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The component of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations |
Semantics |
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A collection of symbols, and rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to create an infinite variety of messages |
Language |
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The smallest units of sound in a spoken language |
Phonemes |
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The smallest units of meaning in a language |
Morphemes |
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The rules that specify how words can be combined into phrases and sentences |
Syntax |
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Using a word incorrectly to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to |
Overextension |
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Using a word to describe a narrower set of objects than it is meant to |
Underextension |
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Single-word utterances that represent the meanings of several words |
Telegraphic Speech |
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The ability to reflect on the use of language |
Metalinguistic Awareness |
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Consists of the acquisition of two languages that employ different speech sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical rules |
Bilingualism |
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The degree to which a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture |
Acculturation |
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Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind |
Availability Heuristic |
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Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event |
Representativeness Heuristic |
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The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge |
Cognition |
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The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use |
Functional Fixedness |
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The sudden discovery of a correct solution to a problem following incorrect attempts |
Insight |
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A strategy for solving problems |
Heuristic |
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The process by which children map a word on an underlying concept after only one exposure to the word |
Fast Mapping |
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The average of youngsters’ spoken statements (measured in morphemes) |
Mean Length of Utterance |
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Generalizing grammatical rules to irregular cases where they do not apply |
Overregularization |
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Making decisions under conditions of uncertainty |
Risky Decision Making |
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A hypothetical innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language |
Language Acquisition Device |
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Persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past |
Mental Set |
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The theory that one’s language determines one’s thoughts |
Linguistic Relativity |
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The active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable |
Problem Solving |
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Trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error unil one works |
Trial and Error |
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Evaluating alternatives and making choices among them |
Decision making |
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How issues are posed or how choices are structured |
Framing |
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Occurs when peoples’ belief about whether and outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed, even though the summed probability of the alternative outcomes is held constant |
Alternative Outcomes Effect |
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A methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possibly alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem |
Algorithm |
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The tendency to seek information that supports one’s decisions and beliefs while ignoring disconfirming evidence |
Confirmation Bias |
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Occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening are greater than the odds of either event happening alone |
Conjunction Fallacy |
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Refers to individuals’ tendency to rely primarily on either external or internal frames of referece when orienting themselves in space |
Field dependence-independence |
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The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently |
Gambler’s fallacy |
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Refers to the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver |
Problem Space |
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Asserts that peole tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus only on a few facets of available options an often result in "irrational" decisions that are less than optimal |
Theory of Bounded Rationality |
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Young children have a larger receptive vocabulary than productive vocabulary. In other words, they ____ more words than they ____ |
Understand; speak |
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The cognitive revolution in psychology occurred in |
the 1950s |
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The two sentecnes "The boy hit the ball" and "The ball was hit by the boy" are the same in regard to |
Syntax |
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Which of the following best describes the capabilities of three-month-old infants. They can distinguish |
all the phonemes in their native language |
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In a language, the smallest units of meaning are |
Morphemes |
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Which of the following is the best example of overregularization? |
Cookie |
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The system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences in a language refers to |
Syntax |
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The english language contains approximately |
100 Phonemes |
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The area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations is |
Semantics |
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The process by which a child leanrs a new word after ony one exposure to the word it |
Fast Mapping |
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The vocabulary spurt typically begins at around |
18-24 months |
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Which of the following is NOT a critical property of language |
Language is orderly |
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The area of psychology that refers broadly to mental processes or thinking is |
Cognition |
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When an infant produces repetitive consonant-vowel combinations such as "babababa," the infant is |
Babbling |
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The fact that a limited number of words may be combined into an infinite number of sentences illustrates that language is |
Generative |
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Rules exist that govern how words may be combine into phrases and sentences.This describes the critical property that language is |
structured |
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A child is exhibiting underextension when |
mom’s car |
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Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech |
Give cookie |
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In the sentence "First the oven was preheated to 350 degrees," the word preheated consists of _____ morphemes |
three |
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Which is least accurate |
Bilingual children are less advanced in language acquisition |
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