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unitary system |
a way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government |
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Confederation |
System where the central government is weak and most all power rests in the states. |
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Federalism |
a way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the land and people |
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Intergovernmental Relations |
The entire set of the interactions among national, state, and local governments. (This includes regulations, transfer of funds, and sharing of information.) |
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Dual Federalism |
a system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies (Layer Cake) For example the national government has exclusive control over foreign and military policy. |
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Cooperative Federalism |
A system of government in which powers and policies are shared between states and national government (marble cake). For example, after 9/11 the government asked states and local governments to investigate suspected terrorists. |
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Fiscal Federalism |
The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system. Includes strings attached with money. |
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Extradition |
States must return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for punishment. Stated in Article IV |
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Privileges and Immunities |
Citizens of each state have privileges of citizens in other states. Stated in Article IV |
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Grants-In-Aid |
General term for the types of money that goes between states and government (Categorical, Block, Revenue Sharing) |
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Categorical Grants |
Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or "categories" of state and local spending. For example, it comes with strings attached saying that it cannot be used to discriminate against minorities. |
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Project Grant |
categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of merit of applications. For example, the National Science Foundation gets national grants for research |
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Formula Grant |
categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislative or in administrative regulations. For example, these formulas can be made on basis of population, per capita income, or percentage of rural population. |
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Block Grant |
Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services. (not many strings attached) |
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Revenue Sharing |
When the government had money not being used it would give out the extra money as grants. |
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Mandate |
Requirements that direct states and local governments to provide additional services under the threat of penalties or as a condition of the the receipt of federal grant money. For example the drinking age within states. |
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Unfunded Mandate |
A mandate issued by the national government in which federal funds are not provided. This was seen with the Americans with Disabilities Act |
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Laboratory of Democracy |
The idea that Federalism helps to decentralize our policies and this helps to allow states to find different policies to solve the same problem. This was the premise behind pushing for the new ObamaCare act |
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Supremacy Clause |
The clause in Article VI of the Constitution that the following were the supreme law of the land: 1. The Constitution 2. Laws of the National Government 3. Treaties (can only be made by federal government) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) was settled by the Supremacy Clause |
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Implied Powers |
Implied powers are powers that the government feels necessary to best govern the people. This power is given by the statement that Congress has the power to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers". In Article I. For example, establishing a national bank was sought to be necessary and proper. |
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Enumerated Powers |
Powers of the federal governments that are specifically addressed in the Constitution. Article 1, Section 8. For example, the power to coin money and impose taxes. |
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Reserved Powers |
Created by 10th amendment. Says that powers not enumerated to the national or state governments are reserved to the power of the states. |
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Devolution |
The Republican idea that formed in the 1990’s of transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to the state and local governments. |
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