|
laissez-faire |
"let it be"; an economic system characterized by little govt. regulation, often allowing for monopolism when larger companies bought the competition |
|
vertical integration |
buying out the process (ie steel making, coal -> railroads) |
|
horizontal integration |
buying out other companies related to a process |
|
vertical integration |
new system of organization adopted in the Gilded Age (horizontal/vertical) |
|
Jay Gould |
a railroad entrepreneur who dealt with the new issues of finances and organization; received subsidies from the govt. |
|
Andrew Carnegie |
a steel tycoon who was the only exception to the American Dream (actually went from rags to riches); first to use vertical integration |
|
trusts |
umbrella corporations created between related companies to demolish all competition; similar to an oligopoly (small # of companies influencing prices) |
|
Standard Oil Trust |
a trust created by John D. Rockefeller to ‘protect’ the oil industry; later dismantled by Teddy Roosevelt |
|
John D. Rockefeller |
an oil tycoon who created the Standard Oil Company; utilized vertical integration and reduced competition via the Standard Oil Trust |
|
Sherman Anti-Trust Act |
an anti-trust act that outlawed trust and monopolies; fails due to ambiguous and undefined terms such as restraint of trade & trusts |
|
Farmer’s Alliance |
a Southwestern farmer’s union; first to incorporate political goals into a labor movement, which carried into Populist ideals |
|
direct election of senators, gold standard, income taxes |
three Populist goals |
|
Populist party |
the first labor party; goals included the gold standard, abolition of national banks, a treasury, income tax, paper money, govt. ownership of transportation, direct election of senators, civil service reform, shorter working hours, and reform of immigration regulations |
|
Gospel of Wealth |
a book written by Carnegie in support of the social order; thought the rich should donate to and govern the poor, reflected Social Darwinist views |
|
Grange |
a Midwest farmer’s union whose main enemy was the railroad; called for self-sufficiency & got the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act |
|
Interstate Commerce Act |
an act that set up the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the railroad industry & practices; negatively affected people tied to big companies |
|
JP Morgan |
an investment banker who bought the railroad industry during the 1893 Depression; later funded TR’s presidential campaign |
|
Gifford Pinchot |
a conservationist who was part of the US Forest Service; helps pass the National Reclamation Act/Newlands Act; advocated multiple-use land management |
|
John Muir |
a Californian preservationist, president of the Sierra Club; opposed to businesses taking land for econ. gains; gets govt. to set aside 35 mil. acres for a natl. forest |
|
Samuel Gompers |
leader of the American Federation of Labor, setting it up as a federation of trade unions rather than one trade; fought for ‘bread and butter’ issues; gets an 8 hr workday and better wages |
|
Eugene V. Debs |
leader of the American Railway Union; boycotts the Pullman issues; later becomes a Socialist & runs as the SPA candidate; gets the Hepburn Act |
|
Hepburn Act |
act created by TB; empowered the Interstate Commerce Commision, giving the govt. more regulatory power over businesses |
|
Susan B. Anthony |
a suffragist who was part of NAWSA, the Seneca Falls convention, & NLU; also fought in the abolition and temperance movement, giving speeches, writing works, & making petitions |
|
National Labor Union |
a labor movement headed by William Sylvis; called for an 8 hr. day, currency/banking reform, a federal dept. of labor, better wages, anti-Chinese immigration, and an end to convict labor |
|
showed that large unions could be created |
successes of the NLU |
|
Knights of Labor |
a labor movement headed by Terrence Powderly, combining skilled & unskilled workers; called for equal pay (M/F), no convict labor, anti-Chinese immigration, and no child labor |
|
Chinese Exclusion Act, no convict labor |
successes of the Knights of Labor |
|
William Sylvis |
headed the NLU |
|
American Federation of Labor |
the most well-known labor movement, composed of a federation of trade unions; dealt with bread & butter issues (ie wages, workday) |
|
Social Darwinism |
the belief that social classes are a result of evolution, that people are only ‘fit’ to do as well as their class; used to explain the industrial social order |
|
gold standard |
the use of both gold and silver |
|
political machine |
a corrupt political organization headed by a political ‘boss’; controlled the votes of a city, letting one party remain in power |
|
Tammany Hall |
the name of the Democratic political machine that controlled New York under Boss Tweed |
|
Boss Tweed |
a political boss who controlled NY politics during the Tammany Hall scandal; created an enormous debt |
|
Homestead Strike |
an armed conflict at a Carnegie Steel plant; managers lock out workers to get rid of unions; workers fire on the men |
|
Haymarket Affair |
one of the first violent labor protests; someone throws a bomb & kills policemen |
|
Pinkerton agents |
private police hired by companies to suppress unions and workers |
|
Social Gospel |
a movement calling for the use of Christianity to solve industrial issues |
|
capitalism |
the economic system of free trade in which consumers and businesses control the economy without government regulation; also known as laissez-faire |
|
communism |
the idea of communal, rather than private, ownership of society; a classless society |
|
socialism |
a philosophy that calls for collective government and government regulation of economy as well as production |
|
19th amendment |
the amendment that gave women the right to vote |
|
The Jungle |
a book written by Upton Sinclair condemning the meatpacking industry, immigration issues, capitalism, and working conditions |
|
The Birth of a Nation |
a movie endorsing the KKK; hailed by Woodrow Wilson as one of the greatest American movies ever made |
|
preservation |
environmentalist view; wanted to keep the wilderness intact and untouched |
|
conservation |
environmentalist view; wanted to set out sections of land for commercial and public purposes |
|
Carrie Chapman Catt |
replaces Susan B. Anthony as leader of NAWSA; comes up with the Winning Plan, using strong central power & grass-roots organization to get success |
|
Pendleton Civil Service Act |
passed after Garfield’s assasination; set up a commission to examine merit for federal jobs; downfall of the spoils system |
|
trustbusting |
getting rid of trusts; TR endorses this in his State of the Union Speech |
|
16th Amendment |
amendment that created income tax |
|
17th Amendment |
amendment that established the direct election of senators |
|
18th Amendment |
amendment that banned alcohol sales |
|
muckrakers |
collective name for middle-class reformers who tried to expose political corruption and industrial conditions in cities |
|
disenfranchisement |
losing the right to vote; happened to many blacks after the end of Reconstruction |
|
Booker T. Washington |
black; called for accomodation/acceptance of racist conditions to eventually obtain reforms |
|
city manager system |
a system of govt. in cities under which professional administrators could run the govt; progressives favored this |
|
initiative |
let voters tell the legislature to consider a bill |
|
referendum |
let voters enact a law or give opinions on a measure |
|
recall |
let voters remove an official from office |
|
urban beautification |
movement that called for parks, boulevards, street lights; aka a more useful and beautiful city |
|
square deal |
a deal btw. Ams. and capitalists endorsed by TR; didn’t want to destroy corporations, but tried to make them better for the public |
|
New Nationalism |
TR’s idea that businesses were okay, but should be regulated in public interest; endorsed social welfare & environmentalism |
|
New Freedom |
Woodrow Wilson’s view during the 1912 election; called for small govt, small business, and free competition |
|
Election of 1912 |
a 4-way election between TR (Progressive), Wilson (Dem.), Taft (Rep.), and Debs (SPA); Wilson wins, linking the Dems. to reform |
|
Niagara Movement |
a black activist movement inspired by Du Bois; resisted racism; met every year at Niagara Falls |
|
Chinese Exclusion Act |
an act that forbid Chinese immigrants from entering the US for 20 yrs; endorsed by the Knights of Labor |
|
Plessy v. Ferguson |
a Supreme Court cause in which the Court said segregation was constitutional as long as it was fair btw. the two races |
|
National Reclamation Act |
an act passed by TR that used money from land sales for water management |
|
Northern Securities Company |
a railroad trust that TR’s attorney general filed suit against & destroyed |
|
Pure Food and Drug Act |
outlawed the sale of contaminated food or drugs & called for accurate ingredient labels |
|
Meat Inspection Act |
enacted sanitation rules for meatpackers as well as a meat inspection system |
|
Lochner v. New York |
a Sup. Ct. case that refuted a NY law that set max. working hours for bakery workers |
|
Muller v. Oregon |
a Sup. Ct. case that set max. working hours for female laundry workers |
|
Payne-Aldrich Tariff |
a tariff-raising act passed under Taft; further splits the Republicans |
|
Mann Act |
an act that prohibited the transportation of prostitute women btw. states |
|
Mann-Elkins Act |
an act that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission under Taft |
|
Standard Oil Co v. US |
a Sup. Ct. case that got rid of the Standard Oil Trust |
|
Underwood-Simmons Tariff |
a tariff that reduced tariff rates; Wilson gains recognition as part of this |
|
Federal Reserve Act |
sets up a system of federal banks with private and public control, each of which could issue US dollars (Wilson) |
|
Federal Trade Commission Act |
created the Federal Trade Commission to observe businesses’ violation of federal regulations |
|
Clayton Antitrust Act |
a stricter version of the Sherman Act w/ more specific clauses (ie let workers unionize) |
|
Keating-Owen Act |
outlawed the sale of child-produced products in states (later repudiated) |
|
Adamson Act |
set an 8 hour workday for interstate railroad workers |
|
Workmen’s Compensation Act |
created accident and injury protection for federal workers |
|
Buck v. Bell |
a Supreme Court case which allowed a sterilization law in Virginia |
|
John Dewey |
an education reformer who wrote "Democracy and Education", endorsing schools as a method of social reform; wanted kids to work together in a social group |
|
Hiram Johnson |
ran as TR’s VP; opposed to political corruption |
|
Upton Sinclair |
a muckraker and writer who wrote "The Jungle", calling for working reforms, a reduction of the laissez-faire system, and less political corruption; also exposed bad working conditions, particularly in the meatpacking industry |
|
Jacob Riis |
a muckraker who took photos of poor working conditions, then showed them to the rich |
|
Robert La Follette |
a governor who fought for business regulation of railroads, mines, and other businesses; wanted worker protection laws, compensation, and limited campaign spending; also known as "Fighting Bob" |
|
Jane Addams |
a middle-class reformer who created "Hull House", a settlement house that provided a variety of services (kindergarden, classes, nurseries, activities, etc) to lower class people, particularly women |
|
Florence Kelley |
a settlement house worker whose goals were often immigrant assimilation into American culture; learned to work with municipal government to obtain urban reforms |
|
WEB Du Bois |
a black activist who opposed Washington in "The Souls of Black Folk"; called for full racial equality, equal educational opps, & black resistance to racism |
|
Ida Wells |
a black journalist who created a natl. antilynching campaign; wrote "The Red Record" |
|
Margaret Sanger |
female birth control advocate; founded the American Birth Control League (later the Planned Parenthood Federation) |
|
Theodore Roosevelt |
a president who was linked with progressivism; advocated trustbusting, passes numerous social & environmental reforms; later joins the Progressive Party in open defiance of William Taft |
|
William Taft |
president of the US from 1910-1912; did more ‘trustbusting’ than TR; passes the Mann-Elkins Act to strengthen the ICC; later opposed by Roosevelt himself in the 1912 election |
|
Richard Ballinger |
Taft’s secretary; sold a few mil. acres of land in Alaska to Seattle Businessmen, who then told it to JP Morgan/other businessment; people criticizing the controversy are fired; results in Roosevelt’s opposition to Taft |
|
Woodrow Wilson |
president of the US from 1912-1916; dealt with a natl. tariff and banking system as well as business regulation |
|
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union |
a movement headed by Frances Willard that led to the decline of the women’s sphere; expanded to fit welfare, prison and labor reform, and public health, meaning more female experience in organization |
|
NAACP |
a black organization that called fro sustained activism & legal attacks to get polit. equality for blacks; inspired by Du Bois |
|
NAWSA |
a female organization headed by Carrie Chapman Catt; used the media (ads, posters, photos, memoranda); eventually obtained female suffrage |
|
National Women’s Party |
a political party headed by Alice Paul that wanted a female suffrage amendment |
|
American Birth Control League |
organization created by Margaret Sanger; later becomes the Planned Parenthood Federation |
|
United Mine Workers Union |
a movement headed by Mother Jones that called for higher wages, shorter hours, and no children laborers; got a 10% wage increase and an hour reduction (10-9) via TR |
|
Mother Jones |
leader of the United Mine Workers Union |
|
10% wage increase, hours from 10 to 9 |
successes of the United Mine Workers Union |
|
Grange |
labor movement that got passage of the Interstate Commerce Act |
|
Terrence Powderly |
leader of the Knights of Labor |
|
Sierra Club |
John Muir founds this in SF to preserve the wilderness; fails to sustain Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park |
|
Progressive Party |
a party that TR formed after the Ballinger-Pinchot controversy in opposition to William Taft; results in Woodrow Wilson’s election |
|
Anti-Saloon League |
a progressive temperance organization that later wanted churches and temperance groups to ban prohibition |
|
competition, controlled by businesses, economic independence |
differences between workers and farmers (from farmer perspectives) |
|
white Anglo-Saxon Protestants |
race and general religion of the Upper Ten |
|
Frank Norris |
wrote "The Octopus", a book about wheat raising and the conflict between wheat growers and the corrupt railroad |
|
Progressive Era |
an era characterized by a spirit of discontent with the status quo, resulting in a broad response to industrialization (class division, urbanization, immigration) |
|
Ida Tarbell |
muckraker, wrote "Standard Oil Company" |
|
Lincoln Steffens |
muckraker, wrote "The Shame of Cities" |
|
attacked political machines, city manager system, direct primary, initiative/referendum/recall , secret ballot |
ways the political process was reformed (5) |
|
direct primary |
a preliminary election in which voters directly select the candidates running for office |
|
better housing, garbage collecting, street cleaning |
ways reformers tried to beautify cities (3) |
|
Narcotics Act of 1914, Harrison Act |
act that banned the distribution of drugs, unless to licenced physicians of pharmacists |
|
Hazen Pingree |
mayor of Detroit who obtained lower transit prices, a better tax structure, public baths, & a ‘clean’ city hall |
|
eugenics |
the idea that certain races shouldn’t reproduce |
|
churches, higher education, organizations |
ways blacks fought against racism (3) |
|
bought other companies, cost analysis, organization, subsidies |
new aspects of railroads during the Gilded Age (4) |
|
lack of capital, lack of education, northern control, segregation |
reasons why the South was slow to industrialize (4) |
|
natural resources, rivers, textiles |
aspects of Southern industrialization (how they succeeded) |
|
land grants, tax exemption |
methods through which the South began to industrialize |
|
debt |
In 1900, US railroads had generated a _______ that was 5x that of the federal government |
|
railroads |
largest landholders in the west |
|
cooperation to politics |
chronology of the farmer’s alliance movement |
|
Taft |
secured the passage of the 16th and 17th amendments |
Share This
Flashcard
