Articulation-Joints, Articulation-Joints (another), Articulations- Synovial Joint structure and types, A&P Joints and Movement

Classifications of Joints by Movement (3)

– Synarthrosis – Amphiarthrosis – Diarthrosis

Synarthrosis

little or no movement

Synarthrosis Examples

-Skull Sutures -Teeth in sockets

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable

Amphiarthrosis Examples

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Diarthrosis

freely movable

Darthrosis Examples

shoulder, elbow, carpal joints, tarsal joints

Classification of Joints by their Physical Nature (3)

-Fibrous -Cartilaginous -Synovial

Fibrous

collagen fibers spanning the space between bones

Fibrous Examples

skull sutures, teeth in sockets, distal radioulnar joints

Cartilaginous

2 bones bound to each other by cartilage

Cartilaginous Examples

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Synovial

bones held together by joint capsule filled with synovial fluid

Synovial Examples

shoulder, elbow, carpal joints, knee, tarsal joints

Synarthrotic Joints

-no movement between bones

Types of Synarthrotic Joints (4)

-Suture -Gomphosis -Synchondrosis -Synostosis

Suture

-Fibrous Joint -Ex. adjacent bones in the cranium

Gomphosis

-Fibrous Joint -Ex. teeth in sockets of mandible or maxilla

Synchondrosis

-Hyaline cartilaginous joint -Ex. joint between epiphyses and diaphyses of growing bones

Synostosis

-occurs when two bones fuse and the joint becomes a bony joint -Ex. ossification occurs with age between some cranial sutures and epiphyses and diaphyses of the long bones

Amphiarthrotic Joints: definition & types (3)

-Limited range of motion -Syndesmosis -Synchondrosis -Symphysis

Syndesmosis

-most movable -Fibrous joint: 2 bones bound by ligament only -Ex. distal radius and ulna or distal tibia and fibula

Synchondrosis

-bones are bound by hyaline cartialge -Ex. rib attachment to sternum by costal cartilage

Symphysis

-least movable -bones are jointed by fibrocartilage -Ex. Pubic Symphysis

Diarthrotic Joints

-all are synovial joints -most are freely movable

Synovial Joint

joint in which 2 bones are separated by a space in a joint called a cavity

Fibrous Capsule

-in synovial joint -outer part of joint, fused with ligaments

Synovial Membrane

-inside joint capsule -secretes synovial fluid

Synovial Fluid

lubricates the articular cartilage to reduce friction

Synovial Cavity

space inside the joint between teh two articulating bones

Articular Cartilage

hyaline cartilage covering the ens of the bones in the synovial cavity

Types of Synovial Joints (6)

-hinge (elbow) -pivot (leg) -ball & socket (shoulder) -condyloid (wrist) -gliding (tarsus) -saddle (thumb)

Gliding Joint

allows movement between 2 plane surfaces (clavicle)

Hinge Joint

-one bone with convex surface that fits -change the angle between bones -angular movement

Pivot Joint

-one bone has a projection that fits into a ringlike ligament of another -allow for rotational movement between 2 bones (radius, ulna)

Condyloid Joint

-a convex surface articulates with a concave surface -allows significant movement in two planes (wrist)

Saddle Joint

-2 concave surfaces that articulate with one another -similar but greater movement than a condyloid joint (between metacarpal & carpal)

Ball & Socket Joint

-smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression -extensive movement, et less stable (dislocation; shoulder)

The figure illustrates a posterior view of the right knee joint. What does "A" represent?
#1

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

The figure illustrates a posterior view of the right knee joint. What does "E" represent?
#2

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

The sagittal suture is between the

two parietal bones.

Joints are classified according to the

structure of the joint.

#5 (X) In a syndesmosis

the bones are held together by ligaments called interosseous membranes.

Cartilaginous joints

unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.

A synchondrosis

may be temporary.

Which of the following is NOT a cartilaginous joint?

epiphyseal plates intervertebral disks X-fontanelles sternocostal joint manubriosternal joint

A sharp object penetrated a synovial joint. From the following list of structures, select the order in which they were penetrated.
(1) tendon or muscle
(2) ligament
(3) fibrous capsule
(4) skin
(5) synovial membrane

4, 1, 2, 3, 5

The joint capsule

is a double layer of tissue that encloses a joint.

The fibrous capsule

is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum.

Synovial fluid

is a thin lubricating film covering the surface of a joint.

#13 (X) A pivot joint

restricts movement to rotation.

A joint that consists of two opposed flat surfaces of approximately equal size is a _____ joint.

plane

This type of joint is multiaxial allowing a wide range of movement.

ball and socket

A biaxial joint has movement

around two axes at right angles to one another.

#17 (X) The joint between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is a _____ joint.

pivot

#18 (X) Which of the following movements is an example of extension?

using your finger to point out an area on a map

The opposite of supination is

pronation

The opposite of extension is

flexion

The opposite of eversion is

inversion

The anterior cruciate ligament prevents _____ displacement of the tibia.

anterior

The knee joint is an example of a _____ joint.

complex ellipsoid

Which of the following is mismatched?

shoulder joint – coracohumeral ligament elbow joint – radial collateral ligaments X hip joint – cruciate ligaments knee joint – patellar ligaments ankle – calcaneofibular ligament

Which of the following does NOT occur due to the effects of aging on the joints?

decreased range of motion decreased flexibility and elasticity X increased production of synovial fluid weakening of muscles decreased tissue repair

Arthritis is

an inflammation of any joint.

Lyme disease is

a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks.

Osteoarthritis is

the most common type of arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is

a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease.

Gout is

a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood.

Osteoarthritis usually is caused by

wear and tear of the joint.

#32 What does structure "A" represent on the diagram?

bursa

What does structure "B" represent on the diagram?

articular cartilage

What does structure "C" represent on the diagram?

tendon

What does structure "D" represent on the diagram?

synovial membrane

What does structure "E" represent on the diagram?

fibrous capsule

#37 The figure illustrates bones, fontanels, and sutures on the fetal skull. What does "A" represent?

parietal bone

The figure illustrates bones, fontanels, and sutures on the fetal skull. What does "B" represent?

anterior fontanel

The figure illustrates bones, fontanels, and sutures on the fetal skull. What does "C" represent?

sagittal suture

The figure illustrates bones, fontanels, and sutures on the fetal skull. What does "D" represent?

posterior fontanel

An example of a symphysis is the

intervertebral joint.

Synovial joints are different from both fibrous and cartilaginous joints because synovial joints

are enclosed by a joint capsule.

Synovial fluid

decreases friction between bones.

The function of a bursa is to

provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction.

An example of a saddle joint is the

carpometacarpal joint.

Bowing the head is an example of

flexion

The thick fibrocartilage disks found in the knee joint are called

menisci

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify how each theoretical condition would alter body function.
#49

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the groups and subgroups associated with joint classification.
#48

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position. Then, place each sentence in order of mobility beginning with the least mobile.
#50

The inner layer of the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid is the:

synovial membrane

The __________ provides a smooth surface for the articulation of the bones within a joint.

articular cartilage

Label the structures of a synovial joint.
#53

Label the structures of a synovial joint.
#54

#55 (XX) The __________ tendon passes through the capsule of the shoulder joint before attaching to the scapula.

biceps brachii

Label the structures in an anterior view of the internal aspect of the right hip joint.
#56

The joint capsule of synovial joints consists of an outer ____________ and an inner ___________.

fibrous layer, synovial membrane

The synovial fluid in synovial joints consists of ___________.

serum filtrate polysaccharides proteins X all of these choices are correct

Which of these joints is correctly matched to the type of synovial joint?

intercarpal – plane X knee – hinge coxal – hip radiocarpal (wrist) – saddle

The hip joint, which is a ball and socket joint, is an example of a biaxial joint.

False (multiaxial)

Adduction and abduction are examples of ____________.

angular movement

With age, the following conditions can occur at the joints:

Range of motion decreases Production of synovial fluid decreases. The rate of cartilage replacement decreases. X All of these choices are correct

Correctly label the following components of cartilaginous joints.
#63

Classify the following images into the types of synovial joints they represent.
#64

The epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child are bound by a

synchondrosis

Some joints become synostoses by

the replacement of fibers with bone.

Identify which type of movement is occurring in each figure.
#67

#68 (X) Which of the following commonly occur at the joints in elderly individuals? Check all that are correct.

X Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis X Articular cartilage begins to break down in weight-bearing joints Joints become more flexible (As a result of repetitive wear-and-tear over time, osteoarthritis is a common result. When the articular cartilage breaks down, the bones rub against each other, causing pain and stiffness in the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder, and is most often diagnosed in younger and middle-aged adults.)

Indicate whether either motion is abduction or adduction.
#69

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the groups and subgroups associated with joint classification.
#70

(X) Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the degrees of freedom for each joint.
#71

Fill in the table with the items provided.
#72

(XX) Place the following terms or examples with the correct category.
#73

(X) Place the following terms or examples with the correct category.
#74

Symphyses can be found in the _____________.

intervertebral joints

_____ synovial joints are diarthroses.

All

The multiaxial joint in which the spherical end of one bone fits into the cuplike socket of the other bone is called a ___________ joint.

ball-and-socket

From a relaxed, standing position, as you bring your arms up laterally so that they are straight out from your sides to stretch in the morning, the motion of the arms is called ____________. When you put your arms straight back down to your sides and then reach both hands up to rub your eyes, the motion that results at the elbow joint is called __________.

abduction, flexion

#79 (X) Choose the statement that correctly pairs the type of cartilaginous joint with its example.

The joint between the bodies of two vertebrae is an example of a symphysis joint. An example of a symphysis joint is one between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child, formed by the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate. An example of a synchondrosis joint is the attachment of the first rib to the sternum by hyaline costal cartilage. X The first and third choices are correct. The first and second choices are correct.

With age, the following conditions can occur at the joints

range of motion decreases. production of synovial fluid decreases. the rate of cartilage replacement decreases. X All of these choices are correct.

A gomphosis is functionally classified as a

synarthrosis

An arthritic joint contains damage to the hyaline cartilage covering the articulating bones. In other words, the ________ has been damaged.

articular cartilage

Synovial fluid is found

within the synovial cavity.

If a joint moves in all three planes of space, it is classified as

mutliaxial

The arm can move in the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes of space. Therefore, the shoulder joint is classified as

multiaxial

When kicking a ball forward, the knee is

extended

Which action describes turning the sole of the foot medially, as in checking the bottom of a shoe for gum?

Inversion

The elbow performs flexion and extension, and is therefore a _________ joint.

hinge

The knee joint performs primarily flexion and extension, so it is classified as a __________ joint.

hinge

Which is not a part of all synovial joints?

Labrum

Which is not a type of synovial joint?

Suture

Which part of a synovial joint may be reinforced by ligaments and tendons?

Articular capsule

A meniscus could be found in which joint?

Knee

All synovial joints allow movement in multiple planes.

False

(Review Video on #90)

(Review Video on #90)

Which of the following are locations where you would find a synchondrosis? Check all that are correct.

X Epiphyseal plates in children Between the bones of the skull in adults X The first sternocostal joint (between the first rib and the sternum) X Between each rib and its costal cartilage

Select all that are true of synovial fluid.

X Serves to lubricate the joint X Is secreted by the synovial membrane X Nourishes chondrocytes within the articular cartilage X Absorbs shock in the joint

Select all the tissues that form during fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joint development.

X Dense fibrous connective tissue X Hyaline cartilage X Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage

A place where a bone contacts another bone is called a joint or a(n) ______________.

articulation

#99 (X) The type of fibrous joints that are immobile and found only between certain bones of the skull are called ___________.

suture

Symphyses are slightly mobile joints where the articulating bones contain a pad of _________ between them.

fibrocartilage

Classifications of Joints by Movement (3)

– Synarthrosis – Amphiarthrosis – Diarthrosis

Synarthrosis

little or no movement

Synarthrosis Examples

-Skull Sutures -Teeth in sockets

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable

Amphiarthrosis Examples

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Diarthrosis

freely movable

Darthrosis Examples

shoulder, elbow, carpal joints, tarsal joints

Classification of Joints by their Physical Nature (3)

-Fibrous -Cartilaginous -Synovial

Fibrous

collagen fibers spanning the space between bones

Fibrous Examples

skull sutures, teeth in sockets, distal radioulnar joints

Cartilaginous

2 bones bound to each other by cartilage

Cartilaginous Examples

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Synovial

bones held together by joint capsule filled with synovial fluid

Synovial Examples

shoulder, elbow, carpal joints, knee, tarsal joints

Synarthrotic Joints

-no movement between bones

Types of Synarthrotic Joints (4)

-Suture -Gomphosis -Synchondrosis -Synostosis

Suture

-Fibrous Joint -Ex. adjacent bones in the cranium

Gomphosis

-Fibrous Joint -Ex. teeth in sockets of mandible or maxilla

Synchondrosis

-Hyaline cartilaginous joint -Ex. joint between epiphyses and diaphyses of growing bones

Synostosis

-occurs when two bones fuse and the joint becomes a bony joint -Ex. ossification occurs with age between some cranial sutures and epiphyses and diaphyses of the long bones

Amphiarthrotic Joints: definition & types (3)

-Limited range of motion -Syndesmosis -Synchondrosis -Symphysis

Syndesmosis

-most movable -Fibrous joint: 2 bones bound by ligament only -Ex. distal radius and ulna or distal tibia and fibula

Synchondrosis

-bones are bound by hyaline cartialge -Ex. rib attachment to sternum by costal cartilage

Symphysis

-least movable -bones are jointed by fibrocartilage -Ex. Pubic Symphysis

Diarthrotic Joints

-all are synovial joints -most are freely movable

Synovial Joint

joint in which 2 bones are separated by a space in a joint called a cavity

Fibrous Capsule

-in synovial joint -outer part of joint, fused with ligaments

Synovial Membrane

-inside joint capsule -secretes synovial fluid

Synovial Fluid

lubricates the articular cartilage to reduce friction

Synovial Cavity

space inside the joint between teh two articulating bones

Articular Cartilage

hyaline cartilage covering the ens of the bones in the synovial cavity

Types of Synovial Joints (6)

-hinge (elbow) -pivot (leg) -ball & socket (shoulder) -condyloid (wrist) -gliding (tarsus) -saddle (thumb)

Gliding Joint

allows movement between 2 plane surfaces (clavicle)

Hinge Joint

-one bone with convex surface that fits -change the angle between bones -angular movement

Pivot Joint

-one bone has a projection that fits into a ringlike ligament of another -allow for rotational movement between 2 bones (radius, ulna)

Condyloid Joint

-a convex surface articulates with a concave surface -allows significant movement in two planes (wrist)

Saddle Joint

-2 concave surfaces that articulate with one another -similar but greater movement than a condyloid joint (between metacarpal & carpal)

Ball & Socket Joint

-smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression -extensive movement, et less stable (dislocation; shoulder)

The figure illustrates a posterior view of the right knee joint. What does "A" represent?
#1

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

The figure illustrates a posterior view of the right knee joint. What does "E" represent?
#2

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

The sagittal suture is between the

two parietal bones.

Joints are classified according to the

structure of the joint.

#5 (X) In a syndesmosis

the bones are held together by ligaments called interosseous membranes.

Cartilaginous joints

unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.

A synchondrosis

may be temporary.

Which of the following is NOT a cartilaginous joint?

epiphyseal plates intervertebral disks X-fontanelles sternocostal joint manubriosternal joint

A sharp object penetrated a synovial joint. From the following list of structures, select the order in which they were penetrated.
(1) tendon or muscle
(2) ligament
(3) fibrous capsule
(4) skin
(5) synovial membrane

4, 1, 2, 3, 5

The joint capsule

is a double layer of tissue that encloses a joint.

The fibrous capsule

is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum.

Synovial fluid

is a thin lubricating film covering the surface of a joint.

#13 (X) A pivot joint

restricts movement to rotation.

A joint that consists of two opposed flat surfaces of approximately equal size is a _____ joint.

plane

This type of joint is multiaxial allowing a wide range of movement.

ball and socket

A biaxial joint has movement

around two axes at right angles to one another.

#17 (X) The joint between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is a _____ joint.

pivot

#18 (X) Which of the following movements is an example of extension?

using your finger to point out an area on a map

The opposite of supination is

pronation

The opposite of extension is

flexion

The opposite of eversion is

inversion

The anterior cruciate ligament prevents _____ displacement of the tibia.

anterior

The knee joint is an example of a _____ joint.

complex ellipsoid

Which of the following is mismatched?

shoulder joint – coracohumeral ligament elbow joint – radial collateral ligaments X hip joint – cruciate ligaments knee joint – patellar ligaments ankle – calcaneofibular ligament

Which of the following does NOT occur due to the effects of aging on the joints?

decreased range of motion decreased flexibility and elasticity X increased production of synovial fluid weakening of muscles decreased tissue repair

Arthritis is

an inflammation of any joint.

Lyme disease is

a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks.

Osteoarthritis is

the most common type of arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is

a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease.

Gout is

a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood.

Osteoarthritis usually is caused by

wear and tear of the joint.

#32 What does structure "A" represent on the diagram?

bursa

What does structure "B" represent on the diagram?

articular cartilage

What does structure "C" represent on the diagram?

tendon

What does structure "D" represent on the diagram?

synovial membrane

What does structure "E" represent on the diagram?

fibrous capsule

#37 The figure illustrates bones, fontanels, and sutures on the fetal skull. What does "A" represent?

parietal bone

The figure illustrates bones, fontanels, and sutures on the fetal skull. What does "B" represent?

anterior fontanel

The figure illustrates bones, fontanels, and sutures on the fetal skull. What does "C" represent?

sagittal suture

The figure illustrates bones, fontanels, and sutures on the fetal skull. What does "D" represent?

posterior fontanel

An example of a symphysis is the

intervertebral joint.

Synovial joints are different from both fibrous and cartilaginous joints because synovial joints

are enclosed by a joint capsule.

Synovial fluid

decreases friction between bones.

The function of a bursa is to

provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction.

An example of a saddle joint is the

carpometacarpal joint.

Bowing the head is an example of

flexion

The thick fibrocartilage disks found in the knee joint are called

menisci

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify how each theoretical condition would alter body function.
#49

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the groups and subgroups associated with joint classification.
#48

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position. Then, place each sentence in order of mobility beginning with the least mobile.
#50

The inner layer of the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid is the:

synovial membrane

The __________ provides a smooth surface for the articulation of the bones within a joint.

articular cartilage

Label the structures of a synovial joint.
#53

Label the structures of a synovial joint.
#54

#55 (XX) The __________ tendon passes through the capsule of the shoulder joint before attaching to the scapula.

biceps brachii

Label the structures in an anterior view of the internal aspect of the right hip joint.
#56

The joint capsule of synovial joints consists of an outer ____________ and an inner ___________.

fibrous layer, synovial membrane

The synovial fluid in synovial joints consists of ___________.

serum filtrate polysaccharides proteins X all of these choices are correct

Which of these joints is correctly matched to the type of synovial joint?

intercarpal – plane X knee – hinge coxal – hip radiocarpal (wrist) – saddle

The hip joint, which is a ball and socket joint, is an example of a biaxial joint.

False (multiaxial)

Adduction and abduction are examples of ____________.

angular movement

With age, the following conditions can occur at the joints:

Range of motion decreases Production of synovial fluid decreases. The rate of cartilage replacement decreases. X All of these choices are correct

Correctly label the following components of cartilaginous joints.
#63

Classify the following images into the types of synovial joints they represent.
#64

The epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child are bound by a

synchondrosis

Some joints become synostoses by

the replacement of fibers with bone.

Identify which type of movement is occurring in each figure.
#67

#68 (X) Which of the following commonly occur at the joints in elderly individuals? Check all that are correct.

X Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis X Articular cartilage begins to break down in weight-bearing joints Joints become more flexible (As a result of repetitive wear-and-tear over time, osteoarthritis is a common result. When the articular cartilage breaks down, the bones rub against each other, causing pain and stiffness in the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder, and is most often diagnosed in younger and middle-aged adults.)

Indicate whether either motion is abduction or adduction.
#69

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the groups and subgroups associated with joint classification.
#70

(X) Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the degrees of freedom for each joint.
#71

Fill in the table with the items provided.
#72

(XX) Place the following terms or examples with the correct category.
#73

(X) Place the following terms or examples with the correct category.
#74

Symphyses can be found in the _____________.

intervertebral joints

_____ synovial joints are diarthroses.

All

The multiaxial joint in which the spherical end of one bone fits into the cuplike socket of the other bone is called a ___________ joint.

ball-and-socket

From a relaxed, standing position, as you bring your arms up laterally so that they are straight out from your sides to stretch in the morning, the motion of the arms is called ____________. When you put your arms straight back down to your sides and then reach both hands up to rub your eyes, the motion that results at the elbow joint is called __________.

abduction, flexion

#79 (X) Choose the statement that correctly pairs the type of cartilaginous joint with its example.

The joint between the bodies of two vertebrae is an example of a symphysis joint. An example of a symphysis joint is one between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child, formed by the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate. An example of a synchondrosis joint is the attachment of the first rib to the sternum by hyaline costal cartilage. X The first and third choices are correct. The first and second choices are correct.

With age, the following conditions can occur at the joints

range of motion decreases. production of synovial fluid decreases. the rate of cartilage replacement decreases. X All of these choices are correct.

A gomphosis is functionally classified as a

synarthrosis

An arthritic joint contains damage to the hyaline cartilage covering the articulating bones. In other words, the ________ has been damaged.

articular cartilage

Synovial fluid is found

within the synovial cavity.

If a joint moves in all three planes of space, it is classified as

mutliaxial

The arm can move in the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes of space. Therefore, the shoulder joint is classified as

multiaxial

When kicking a ball forward, the knee is

extended

Which action describes turning the sole of the foot medially, as in checking the bottom of a shoe for gum?

Inversion

The elbow performs flexion and extension, and is therefore a _________ joint.

hinge

The knee joint performs primarily flexion and extension, so it is classified as a __________ joint.

hinge

Which is not a part of all synovial joints?

Labrum

Which is not a type of synovial joint?

Suture

Which part of a synovial joint may be reinforced by ligaments and tendons?

Articular capsule

A meniscus could be found in which joint?

Knee

All synovial joints allow movement in multiple planes.

False

(Review Video on #90)

(Review Video on #90)

Which of the following are locations where you would find a synchondrosis? Check all that are correct.

X Epiphyseal plates in children Between the bones of the skull in adults X The first sternocostal joint (between the first rib and the sternum) X Between each rib and its costal cartilage

Select all that are true of synovial fluid.

X Serves to lubricate the joint X Is secreted by the synovial membrane X Nourishes chondrocytes within the articular cartilage X Absorbs shock in the joint

Select all the tissues that form during fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joint development.

X Dense fibrous connective tissue X Hyaline cartilage X Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage

A place where a bone contacts another bone is called a joint or a(n) ______________.

articulation

#99 (X) The type of fibrous joints that are immobile and found only between certain bones of the skull are called ___________.

suture

Symphyses are slightly mobile joints where the articulating bones contain a pad of _________ between them.

fibrocartilage

synovial cavity (filled with synovial fluid)

outer fibrous capsule

synovial membrane

(the red colored line)

articular cartilage

joint capsule

numbers 5 and 2 together form the….

ligament

what is number 3 pointing to?

periosteum

what is number 1 pointing to?

bursa

what is the name of this synovial fluid-filled sac that prevents friction between adjacent parts of the skeletal system?

tendon sheath

a tubular shaped bursa around a tendon is called a….

articular disc

identify this fibrocartilage "pad" that prevents bone to bone contact in many synovial joints.

hinge

What type of synovial joint is this?

condyloid

What type of synovial joint is this?

condyloid

What type of synovial joint is this?

condyloid

What type of synovial joint is this?

condyloid

What type of synovial joint is this?

hinge

What type of synovial joint is this?

hinge

What type of synovial joint is this?

ball and socket

What type of synovial joint is the glenohumeral joint?

ball and socket

What type of synovial joint is this?

ball and socket

What type of synovial joint is the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

gliding

What type of synovial joint is this?

gliding

What type of synovial joint is this?

gliding

What type of synovial joint is this?

saddle

What type of synovial joint is this?

pivot

What type of synovial joint is this?

pivot

What type of synovial joint is this?

Joints are commonly named according to the (?).

(?) = bones or portions of bones that join together

Joints are classified structurally according to the (?).

(?) = major connective tissue type that binds the bones together and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is present

Joints can also be classified in functional categories according to their degree of motion as (?).

(?) = synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses

synarthroses

nonmovable joints

amphiarthroses

slightly movable joints

diarthroses

freely movable joints

The (?) joint is between the temporal bone and the mandible.

(?) = temporomandibular

In general, (?) joints have little or no movement.

(?) = fibrous and cartilaginous

Generally, (?) joints have considerable movement.

(?) = synovial

fibrous joints

bones connected by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity

types of fibrous joints

sutures syndesmoses gomphoses

types of cartilaginous joints

synchondroses symphyses

examples of suture joints

coronal lambdoid sagittal squamous

examples of syndesmoses

radioulnar stylohyoid stylomandibular tibiofibular

examples of gomphoses joints

dentoalveolar

examples of synchondroses joints

epiphyseal plate sternocostal sphenoocipital

examples of symphyses

intervertebral manubriosternal symphysis pubis xiphisternal

sutures

junction between flat bones of the skull

The movement of the foot downward occurs when jumping is called (?).

(?) = plantar flexion

(?) = dorsiflexion

The movement in (A) is (?).

(?) = plantar flexion

The movement in (B) is (?).

Movement of the ankle joint, so that the toes at the top of the foot move superiorly, is called (?).

(?) = dorsiflexion

Moving the toes and top of the foot inferiorly ("pointing the toes") is called (?).

(?) = plantar flexion

Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body is called (?).

(?) = abduction

Movement of a part of the body toward the midline of the body or structure is called (?).

(?) = adduction

types of circular movements allowed at synovial joints

circumduction rotation pronation

Turning the head left and right, as in saying "no" is an example of (?).

(?) = rotation

A movement of the forearm that turns the palm forward or upward is called (?).

(?) = supination

A movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly or downward is called (?).

(?) = pronation

Joints are typically named for (?).

(?) = the bones involved in the joint

A point where two bone meet is called a (?).

(?) = joint

In a newborn, some of the sutures have a membranous area called a (?), so named because the membrane can be seen to move with the pulse.

(?) = fontanel

When a suture becomes fully ossified, it becomes a (?), which is the result when two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone.

(?) = synostosis

A (?) is a slightly movable type of a fibrous joint.

(?) = syndemosis

Movement of a joint is a (?) classification.

(?) = functional

The classification of a joint as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial describes (?).

(?) = how the bone ends are held together within the joint

Describe the structural classification of fibrous joints.

two bones united by fibrous connective tissue

Describe the structural classification of cartilaginous joints.

two bones united by cartilage

Describe the structural classification of synovial joints.

two bones united with an articular capsule and fluid

Structural composition and degree of movement are two ways to classify (?).

(?) = joints

Classifying by function (degree of movement), the elbow joint is classified as a (?).

(?) = diarthosis

Any joint consisting of two bones joined by dense regular connective tissue without a joint cavity would be classified as a (?) joint.

(?) = fibrous

Joints are classified (?) based on whether there is a space between the articulating bones and the type of connective tissue that binds the articulating surfaces.

(?) = strucuturally

Joints are classified (?) based on the extent of movement they permit.

(?) = functionally

The mobility and stability/function of a joint is determined by its (?).

(?) = structure

If a joint is highly stable, it has (?) mobility.

(?) = limited

If a joint is highly unstable, it has (?) mobility.

(?) = much

synovial joints

freely mobile articulations where the bones are separated by a joint cavity

Most of the joints in the body are (?) joints.

(?) = synovial

A synovial joint may be described as a joint (?).

(?) = separated by a narrow, fluid-filled space allowing for significant mobility

The joint between the two pubic bones is specifically classified as a (?).

(?) = symphysis

The ligament that binds the radius and ulna together in the center of the bones is a (?) joint.

(?) = syndesmosis

An articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage is called a (?).

(?) = synchondrosis

Functionally, all (?) are immobile.

(?) = syndrondroses

(?) are the articulations between the roots of individual teeth with the alveolar processes (sockets) of the mandible and maxillae.

(?) = gomphoses

What bones are joined at the lambdoid suture?

occipital and parietal

A gomphosis is structurally classified as a (?) joint.

(?) = fibrous

The two parietal bones are joined at the superior midline of the skull by the (?) suture.

(?) = sagittal

sutures in the adult skull

sagittal squamous coronal lambdoid

Both parietal bones join with the frontal bone at the (?) suture.

(?) = coronal

On each side of the head, a parietal and a temporal bone are joined with a (?) suture.

(?) = squamous

frontal + parietal = (?) suture

(?) = coronal

occipital + parietal = (?) suture

(?) = lambdoid

parietal + parietal = (?) suture

(?) = sagittal

parietal + temporal = (?) suture

(?) = squamous

radius + ulna = (?) syndesmoses

(?) = radioulnar

styloid process + hyoid bone = (?) syndesmoses

(?) = stylohyoid

styloid process + mandible = (?) syndesmoses

(?) = stylomandibular

tibia + fibula = (?) syndesmoses

(?) = tibiofibular

tooth + alveolar process = (?) gomphoses

(?) = dentoalveolar

diaphysis + epiphysis of a long bone = (?) synchondroses

(?) = epiphyseal plate

Anterior cartilaginous part of first rib,

sternocostal

sphenoid + occipital = (?) synchondroses

(?) = sphenoocipital

bodies of adjacent vertebrae = (?) symphyses

(?) = intervertebral

manubrium + body of sternum = (?) symphyses

(?) = manubriosternal

hipbone + hipbone = (?)

(?) = symphysis pubis

xiphoid + body of sternum = (?) symphyses

(?) = xiphisternal

The two layers of the periosteum plus the dense fibrous connective tissue in between form a (?).

(?) = sutural ligament

(?) = coronal suture

(A) = (?)

(?) = sagittal suture

(B) = (?)

(?) = lambdoid suture

(C) = (?)

(?) = frontal bone

(D) = (?)

(?) = parietal bone

(E) = (?)

(?) = occipital bone

(F) = (?)

A (?) is a slightly movable type of fibrous joint that is joined by ligaments.

(?) = syndesmosis

periodontal ligament

connective tissue that surrounds the tooth root and attaches it to its bony socket

bone + cartilage + bone = (?) joint

(?) = cartilaginous

cartilaginous joint

bones connected by cartilage, including synchondroses and symphyses

bone + hyaline cartilage + bone = (?)

(?) = synchondrosis

An example of a (?) joint in an adult is the sternocostal synchondrosis between the first rib and the sternum by way of the first costal cartilage.

(?) = synchondrosis

symphysis

fibrocartilage joint between two bones

The articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints are covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartialge called (?).

(?) = articular cartilage

meniscus

crescent-shaped intraarticular fibrocartilage found in certain joints, such as the crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure of the knee

structural classification of the coronal suture

fibrous

structural classification of the carpometacarpal joint

synovial

structural classification of the public symphysis

cartilaginous

Synarthrotic fibrous joints between the bones of the skull are called (?).

(?) = sutures

A (?) is a type of mobile fibrous joint in which the bones are held together by a band of long collagen fibers.

(?) = syndesmosis

In reference to the degree of movement, most syndesmoses are (?).

(?) = slightly movable

(?) joints are between teeth and the mandible or maxillae, allowing slight movement during chewing.

(?) = gomphoses

cartilaginous joints

symphyses synchondroses

A joint in which hyaline cartialge binds bones together would be classified as a (?).

(?) = synchondrosis

A joint in which fibrocartilage binds bones together is a (?).

(?) = symphysis

The thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones at the joint is called the (?) cartilage.

(?) = articular

A fibrocartilage pad found between the bones within the knee joint is called a (?).

(?) = meniscus

What would happen if a synovial membrane covered the articular cartilage?

The synovial membrane (thin and delicate) would suffer damage if it covered the articular cartilage (which protects the ends of bones and may endure significant mechanical stress).

bursa

closed sac or pocket containing synovial fluid, usually found in areas where friction occurs

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

rheumatoid arthritis

the 2nd most common type of arthritis, affecting 3% of women and 1% of men; a severely disabling general connective tissue disorder that affects the skin, vessels, lungs, and other organs, but is most pronouned in the joints

general types of movement

gliding angular circular

gliding movements

the simplest types of movement that occur in plane joints between two flat or nearly flat surfaces that slide or glide over each other

angular movements

movement in which one part of a linear structure bends relative to another part of the structure, thereby changing the angle between the two parts

flexion

a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to being the articulating bones closer together

extension

a straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to extend the articulating bones

hyperextension

usually defined as extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees

Bending at the waist to one side is usually called (?) of the vertebral column, rather than abduction.

(?) = lateral flexion

rotation

the turning of a structure around its long axis

pronation

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly in relation to the anatomical position

supination

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly in relation to the anatomical position

circumduction

a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

elevation

movement of a structure superiorly

depression

movement of a structure inferiorly

protraction

a gliding motion that moves a structure in an anterior direction

retraction

a gliding motion that moves a structure in a posterior direction

opposition

movement of the thumb and little finger toward each other

inversion

turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially, toward the oppositie foot, with the weight on the outside edge of the foot

eversion

turns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally, with the weight on the inside edge of the foot

The narrow space separating bone bends with a synovial joint is called a (?) cavity.

(?) = joint

The fluid within the articular cavity is called (?) fluid.

(?) = synovial

An autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks joint tissues is called (?) arthitis.

(?) = rheumatoid

The types of movements that occur at a joint are determined by the (?).

shape of articulating surfaces types of connecting tissue tightness of ligaments

movement allowed at a synovial joint

angular circular gliding

The simplest types of movement at a synovial joint are (?) movements.

(?) = gliding

types of angular movements allowed at synovial joints

flexion abduction extension

The type of movement that bends a body part anterior to the coronal plane is called (?).

(?) = flexion

(?) = flexion and extension

The person in this image is demonstrating (?).

A movement that straightens a joint or moves a body part posterior to the coronal plane is called (?).

(?) = extension

An abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion is called (?).

(?) = hyperextension

A motion in which one end of an appendage is stationary while the other makes a circular motion is called (?), a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.

(?) = circumduction

A movement that lowers a body part inferiorly is called (?).

(?) = depression

A special movement that raises a body part superiorly is called (?).

(?) = elevation

The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane is called (?).

(?) = protraction

The posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane is called (?).

(?) = retraction

The movement of the thumb to touch the tip of the little finger is called (?).

(?) = opposition

Rolling the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot is facing medially is a special movement called (?).

(?) = inversion

The connective tissue structure that encloses a synovial joint cavity is the (?).

(?) = joint capsule

The fluid-filled space found in synovial joints is called the (?).

(?) = synovial cavity

dorsiflexion

movement of the foot towards the shin

lateral excursion

movement of the mandible to the right or left of the midline

The type of movements where one linear part of the body bends relative to another part would be (?) movements.

(?) = angular

range of motion

describes the amount of mobility that can be demonstrated in a given joint

The range of motion for a given joint is influenced by:

shape of the articular surfaces of the bones forming the joint amount and shape of articular cartilage strength and location of muscles associated with the joint amount of fluid in and around the joint amount of pain in and around the joint amount of use/disuse the joint has received over time

The mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form the (?).

(?) = temporomandibular joint

glenohumeral joint

a ball-and-socket joint that has less stability but more mobility than the other ball-and-socket joint, the hip

The rim of the glenoid cavity is built up slightly by the (?), a fibrocartilage ring to which the joint capsule is attached.

(?) = glenoid labrum

The stability of the shoulder joint is maintained by primarily (?).

(?) = four sets of ligaments and four muscles

glenohumeral ligament

three slightly thickened longitudinal sets of fibers on the anterior side of the capsule; extend from the humerus to the margin of the glenoid cavity

transverse humeral ligament

Lateral, transverse, fibrous thickening of the joint capsule; crosses between the greater and lesser tubercles and holds down the tendon from the long head of the biceps brachii muscle

coracohumeral ligament

crosses from the root of the coracoid process to the humeral neck

coracoacromial ligament

crosses above the joint between the coracoid process and the acromion process; an accessory, protective ligament

cubital joint

a compound hinge joint consisting of the humeroulnar joint and the humeroradial joint

humeroulnar joint

the joint between the humerus and radius

humeroradial joint

the joint between the humerus and radius

proximal radioulnar joint

the joint between the proximal radius and ulna

Movement at the elbow joint is limited to (?) because of the shape of the trochlear notch and its association with the trochlea of the humerus.

(?) = flexion and extension

Movement at the elbow joint is limited to flexion and extension because of the (?) and its association with the trochlea of the humerus.

(?) = shape of the trochlear notch

Movement at the elbow joint is limited to flexion and extension because of the shape of the trochlear notch and (?).

(?) = its association of the trochlea of the humerus

The femoral head articulates with the relatively deep, concave acetabulum of the hip bone to form the (?).

(?) = coxal joint

The head of the (?) is more nearly a complete ball than the articulating surface of any other bone of the body.

(?) = femur

The acetabulum is deepened and strengthened by the (?), a lip of fibrocartilage, which is incomplete inferiorly.

(?) = acetabular labrum

The (?) is a complex ellipsoid joint that allows flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation of the leg.

(?) = knee joint

The femur articulates with the (?), which is flattened and smooth laterally, with a crest called the intercondylar eminence in the center.

(?) = proximal end of the tibia

The margins of the tibia are built up by the (?)—thick, articular disks of fibrocartialge, which deepen the articular surface.

(?) = menisci

The fibula articulates only with the (?).

(?) = lateral side of the tibia

The knee joint is stabilized by a combination of (?).

(?) = ligaments and tendons

The major ligaments that provide knee joint stability are the (?) ligaments.

(?) = cruciate and collateral

Two cruciate ligaments extend between the (?) and the fossa of the femur.

(?) = intercondylar eminence of the tibia

The (?) prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur.

(?) = anterior cruciate ligament

The (?) prevents posterior displacement of the tibia.

(?) = posterior cruciate ligament

The (?) ligament stabilizes the medial sides of the knee.

(?) = medial collateral

The (?) stabilize the lateral sides of the knee.

(?) = lateral collateral

Joint strength in the knee is also provided by (?) that extend around the knee.

(?) = popliteal ligaments and thigh-muscle tendons

patellar ligament

Thick, heavy, fibrous band between the patella and the tibial tuberosity; actually part of the quadriceps femoris tendon

patellar retinaculum ligament

thin band from the margins of the patella to the sides of the tibial condyles

oblique popliteal ligament

thickening of the posterior capsule; extension of the semimembranous tendon

arcuate popliteal ligament

extends from the posterior fibular head to the posterior fibrous capsule

medial collateral ligament

thickening of the lateral capsule from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial surface of the tibia

lateral collateral ligament

round ligament extending from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the head of the fibula

anterior cruciate ligament

extends obliquely, superiorly, and posteriorly from the anterior intercondylar eminence of the tibia to the medial side of the lateral femoral condyle

posterior cruciate ligament

extends superiorly and anteriorly from the posterior intercondylar eminence to the lateral side of the medial condyle

coronary ligament

attaches the menisci to the tibial condyles

transverse ligament

connects the anterior portions of the medial and lateral menisci

meniscofemoral ligaments

joins the posterior part of the lateral menisci to the medial condyle of the femur, passing anterior and posterior to the posterior cruciate ligament

talocrural joint

a highly modified hinge joint formed by the distal tibia and fibula

medial ligament

thickening of the medial fibrous capsule that attaches the medial malleolus to the calcaneus, navicular, and talus

calcaneofibular ligament

extends from the lateral malleolus to the lateral surface of the calcaneus

anterior talofibular ligament

extends from the lateral malleolus to the neck of a talus; fused with the joint capsule

long plantar ligament

extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid and bases of metatarsal bones 2-5

plantar calcaneocuboid ligament

extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

extends from the calcaneus to the navicular

The amount of mobility at a given joint is its (?).

(?) = range of motion

The structure of the joint, the strength of ligaments, and the actions of muscles across a joint all determine the joint’s (?).

(?) = range of motion

movements that can occur (to some extent) at the shoulder AND hip joints

circumduction lateral rotation medial rotation flexion extension abduction adduction

The junction of the mandible and temporal bone of the skull is the (?) joint.

(?) = temporomandibular

The proper anatomical name for the shoulder joint is the (?) joint.

(?) = glenohumoral joint

The ring of fibrocartilage found around the margin of the glenoid cavity is called the glenoid (?).

(?) = labrum

The four muscles that hold the head of the humerus tightly within the glenoid cavity are collectively referred to as the (?).

(?) = rotator cuff

types of movements allowed at the elbow joint

extension supination pronation flexion

The rim of the fibrocartilage around the margin of the acetabulum is called the (?).

(?) = acetabular labrum

movements allowed at the knee joint

rotation extension flexion

The function of the menisci of the knee is to (?).

(?) = deepen the articular surface

At the knee, the fibula articulates with the (?) bone.

(?) = tibia