apush ch 24

redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

freedmens bureau

It was to be a welfare agency. It provided food, clothes, and education to freedman and to white refuge. Union General, Oliver O. Howard founded the program. Taught 200,000 blacks to read, expired in 1872.

ex parte milligan

Supreme Court decided that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional because civilian courts were still operating, and the Constitution of the United States (according to the Court) only provided for suspension of habeas corpus if these courts are actually forced closed. In essence, the court ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians in areas where civil courts were open, even during wartime.

scalawags

name given by former confederates to those southerners who supported the shift in power to congress and the army in the south during reconstruction – southern republicans

carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

tenure of office act

The 1867 Act prohibited the president from removing any official who had been appointed with the consent of the Senate without obtaining Senate approval. President Johnson challenged the act in 1868 when he dismissed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. For this, the House of Representatives impeached Johnson – edwin stanton.

seward’s folly

In 1867, the US bought Alaska from Russia for about $7 million — about 2 cents per acre. Many American thought it was foolish to buy land that was so far north.

jim fisk

worked with jay gould – wanted to corner the US gold market and convince the treasury not to release gold so they could have control over the gold market – almost worked- showed corruption of grant presidency – lead to black friday

jay gould

an American financier that was partnered with James Fisk in tampering with the railroad stocks for personal profit He, like other railroad kings, controlled the lives of the people more than the president did and pushed the way to cooperation among the kings where they developed techniques such as pooling – expanded the railroad industry in the 1870s. Many called them villains & robbers who manipulated stock markets and company policies for the benefit of their own pockets.

thomas nast

Political cartoonist who’s work exposed the abuses of the Tweed ring, criticized the South’s attempts to impede Reconstruction, and lampooned labor unions. Created the animal symbols of the Democratic and republican parties.

horace greeley

In 1872 the republicans renominated Grant and some of the "reform-minded" republicans left their party, creating the Liberal Republican party and nominating Greely, editor of the New York Tribune. The Democrats also nominated him. There was much mudslinging involved in this election and Greely lost, in more ways than one. Along with the loss of the presidency, Greely lost his job, his wife, and his mind within one month of the election.

andrew carnegie

Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

john d. rockefeller

an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world’s richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history

J.P. Morgan

great financer, helped construct a pool of the assets of several important NY banks to prop up shaky financial institutions. He told the president that the key to the arrangement was to purchase the shares of Tennessee Coal and Iron Company currently held by the threatened NY bank. He would needed assurance and informally got Roosevelt to agree that the purchase would not prompt antitrust action – helped by america out of a depression

terence powderly

In 1879, president of the Knight of Labor. He worked to strenghten the union by opening membership to immigrants, blacks, women and unskilled workers. He wanted to make the world a better place for both workers and employers. He did not believe in strikes. He relied on rallies and meetings.

SAMUEL GOMPERS

Head of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Was apprentice to a shoemaker, but went to help his dad in a cigar company, but he could not feed his family with that pay. His family moved to a tenement apartment on NYC Lower East Side. He became President of the Cigarmakers’ Union and persuaded other craft unions to band together with his union to form the AFL. For the next 38 years, he worked for the AFL, making it a major force in the industrial world. He believed that if workers make good pay, it will make everyone prosperous. He believes in fair wages for all.

KNIGHTS OF LABOR

(GC) , one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century. Founded by seven Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah S. Stephens, its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot

american federation of labor

american labor union – an unbrella union (had a bunch of other unions within it) – headed by samuel gompers – only skilled workers no unskilled – used collective bargaining – wanted better pay, shorter hours, and better working conditions

railroad strike of 1877

strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad quickly spread across 11 states and shut down 2/3rds of the country’s rail trackage; railroad workers were joined by an estimated 500000 workers from other industries in an escalating strike that was quickly becoming national in scale; Hayes used federal troops to end the labor violence

pullman strike

(GC) 1894, , Strike of 1894. Eugene V. Debs organized the American Railway Union (150000 members). Maintained a company town, and when the Depression hit, wages were cut one third, but the rent and living expenses remained the same. Strikers overturned Pullman cars, paralyzed railway traffic from Chicago to Pacific Coast. Eventually, bayonet militia came in from Washington from Cleveland himself. Strikers were imprisoned without jury trials. He was charged since he interfered with mailing service, The beginning of the end of company towns. People who helped keep law and order was Mayor Hopkins and Governor Altgeld

homestead strike

1892-10 killed – near Pittsburgh-strike due to drastic paycuts-strikebreakers brought in and violenced was ensued-the workers put oil in the river and set fire to it and met the guards on the docks with guns and dynamite-3 guards and 10 strikers were killed-8,000 troops were sent to protect the strikebreakers-symbolized erosion of union strength

haymarket riot

This riot was a direct result of the extreme tensions between laborers and the wealthy business owners. The McCormick Reaper Company was on strike, 4 people had just been killed, tensions were high, and anarchists showed up and began speaking at the rally attended mainly by immigrant workers in May 1886 at Haymarket Square. It was originally intended as a rally to protest the establishment of a National Wage. Someone in the crowd threw a bomb, a riot broke out, 7 policemen died, and as a result 8 innocent German immigrants were arrested and the Knights of Labor were blamed for the riot. The riot resulted in the loss of all sympathy for laborers, and a fear anarchy in the middle class, which became a huge obstacle for the AF of L and Knight’s of Labor.

gilded age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

tweed ring

the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, started by Burly "Boss" Tweed that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing, Thomas Nast exposed through illustration in Harper’s Weekly

bloody shirt

Whenever Republicans scared of losing election, they waved the _____, said to remember the sacrifices they made in the Civil Warused as a symbol of the rebellion of the Confederate states by the Republican Party to discredit the South in the years after 1865