APUSH VOC-25

Stimson Doctrine

In 1932, the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force. It was enacted after Japan’s military seizure of Manchuria in 1931.

Good-neighbor policy

FDR’s policy towards Latin America emphasizing trade and cooperation rather than imperialistic intervention; aimed to reduce direct foreign intervention centered purely around economic motivation.

Pan American Conferences (1933, 1936)

At the seventh Pan-American Conference held at Montevideo in 1933, Secretary of State Cordell Hull voted for non-intervention. At the 1936 Buenos Aires meeting of the Pan-American Conference, the US offered to make the Monroe Doctrine multilateral. The Conference endorsed the non-intervention principle and agreed to consult in the face of danger.

London Economic Conference (1933)

Held in order to check world depression by means of currency stabilization. International disagreements and the attitude of the US kept the meeting from accomplishing anything and currency restrictions subsequently became more stringent throughout the world.

Soviet Union

A constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. From 1945 until its dissolution in 1991 – a period known as the Cold War – it and the United States were the two world superpowers that dominated the global agenda of economic policy, foreign affairs, and military operations.

Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934

Philippines In 1933 the U.S. had proposed granting the Philippines independence in 12 years while retaining its military bases there. The Philippines rejected the offer and asked for immediate commonwealth status with independence by 1946. The U.S. accepted their offer.

Cordell Hull

Secretary of State during FDR’s presidency. Believed in reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff; led to passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934; also believed in the Good Neighbor policy. Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, and was referred to by President Roosevelt as the "Father of the UN."

Fascism

Totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life. The name was first used by the party started by Benito Mussolini, who ruled Italy from 1922 until the Italian defeat in World War II. However, it has also been applied to similar ideologies in other countries, e.g., to National Socialism in Germany and to the regime of Francisco Franco in Spain.

Italian Fascist Party; Benito Mussolini

Prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. He established a repressive fascist regime that valued nationalism, militarism, anti-liberalism and anti-communism combined with strict censorship and state propaganda. Mussolini became a close ally of German dictator Adolf Hitler

German Nazi Party; Adolf Hitler

Chancellor of Germany from 1933, and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 until his death. He was leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), the Nazi Party, which consists of a loose collection of ideas and positions: extreme nationalism, racism, eugenics, totalitarianism, homophobia, anti-Semitism, anti-communism, and limits to freedom of religion.

Axis Powers

Those states opposed to the Allies during the Second World War. The three major Axis Powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan were part of an alliance. At their zenith, the Axis Powers ruled empires that dominated large parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Ocean, but the Second World War ended with their total defeat.

Isolationism

A foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military and a political policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). In other words, it asserts both of the following: Non-interventionism – Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense.

Nye Committee

Studied the causes of United States involvement in World War I between 1934 and 1936. There were seven members of what was officially known as Senate Munitions Investigating Committee. Senators Homer T. Bone, James P. Pope, Bennett Champ Clark, and Arthur H. Vandenberg served on the committee. Alger Hiss was the committee’s general counsel, Senator Gerald Nye lead it. Ninety-three hearings questioned more than two hundred witnesses. It found that the arms industry was at fault for price fixing and held excessive influence on American foreign policy leading up to and during World War I.

Manchuria (Manchukuo)

A territory of northeastern China constantly disputed over by Russia, China, and Japan between WWI and II. Japan occupied Manchuria in the 1930’s as a buffer zone between its mainland territory and the USSR.

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

A conflict in which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, defeated the Republicans or Loyalists of the Second Spanish Republic.

America First Committee

The foremost pressure group against US entry into WWII.

Appeasement

A policy of accepting the imposed conditions of an aggressor in lieu of armed resistance, usually at the sacrifice of principles. Since WWII, the term has gained a negative connotation in the British government, in politics and in general, of weakness, cowardice and self-deception. Most famous for being Neville Chamberlain’s foreign policy during the inter war period 1919-1939 when he used a policy of appeasement to prevent another WW.

Rhineland

The land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. Following the First World War of the early 1900s, the western part of Rhineland was occupied by Entente forces and then demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles. German forces reoccupied the territory in 1936, as part of a diplomatic test of will, three years before the outbreak of the WWII.

Czechoslovakia

The nationality problem led to a European crisis when the German nationalist minority, led by Konrad Henlein and vehemently backed by Hitler, demanded the union of the predominantly German districts with Germany. Threatening war, Hitler extorted through the Munich Pact (Sept., 1938) the cession of the Bohemian borderlands (Sudetenland).

Quarantine speech

Given by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 5, 1937 in Chicago calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and isolationism that was prevalent at the time. The speech intensified America’s isolationist mood, causing protest by isolationists and foes to intervention. The speech was a response to aggressive actions by Italy and Japan, and suggested the use of economic pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than outright aggression.

Cash and carry

A store where goods are sold more cheaply for cash and taken away by the buyer

Poland; Blitzkrieg

On 1st September 1939, German forces invaded Poland. Blitzkrieg was now put into practice. A form of warfare used by German forces in World War II. In a blitzkrieg, troops in vehicles, such as tanks, made quick surprise strikes with support from airplanes. These tactics resulted in the swift German conquest of France and Poland in 1940 (see fall of France).Blitzkrieg is German for "lightning war."

Selective Training and Service Act(1940)

First US peacetime conscription act. The act provided that no more than 900,000 men were to be in training at any one time and it limited service to 12 months.

Wendell Willkie

Republican 1940 presidential candidate. In his campaign he endorsed FDR’S defense policies but attacked the New Deal at home and lost the election.

4 Freedoms speech

The four principles President Franklin D. Roosevelt considered to be essential for world peace: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. The president spoke of the four freedoms in a 1941 address in which he called on Americans to support those who were fighting in World War II. "Freedom from fear and want" was also mentioned in the Atlantic Charter.

Lend-Lease Act

A law passed in March of 1941 by sweeping majorities in both houses of Congress. This law said that the U.S. would lend or lease weapons to overseas countries and victims of aggression who would in turn finish the job of the fighting, and keep the war overseas from the U.S.

Atlantic Charter

August 1941 – Drawn up by FDR and Churchill with eight main principles: Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of aggressors

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 – Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Office of Price Administration

(OPA) Government agency which successful combatted inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II

Smith vs. Allwright (1944)

Supreme Court overturned the Grovey decision(that the Democratic Party was a private organization), concluding that several state laws made the Texas primary more than just a function of a private organization, it was an integral component of the electoral process. Therefore, unconstitutional to prohibit African Americans from voting in the Democratic primary

Korematsu vs. US

(1943) By a 6-3 vote, the court upheld the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans. In Ex parte Endo, the court held that the government could not detain a person whose loyalty had been established.

Battle of the Atlantic

Coined by Winston Churchill in 1941, is a partial misnomer for a campaign that began on the first day of the European war and lasted for six years, involved thousands of ships and stretched over hundreds of miles of the vast ocean and seas in a succession of more than 100 convoy battles and perhaps 1,000 single-ship encounters; Allies vs U-Boats

D-Day

June 6, 1944, In the first 24 hours, 150,000 allied troops landed on the beach of Normandy. An additional million waded ashore in the following weeks, and allies reached inland in July, arriving in Paris by August. By summer’s end British secured Belgium and the Americans recovered France and Luxembourg.

The Battle of the Bulge

AKA Battle of the Ardennes started on December 16, 1944. planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis’s favor. The "bulge" refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies’ line of advance. the most bloody of the comparatively few European battles American forces experienced in WWII, the 19,000 American dead

Battle of Midway

1942, when Japanese and American forces squared off again in this most important naval battle of the Pacific war. Japan wanted control of the Midway Islands to launch air strikes against American installations in Hawaii.

Chester Nimitz

Nimitz served as an Admiral in the Battle of Midway in 1942. He commanded the American fleet in the Pacific Ocean and learned the Japanese plans through "magic" decoding of their radio messages. With this intercepted information, Nimitz headed the Japanese off and defeated them.

Douglas Macarthur

A senior American military leader in the Pacific Theater who served in World War II MacArthur helped rebuild Japan after the war, and played a key role in limiting the Communist takeover of Korea with his daring Inchon Landing.

Manhattan Project

Or more formally, the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), was the effort during World War II to develop the first nuclear weapons of the United States with assistance from the UK and Canada.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

(1904-1967) Physics professor at U.C. Berkeley and Caltech, he headed the U.S. atomic bomb project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He later served on the Atomic Energy Commission, although removed for a time the late 1950’s, over suspicion he was a Communist sympathizer.

Atomic Bomb

A bomb that uses the fission of radioactive elements such as uranium or plutonium to create explosions equal to the force of thousands of pounds of regular explosives. The first atomic bomb was produced at the Los Alamos, N.Mex., laboratory and successfully tested on July 16, 1945. This was the culmination of a large U.S. army program that was part of the Manhattan Project, led by Dr. Robert Oppenheimer. It began in 1940, two years after the German scientists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman discovered nuclear fission.

Hiroshima; Nagasaki

Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki involved the nuclear attack on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the United States Army Air Forces on August 6, 1945 with the nuclear weapon "Little Boy," followed three days later by the detonation of the "Fat Man" bomb over Nagasaki during World War II against the Empire of Japan, part of the opposing Axis Powers alliance. the prevailing view is that the bombings ended the war months sooner than would otherwise have been the case, saving many lives that would have been lost on both sides if the planned invasion of Japan had taken place.

Big 3

The three principal Allied leaders during World War II: Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union.

Yalta

A conference between Stalin and FDR in an attempt to get Russian support in the highly anticipated invasion of Japan. Russia, in return, received the southern part of Sakilin Island that it had lost to Japan and joint control of Manchuria’s railroads. The Allies also reluctantly allowed Poland to become communist. Many Americans saw this deal as a failure.

United Nations

An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.