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Evolution |
specific: a change over time in the genetic composition of a population; broad: populations change over generations |
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Aristotle and Scala Naturae |
Viewed species as fixed and unchanged |
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The Old Testament |
Species were individually designed by God, and thus perfect |
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Carolus Linnaeus |
Developed taxonomy, which would classify the diversity of God |
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Georges Cuvier |
Believed in catastrophism, and not in evolution |
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Explain the role of fossils in rock strata as a window to life in earlier times |
Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past. Because rocks are in layers, time periods can be divided into such layers, and thus the gradual changes in creatures over time periods can be observed |
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How would Georges Cuvier have explained the appearance of the record of life shown in rock strata |
Catastrophism: each boundary represents a catastrophe that destroyed many of the species at the time. |
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James Hutton |
Gradualism: Earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms currently operating in the world |
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Charles Lyell |
Uniformitarianism: same geological processes are operating today as in the past at the same rate |
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What is the importance of uniformitarianism? |
It implied that the world is much older than was believed at the time. |
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Use and disuse |
Parts of the body that are used extensively become bigger and stronger; those not used would deteriorate |
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Inheritance of acquired characteristics |
Organisms could pass on modifications (from use and disuse) to their offspring |
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What is considered to be the great importance of Lamarck’s ideas? |
The importance was that variation was introduced through inheritance |
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What are adaptations? Give two examples. |
Characteristics of organisms that enhance survival. Differing beak variations, color of body (aposematic coloration) |
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Natural selection |
Individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring than individuals with other traits |
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Variations in traits exist |
large beaks v small beaks |
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Variations are heritable |
Large beaked birds that reproduce with large beaked birds will most likely have large beaks |
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Species overproduce |
e. Coli will divide non stop so long as they are moved to allow for more space and waste is removed |
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This competition for resources; not all offspring survive |
Those HIV viruses that are not resistant to particular bacteria die out |
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What are two inferences that Darwin made? |
1) Descent with modification explains life’s unity and diversity. 2) Natural selection brings about the match between organisms and their environment |
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____ do not evolve, ______ evolve |
Individuals… Populations |
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What is the role of 3TC in inhibiting HIV reproduction? |
3TC is inserted instead of cytosine which inhibits gene expression because the genetic code cannot be used properly. |
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Do antibiotics cause bacteria to become resistant? |
No, but it selects for resistant individuals |
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What are four evidences for evolution? |
Fossil record, homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures |
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How does the fossil record give evidence for evolution? |
Past organisms differ from present day organisms and many species have become extinct |
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Example of Homologous structures |
Bat wings and whale fins |
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Example of Vestigal structures |
Snakes having vestiges of the pelvis and leg bones |
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Analogous structures |
Sugar glider and the flying squirrel |
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How do homologous structures give evidence for evolution? |
They imply a common ancestor from which the organisms evolved |
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What is summarized in an evolutionary tree |
Evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms |
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What is indicated by branch points? |
Common ancestor of the lineage |
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What is indicated by the hatch marks? |
Homologous characteristics shared by the group |
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Are crocodiles more closely related to lizards or to birds? |
Birds, both are amniotes |
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Explain convergent evolution and describe how analogous structures can rise |
Independent evolution of similar features in different lineages is convergent evolution. Analogous structures can rise when different organisms from different lineage face similar problems |
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Two examples of convergent evolution |
Sugar glider and flying squirrel; bird wing and butterfly wing |
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What is biogeography? How is it affected by continental drift? |
Study of the biographic distribution of species. Continental drift makes continents shift which can make it more difficult to analyze biogeography. |
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Endemic species |
Species that are found nowhere else on earth |
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