. B. pepsinogen. C. hydrochloric acid. D. pepsin. E. gastrin. |
C. hydrochloric acid |
All of the enzymes that digest protein are A. secreted by the pancreas. B. activated by HCl. C. secreted in an inactive form. D. stimulated by enterokinase. E. secreted by the liver. |
C. secreted in an inactive form |
Gastrin, which stomach cells secrete, A. inhibits production of hydrochloric acid. B. increases secretion by the gastric glands. C. changes pepsin into pepsinogen. D. initiates the cephalic phase of digestion. E. contracts the stomach. |
B. increases secretion by the gastric glands |
Secretion of cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by A. protein in the stomach. B. protein in the small intestine. C. fat in the stomach. D. protein and fat in the small intestine. E. carbohydrates in the large intestine. |
D. protein and fat in the small intestine |
The hormone secretin A. converts trypsinogen to trypsin. B. activates chymotrypsin. C. stimulates release of pancreatic juice. D. inhibits the action of pancreatic lipase. E. stimulates salivation. |
C. stimulates release of pancreatic juice |
_______ is a protein-splitting enzyme in pancreatic juice. A. Trypsin B. Zymogen C. Amylase D. Nuclease E. Pancrease |
A. Trypsin |
Acute pancreatitis is often caused by the conversion of A. trypsin to trypsinogen. B. trypsinogen to trypsin. C. pepsin to pepsinogen. D. pepsinogen to pepsin. E. proinsulin to insulin. |
B. trypsinogen to trypsin. |
Pancreatic digestive secretions are regulated by A. bile salts. B. cholesterol. C. cholecystokinin. D. the amount of food eaten. E. all of the above |
C. cholecystokinin. |
Which of the following are major functions of the liver? A. Storage of certain molecules B. Formation of urea C. Secretion of bile D. Maintaining blood glucose concentration E. All of the above |
E. All of the above |
Which of the following is true about bile? A. Cholecystokinin stimulates its production. B. Secretin stimulates release of bile into the duodenum. C. It contains concentrated enzymes that digest carbohydrates. D. It is red. E. None of the above |
E. None of the above |
Which constituent of bile has a digestive function? A. Bile salts B. Bile pigments C. Cholesterol D. Electrolytes E. Glucose |
A. Bile salts |
The liver A. forms glucose from noncarbohydrates. B. stores vitamin C. C. produces red blood cells. D. secretes chymotrypsin. E. all of the above |
A. forms glucose from noncarbohydrates. |
David has sustained severe damage to his liver in a car accident. Digestion of which nutrient will be most affected? A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Vitamins E. Minerals |
B. Lipids |
The bile ducts of the liver unite to form the A. cystic ducts. B. hepatic ducts. C. hepatopancreatic ducts. D. pancreatic ducts. E. zygomatic ducts. |
B. hepatic ducts |
Gallstones may form if A. bile is too concentrated. B. hepatic cells secrete too much HCl. C. the pH of the gallbladder becomes too alkaline. D. the liver is lacerated. E. all of the above |
A. bile is too concentrated. |
Gallstones are usually composed of A. calcium salts. B. uric acid. C. cholesterol. D. bile pigments. E. gallium. |
C. cholesterol |
The canaliculi in the liver transport ___________ through the ductules. A. hepatic enzymes B. bile C. pancreatic enzymes D. blood E. gastrin |
B. bile |
Bile salts function like detergents in that they ___________ fat globules. A. emulsify B. coagulate C. digest D. liquefy E. explode |
A. emulsify |
The _______ is the part of the digestive tract that has the most lymph nodules and bacteria. A. duodenum B. jejunum C. ileum D. colon E. mouth |
C. ileum |
The greater omentum is composed of A. the peritoneal membrane. B. the pericardial membrane. C. the pleural membrane. D. the hiatal membrane. E. none of the above |
A. the peritoneal membrane. |
The epithelial cells that form the inner lining of the small intestine A. are replaced every few days. B. are not able to reproduce. C. are permanent parts of the villi. D. remain where they are first formed. E. transdifferentiate into adipose cells. |
A. are replaced every few days. |
Tanisha has abdominal pains. Medical tests reveal that she can digest nutrients, but the nutrients are not taken in by the intestinal tissues. She likely has A. malnutrition. B. malabsorption. C. malfeasance. D. food allergy. E. the flu. |
B. malabsorption |
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion of lipids? 1. Formation of chylomicrons 2. Emulsification by bile 3. Dissolved in the epithelial cell membrane 4. Hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase 5. Diffusion into lacteal ducts A. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 B. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 C. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 D. 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 E. 5, 1, 3, 2, 4 |
B. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 |
The major mixing movement in the small intestine is accomplished by A. peristalsis. B. churning. C. segmentation. D. ring contractions. E. standing on one's head. |
C. segmentation |
Chylomicrons transport dietary fats to ___________ through the blood. A. bones and cartilage B. neurons and neuroglia C. the liver and gallbladder D. muscle and adipose cells E. the brain and brainstem |
D. muscle and adipose cells |
VLDL are produced in which organ? A. Pancreas B. Liver C. Kidneys D. Stomach E. Brain |
B. Liver |
Receptor-mediated endocytosis removes _______ from plasma, supplying cholesterol for the body. A. VLDL B. LDL C. HDL D. triglycerides E. cholesterol |
B. LDL |
________ pick up cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and return it to the liver. A. VLDLs B. LDLs C. HDLs D. Triglycerides E. Plasma proteins |
C. HDLs |
One of the major functions of the large intestine is to A. secrete digestive enzymes. B. absorb ingested water. C. regulate the release of bile. D. break down hemoglobin. E. digest alcohol. |
B. absorb ingested water |
During the defecation reflex, the A. diaphragm is lowered. B. glottis is opened. C. abdominal wall muscles relax. D. internal abdominal pressure is decreased. E. none of the above. |
A. diaphragm is lowered. |
Enlarged blood vessels of the anal columns is called A. peritonitis. B. hemorrhoids. C. diarrhea. D. asteroids. E. flatulence. |
B. hemorrhoids |
Feces contain A. mucus. B. electrolytes. C. bacteria. D. undigested food. E. all of the above |
E. all of the above |
Which of the following is a function of the large intestine? A. Absorption of water and electrolytes B. Digestion of amino acids C. Absorption of food molecules D. Synthesis of cholesterol E. Breakdown of alcohol |
A. Absorption of water and electrolytes |
Feces are about ____ percent water. A. 25 B. 33 C. 50 D. 75 E. 100 |
D. 75 |
Changes in the mouth associated with aging include A. overgrowth of gums. B. thinning enamel. C. thinning cementum. D. shrinking dentin. E. all of the above |
B. thinning enamel |
Lydia goes online to meet a man and finds someone nice, but is turned off because he says he has xerostomia. The man has A. a sexually-transmitted disease. B. an extra stomach. C. bad breath. D. dry mouth. E. a peptic ulcer. |
D. dry mouth. |
Factors that may affect the rate of absorption of certain medications with age include A. slowing of the exit of chyme from the stomach. B. slowing peristalsis. C. thinning of the stomach lining. D. slowed secretion of intrinsic factor. E. all of the above. |
E. all of the above. |
Bacteria cause dental caries by A. infecting the gums. B. cracking the teeth and invading the crevices. C. metabolizing carbohydrates in food, producing acidic by-products that damage enamel and dentin. D. secreting acids that dissolve enamel. E. destroying the gums so that the teeth loosen. |
C. metabolizing carbohydrates in food, producing acidic by-products that damage enamel and dentin. |
Over-the-counter antacids usually include A. interferon. B. sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium. C. a mixture of digestive juices. D. anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen. E. agents that lower the pH in the stomach |
B. sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium |
An extracorporeal liver assist device is very similar to A. an artificial heart. B. artificial skin. C. kidney dialysis. D. a blood transfusion. E. none of the above. |
C. kidney dialysis. |
Hepatitis B can be transmitted by means of A. sexual activity. B. blood transfusions. C. saliva. D. hypodermic needles. E. all of the above. |
E. all of the above. |
The tissues turning yellow (jaundice) is due to the accumulation of A. cholesterol. B. bile pigments. C. carotene. D. hemoglobin A. E. uric acid. |
B. bile pigments. |
Hepatitis C is not transmissible A. by sharing razors. B. from mother to baby. C. from uncooked meats. D. from contaminated water. E. from a blood transfusion. |
C. from uncooked meats. |
An X-rays series of the bile ducts is called a A. cholangiogram. B. cholecystogram. C. cholecystectomy. D. cholelithiasis. E. papillotomy. |
A. cholangiogram |
The disorder of the large intestine producing a "cobblestone" effect within the tissues of the colon is A. colorectal cancer. B. hemorrhoids. C. Crohn's disease. D. ulcerative colitis. E. diarrhea. |
C. Crohn's disease. |
The organs of the alimentary canal are innervated by sympathetic as well as by parasympathetic nerve fibers. |
True |
Peristalsis mixes food in small segments of the alimentary canal with digestive enzymes. |
False |
The chamber of the mouth between the tongue and the palate is the vestibule. |
False |
A set of primary teeth consists of 20 teeth, whereas a set of secondary teeth consists of 32 teeth. |
True |
The parotid gland differs from the submandibular and sublingual glands in that it secretes a clear fluid that is rich in amylase. |
True |
The esophagus provides a passageway for substances from the larynx to the bronchi. |
False |
The stomach is C-shaped and extends from the duodenum to the spleen. |
False |
The pyloric sphincter serves as a valve that controls the movement of food between the esophagus and stomach. |
False |
Fatty foods stay in the stomach longer than protein or carbohydrate foods. |
True |
The enterogastric reflex begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine. |
False |
Pancreatic acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice. |
True |
The hepatic duct connects the gallbladder to the bile duct. |
False |
Bile is composed of HCl, pepsin, mucus, and intrinsic factor. |
False |
Cholecystokinin, a hormone released from intestinal mucosa as a result of stimulation by the presence of fats in the small intestine, stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum. |
True |
Bile salts function as digestive enzymes to break down fatty acids. |
False |
Lymph transports fat molecules with longer chains of carbon atoms away from the intestine. |
True |
From the stomach, food passes into the duodenum, then the jejunum, and then the ileum. |
True |
The movement of chyme through the small intestine is increased by parasympathetic impulses and is inhibited by sympathetic impulses. |
True |
The cecum is located at the inferior end of the descending colon. |
False |
The _________ canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal. |
Alimentary |
The passageway through the digestive tube is called the _____. |
lumen |
Chisel-shaped teeth are _______. |
incisors |
______ ions help to regulate the pH of saliva. |
Bicarbonate |
The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal |
Hiatus |
The _________ reflex regulates the rate at which chyme leaves the stomach. |
enterogastric |
Pancreatic fluid contains a high concentration of ______ ______, which makes it alkaline. |
bicarbonate ions |
The process by which bile breaks down fat globules into smaller droplets is ______. |
emulsification |
Bile salts aid the absorption of _________ vitamins. |
fat-soluble |
Large, fixed phagocytes in the lining of the hepatic sinusoids are _______ cells. |
Kupffer |
Intrinsic factor is necessary for the normal absorption of ______ ______ from the small intestine. |
Vitamin B12 |
The double-layered folds of peritoneum that support portions of the small intestine are called ______. |
mesenteries |
The sphincter muscle located between the small intestine and the large intestine is the ______ ______. |
ileocecal valve |