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German settlers |
mainly in Pennsylvania; known as Pennsylvania Dutch; clung to German language and customs (no loyalty to Britain) |
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Scots-Irish settlers |
not Irish at all, but Scots Lowlanders; mainly in Pennsylvania; most land already taken by others –> among first settlers of the west; restless, used temporary shelters; violent towards Indians; known as lawless and individualistic (brought knowledge of whiskey distilling) |
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Paxton Boys |
1764: led by Scots-Irish, armed march on Philadelphia, prostesting Quaker’s leniant policy towards Indians |
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Regulator movement |
in North Carolina; Scots-Irish led insurrection against eastern domination of the colony’s affairs |
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triangular trade |
New England rum –> Gold Coast of Africa slaves –> West Indies molasses –> distilled into rum in New England |
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Molasses Act |
1733: British law trying to squelch American trade with French West Indies |
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Arminianism |
named after Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius; belief that individual free will determined person’s salvation, not divine decree; all humans could be saved if they accepted God’s grace |
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Great Awakening |
rousing religious revival in 1730s and 1740s; encouraged great emotion in religion; set off schisms in religious sects and fresh wave of missionary work among Indians and black slaves |
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Jonathan Edwards |
spoke with burning righteousness; proclaimed need for complete dependence on God’s grace, not good works; described hell and enternal torments of the damned |
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George Whitefield |
amazing religious speaker, instilled great emotion in his listeners |
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old lights |
orthodox clergymen; deeply skeptical of emotionalism and theatrical antics of revivalists |
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new lights |
defended awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion |
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Benjamin Franklin |
wrote "Poor Richard’s Almanack"; invented lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, Franklin stove, and proved lightning was a form of electricity; established 1st US public library in Philadelphia |
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Poor Richard’s Almanack |
edited by BF from 1732-1758; pithy sayings and virtues like thrift, industry, morality, common sense; 2nd most popular book in America after the Bible |
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Zenger trial |
1734-1735 in NY; newspaper printer John Peter Zenger exposed the corrupt royal governor and was charged with libel; was declared innocent and it was a great victory for freedom of the press |
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royal colonies |
colonies w/ royal governors appointed by the king (8 colonies) |
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proprietary colonies |
colonies under proprietors who chose the governors (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware) |
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Lord Cornbury |
governor of NY and NJ in 1702; corrupt, alcoholic, foolish, vain |
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