APES Ch. 19 SG

The world’s most abundant fossil fuel is ________.
biodiesel
a. coal
b. oil
c. natural gas
d. methane

coal

The most cleanly burning fossil fuel available, producing the least pollutants, is ________.
coal
kerosene
natural gas
nuclear energy
petroleum

natural gas

Which of the following energy sources is considered nonrenewable?
fossil fuel energy
sunlight (solar) energy
geothermal energy
tidal energy
wind energy

fossil fuel energy

Solar radiation makes several other energy sources possible, including ________.
wind energy
tidal energy
geothermal energy
hydrothermal energy
nuclear energy

wind energy

In the United States, ________ is the leading source of energy.
wood
natural gas
coal
oil
nuclear

oil

Scientists search for fossil fuels in many ways. Sending a sound wave into the ground (by exploding dynamite, thumping the ground with a large weight, or using an electric vibrating machine) and measuring its return to the surface at receiving stations is called ________ surveying.
dynamite
destructive
seismic
sonar
geologic

seismic

Secondary extraction of petroleum ________.
occurs immediately after primary extraction
is less expensive than primary extraction
uses solvents, water, or steam
allows the oil to be extracted to the last drop
causes less environmental damage than tertiary extraction

uses solvents, water, or steam

Instead of only generating more electricity, rising energy demands may also be met by ________.
switching from natural gas to coal
switching from coal and natural gas to windmills and solar technologies
increasing the efficiency of energy consumption
using more nuclear power instead of fossil fuels
building more coal-burning power plants

increasing the efficiency of energy consumption

Crude oil is ________.
composed of three different hydrocarbon molecules
usable in its raw form
formed less than 100 yards below the surface; in deeper places with more pressure, coal is formed
formed in a wide range of temperature and pressure circumstances
refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products

refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products

Natural gas ________.
primary component is octane
produces less carbon dioxide per energy unit than coal or oil
discovered by M. King Hubbert in 1885
will be depleted by 2030 at current usage rates
is transported primarily by truck and rail

produces less carbon dioxide per energy unit than coal or oil

________ has more natural gas reserves than any other country.
The United States
Russia
Brazil
Djibouti
Saudi Arabia

Russia

Natural gas is ________.
trapped over some cities for commercial use
only produced by bacteria during decomposition
more damaging to the environment than coal when extracted
still much more expensive than other fossil fuels
often associated with coal and petroleum deposits

often associated with coal and petroleum deposits

One of the problems with finding new fossil fuel deposits in developing countries is that ________.
a. it is very expensive to transport the deposit elsewhere
those countries tend to keep the resource for themselves, not sharing with other countries
b. multinational companies often move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country
c. their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without meeting expensive environmental regulations
d. their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without imposing huge taxes to fund new social benefits for the country

multinational companies often move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country

The Keystone XL pipeline ________.
carries petroleum from northern Alaska to the Gulf of Alaska
carries natural gas from gas fields near Keystone, South Dakota, to the eastern United States
is a hotly debated pipeline that would carry petroleum from Canada to the southern United States
is a hotly debated oil pipeline that would pass through Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona
would allow Canada to import more oil from Brazil

is a hotly debated pipeline that would carry petroleum from Canada to the southern United States

Alaskans benefit from the trans-Alaska pipeline because Alaska’s state constitution requires approximately 25% of state revenues associated with the oil industry to be placed into a monetary fund called the Permanent Fund, which ________.
is placed into fuel company pockets to reduce environmental damage
pays for education of native Alaskans through scholarships
pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents
is divided equally among the politicians in the state for running their offices
is used for social infrastructure, such as hospitals, roads, and schools

pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents

The oil spill resulting from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster ________.
is considered a minor incident compared to other oil spills
is the largest accidental oil spill in world history, causing damage to marine and coastal ecosystems
resulted in a permanent ban on all offshore drilling in U.S. coastal waters
eclipsed all non-point oil spills by 500%
was quickly cleaned up preventing loss of wildlife and damage to fisheries

is the largest accidental oil spill in world history, causing damage to marine and coastal ecosystems

Energy conservation in the United States ________.
can be accomplished only through changes in environmental laws
is unlikely to ever occur
can be accomplished by changes in tax laws
will be a reality only if there is another major war
can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption

can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption

Energy can be conserved by ________.
a. using cogeneration in power plants, fuel efficient transportation, and reengineered lightbulbs and appliances
b. using cogeneration in automobiles, especially in SUVs
c. replacing compact florescent with tungsten bulbs
d. replacing mass transit with more and larger roads for cars and trucks
e. repealing the law of entropy

a using cogeneration in power plants, fuel efficient transportation, and reengineered lightbulbs and appliances

The energy bill passed by the U.S. Congress in 2007 ________.
primarily focused on major new policies for conservation and for development of renewable energy sources
primarily focused on taxing polluters and those who profit from the fossil fuel industry
will, according to analysts, allow us to import only 25% of our oil instead of 60%
mandates the rapid development of all remaining fossil fuel resources as quickly as possible
raised the CAFE standard to 35 mpg for vehicles by the year 2020

raised the CAFE standard to 35 mpg for vehicles by the year 2020

Many developed nations have their economies closely tied to imported fossil fuels. One important consideration for those nations is that ________.
their economy can be disrupted by the events and decisions made in fuel exporting nations
their economy will only improve if the price of fossil fuels increases
as supplies decrease, fossil fuels decline in price
if energy conservation is put into place, the cost of fossil fuels will decrease
if energy conservation is put into place, the cost of fossil fuels will increase

their economy can be disrupted by the events and decisions made in fuel exporting nations

Renewable energy includes all of the following except ________.
the sun
the wind
natural gas
rain
geothermal heat

natural gas

The primary energy source that is most used in the United States for production of electricity is ________.
water power
nuclear power
coal
natural gas
renewable energy

coal

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) ________.
functions to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil
strives to develop technologies to conserve nonrenewable energy resources
protects their national members’ petroleum reserves for their own use
functions as a military alliance to protect developed nations’ energy reserves
strives to ensure that developing nations get their fair share of fossil fuels

functions to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil

U.S. oil production ________.
peaked in 1970
is sufficient to meet national needs, thanks to major conservation efforts
will peak in 2100, requiring for the first time imports to meet growing demand
is now high enough for us to export nearly 50% of our oil
has to fit the quotas imposed by OPEC

peaked in 1970

Carbon sequestration ________.
has been used by U.S. electrical plants since 1955, converting carbon dioxide to limestone
involves capturing carbon emissions and then releasing them into the stratosphere
has proved to be more dangerous to the environment than releasing carbon emissions
involves converting carbon dioxide gas to a liquid form for storage in the ocean or underground
converts carbon from carbon dioxide emissions into smaller elements that do not contribute to global climate change

involves converting carbon dioxide gas to a liquid form for storage in the ocean or underground

Natural gas is primarily composed of ________.
methane
oxygen
nitrite
nitrogen
sulfur dioxide

methane

Oil shale deposits ________.
can be pumped from underground reservoirs like conventional crude oil
are only a tiny fraction of the U.S. and Canadian potential oil reserves
contain organic kerogen which can be processed into petroleum
have been too expensive to extract and use as energy resources
are concentrated in the Middle East

contain organic kerogen which can be processed into petroleum

When assessing energy resources, it is helpful to use a measure called EROI, which is ________.
energy returned minus energy invested
energy returned plus energy invested
amount of energy invested minus heat released into the environment
money invested in extraction and processing minus income from sales
energy returned divided by energy invested

energy returned divided by energy invested

Identify and explain the ultimate sources of all of Earth’s energy.

Most of Earth’s energy comes from the sun. We can harness energy from the sun’s radiation directly, but solar radiation also makes possible several other energy sources. Solar radiation drives wind patterns and the hydrologic cycle, and plant growth gives us wood to burn. A great deal of energy also emanates from Earth’s core, enabling us to harness geothermal power. A much smaller amount of energy results from the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. An immense amount of energy resides within the bonds among protons and neutrons in atoms, and this energy provides us with nuclear power.

The question of whether we have passed the peak of availability for oil continues to be debated among energy experts. However, if we define availability to mean oil that can be extracted by conventional technologies and low prices, there is no debate. With this knowledge, discuss two specific oil-use strategies that could be employed to move toward a more sustainable lifestyle. (NOT ON TEST)

Firstly, to reduce one’s individual use of oil, one could focus on utilizing public transportation, walking, bicycling, and driving more fuel-efficient vehicles. Putting a greater emphasis on any of these approaches would lessen the amount of oil needed to be refined for transportation purposes. Secondly, incorporating all of the external costs of producing oil should be factored into the cost of gasoline at the pump. The consumer cost of gasoline would then be much higher and might further encourage consumers to drive less and use more public transportation. Thirdly, on a more comprehensive scale, one could advocate and promote local governments investigating the use of more renewable energy sources (wind turbines and Eco-Machines) for the running of town facilities such as wastewater and drinking water treatment plants.

Why is it that in most parts of the world, local people do not benefit from the removal of fossil fuels from their local environment? Discuss the economics, politics, and environmental reasons that locals may not benefit.

In most parts of the world, local people do not benefit from the removal of fossil fuels from their local environment. This is because extracting fossil fuels can be extremely profitable but also expensive so wealthy corporations have taken over the process. For example, in Nigeria oil was discovered in 1958 and the Shell Oil Company came in and developed oil fields for themselves. None of the wealth form the oil is shared with the Nigerian people because the Shell Oil Company is not related to those people. In addition, the removal of fossil fuels releases some harmful gasses into the atmosphere and other pollution that can be harmful to the local people.

Compare and contrast the three patterns of energy use in developing and developed countries – the amount of use, the type of energy used, and the major uses.

Citizens of developed nations generally consume much more energy than do those of developing nations. Per person, the most-industrialized nations use up to 100 times more energy than do the least-industrialized nations. Industrialized nations rely more on equipment and technology, so they use more fossil fuels. People in developing countries often rely on manual or animal energy sources, and use much more wood as a fuel source. Developing nations devote a greater proportion of energy to subsistence activities such as food preparation, home heating, and food growing, whereas industrialized countries use a greater proportion for transportation and industry.

Identify specific ways in which the transportation and electricity generating sector could reduce and/or conserve energy in an effort to become more sustainable. (NOT ON TEST)

Transportation: Currently, the combustion of oil-derived fuels accounts for 31% of all human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. The use of electric or hybrid cars, and increasing the opportunities for buses and other mass transit options that are more energy efficient, are options moving us in the direction of a more sustainable transportation future. With higher gasoline prices and more stringent regulatory standards being instituted world-wide, incentives are being created for the production of more fuel-efficient vehicles and vehicles powered b alternative energy sources. Electricity: The existing system of demand-driven generation and distribution of electricity is generally agreed to be wasteful and inefficient. Newer smart grid systems in which real-time pricing is employed (based on consumer high-demand times) and consumers are alerted to when "rush hour" demand periods are occurring, allows consumers to curtail their use and actually consider their electricity consumption in a more realistic manner. With smart grid systems, homes with solar panels would be able to sell their excess solar power back to the grid, or use batteries to store electricity purchased during slack hours for use at peak times.

What are some of the alternative, unconventional resources for oil and natural gas?

Both oil shale and tar sands are potential major and largely untapped resources for petroleum, and marine deposits of methane hydrate may have large supplies of natural gas. Oil shale and tar sands have not been cost effective until recently. Canada is now producing a major fraction of its petroleum from oil sands. Oil shale may become more economically attractive as conventional supplies are depleted and retail prices rise. The technology for safely extracting methane hydrate has yet to be developed. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, and accidental release of large quantities might significantly increase global climate change.