Anthropology Chapter 10

Two types of australopithecines were using two different types of locomotion in East Africa

One was a climber and the other a biped

A hominid is defined as having the following obligate behaviors

Bipedal locomotion and non-honing chewing complex

Beginning more than 3MYA, at least two lineages of hominid emerged, one that led to the genus Homo and one that

included the now extinct descendants of Au. Afarensis

Ardi was adapted to life in trees and

on the ground

The oldest australopithecine(4 to1 mya) species is

Au. anamensis

The __ hypothesis about hominin bipedalism states that energy-efficient walking on two legs so that hominins could search for food that was dispersed as a result of climatic changes at the end of the Miocene

Patchy Forest

Humans use their molars for

crushing

The laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Australopithecus afarensis was humanlike in having a

All of the above: Rounded heel, non divergent big toe, double arch

Australopithecus garb has been proposed as an ancestor for Homo mainly because it

Had longer legs relative to arm length than other Australopithecus

Speech, advanced cognition, and complex material culture

Do not define a hominin

__ arose around 3.5mya and gave rise to at least two branches of hominins later australopithecines and the genus Homo

Au. afarensis

Australopithecines robustus’s large masticatory complex (large molars, face, and muscles) indicate an adaption to

Eating foods requiring heavy chewing

In an argument with your parents, they claim that the only difference between australopithecines and early Homo species is that the latter had a bigger brain. You argue that there are other differences, such as

In addition to a larger brain early Homo species have a smaller face and smaller teeth

The __ hypothesis proposed by Owen Lovejoy states that the advantages of males carrying food and brining it to females and young could have contributes to the rise of bipedalism

Provisioning

The earliest Australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than

4 may

The Oldowan tool complex attributes to __, making that hominid species the first to use tools

Au Garhi

In addition to bipedalism, what is the other major difference between apes and hominins?

Hominins have non-honing chewing

Robust Australopithecine species include

Au. Aethiopicus

The best known australopithecines, represented by hundreds of fossils and dozens of individuals found mostly at Laetoli and Hadar is

Au. Afarensis

The genus Australopithecine includes hominins that lived about

4 to 1 mya

Bipedalism’s advantages over quadrupedalism include

All are correct: Free hands for other uses, ability to run long distances, increased ability to see greater distances

Using tools and toolmaking is an adaptation by hominins linked to:

Bipedalism

Your old roommate is in Australia on a one-year study abroad program. She excitedly Skypes you and says her Aborigine friend mentioned an australopithecine skull he discovered while on "walkabout" in the desert. The skull has a small brain and shows some wear on the tip of the canines. You respond that

There is no evidence that australopithecines ever left Africa.

You find a fossil that you are sure shows evidence of bipedalism. You know this because which of the following anatomical traits is present?

thighbones that angle in toward the knees

Australopithecus robustus was likely the longest-surviving species of australopithecine in South Africa. It had:

large molars, a big face, and a sagittal crest.

The patchy forest hypothesis proposes that forests:

became patchy and food more dispersed.

Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenensis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?

femur (thighbone)

Your mom has started complaining to you about her varicose veins and is thinking about surgery. You try to convince her not to by noting that

People might not mind varicose veins as much if they realized they were a direct consequence of bipedalism.

Robust australopithecines differ from earlier australopithecines in their

Smaller front teeth, larger faces, larger back teeth

Owen Lovejoy’s provisioning hypothesis proposes that:

monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism.

Fossils attributed to Australopithecus garhi were found at the Bouri site, in Ethiopia, along with:

animal bones with cutmarks.

Humans differ from apes because

humans use spoken language.

The Oldowan tool complex is attributed to __________________, making that hominin species the first to use tools.

Au. garhi

Beginning more than 3 mya, at least two lineages of hominin emerged, one that led to the genus Homo and one that:

included the now extinct descendants of Au. afarensis.