ANP lab questions

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In a neuron, sodium and potassium concentrations are maintained by the sodium-potassium exchange pump such that __________.

the sodium concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell and the potassium concentration is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.

The sodium-potassium exchange pump transports potassium and sodium ions in which direction(s)?

Sodium ions are transported out of the cell. Potassium ions are transported into the cell.

Leak channels allow the movement of potassium and sodium ions by what type of membrane transport?

channel-mediated diffusion

The electrochemical gradient for potassium ions when the transmembrane potential is at the resting potential (-70 mV) is caused by what?

a chemical gradient going out of the cell and an electrical gradient going into the cell

What is the electrochemical gradient of an ion?

the sum of the electrical and chemical gradients for that ion

In a typical neuron, what is the equilibrium potential for potassium?

-90mV

The electrochemical gradient for sodium ions in a neuron when the transmembrane potential is at the resting potential is caused by what?

chemical and electrical gradients both going into the cell

Compared to the electrical gradient for sodium at rest, the electrical gradient for potassium at rest is __________.

in the same direction and of the same magnitude.

In a typical neuron, what is the equilibrium potential for sodium?

+66mV

At rest, why is the transmembrane potential of a neuron (-70 mV) closer to the potassium equilibrium potential (-90 mV) than it is to the sodium equilibrium potential (+66 mV)?

The membrane is much more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions.

Which of the following statements about receptor potentials is FALSE?
The receptor proteins respond to stimuli.
The receptor potential is carried by neuroglia.
They can trigger an action potential.
Odor molecules can act as stimuli.

The receptor potential is carried by neuroglia.

Which of the following is NOT a functional region of a neuron?

medullary region

The conducting region of the neuron is the _______

axon

The typical concentration of sodium is

lower than potassium intracellularly.

Which of the following describes a change from the resting membrane potential?
a receptor potential
an action potential
a receptor potential, a synaptic potential or an action potential
a synaptic potential

a receptor potential, a synaptic potential or an action potentia

What effect did increasing the extracellular potassium have on the resting membrane potential?

The resting membrane potential became less negative.

What effect did decreasing the extracellular sodium have on the resting membrane potential?

Only a small change occurred, because the resting neuron is not very permeable to sodium.

The channels that provide for the movement of potassium in the resting neuron are _______.

leakage

Establishing the resting membrane potential requires energy through the use of the _______.

sodium-potassium pump

In what part of the neuron does the action potential typically initiate?

initial segment of the axon

During an action potential of a neuron, what directly causes the different channels to open and close?

the transmembrane potential (voltage)

What is the typical duration of a nerve action potential?

2 ms

Around what transmembrane potential does threshold commonly occur?

-60 mV

What ion is responsible for the depolarization of the neuron during an action potential?

Na+ sodium

What type of membrane transport causes the depolarization phase of the action potential in neurons?

diffusion

During an action potential, after the membrane potential reaches +30 mV, which event(s) primarily affect(s) the membrane potential?

Voltage-gated sodium channels begin to inactivate (close) and voltage-gated potassium channels begin to open.

What ion causes repolarization of the neuron during an action potential?

K+ (potassium)

What causes repolarization of the membrane potential during the action potential of a neuron?

potassium efflux (leaving the cell)

What is primarily responsible for the brief hyperpolarization near the end of the action potential?

voltage-gated potassium channels taking some time to close in response to the negative membrane potential

A nerve is _______.

bundle of axons

The region on the neuron where action potentials are generated is called the ______.

trigger zone

In this simulation, ___________________ will be used to stimulate the axon.

voltage

We describe the regeneration of the action potential down the membrane of the axon of the neuron as _______.

conduction or propagation

The minimum voltage that is required to generate an action potential is called the _______.

threshold voltage

Increasing the voltage resulted in which of the following?

no change to the action potential

An axon that is more negative than the resting membrane potential is said to be _______.

hyperpolarized

If an increase in extracellular potassium depolarizes a neuron, which of the following would be correct?

would change the membrane potential to a less negative value.

An action potential requires _______.

voltage-gated sodium channels to open and sodium to flow with its electrochemical gradient

To reach threshold, the amount of sodium _______.

entering the cell must overcome the potassium exiting

Which of the following blocks voltage-gated sodium channels?

tetrodotoxin and lidocaine

Which of the following is used to block pain?

lidocaine

hich of the following occurred in the presence of tetrodotoxin?

The number of action potentials decreased.

Which of the following occurred in the presence of tetrodotoxin?

An action potential was always seen at R1.

In the presence of lidocaine, the action potential was NOT affected at R1 because _______.

lidocaine was applied downstream of R1

The effects of lidocaine and tetrodotoxin were _______.

similar, but tetrodotoxin had a greater effect

Action potential propagation begins (is first generated at) what region of a neuron?

initial segment

Where are action potentials regenerated as they propagate along an unmyelinated axon?

at every segment of the axon

The movement of what ion is responsible for the local currents that depolarize other regions of the axon to threshold?

sodium (Na+)

In an unmyelinated axon, why doesn’t the action potential suddenly "double back" and start propagating in the opposite direction?

The previous axonal segment is refractory.

Approximately how fast do action potentials propagate in unmyelinated axons in humans?

1 meter per second

In contrast to the internodes of a myelinated axon, the nodes __________.

have lower membrane resistance to ion movement

Where are action potentials regenerated as they propagate along a myelinated axon?

at the nodes

The node-to-node "jumping" regeneration of an action potential along a myelinated axon is called __________.

saltatory propagation

ow do action potential propagation speeds in myelinated and unmyelinated axons compare?

Propagation is faster in myelinated axons.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that stops action potential propagation by destroying the myelin around (normally) myelinated axons. Which of the following best describes how MS stops action potential propagation?

Without myelin, the internode membrane resistance decreases, preventing local currents from reaching adjacent nodes.

Which of the following is described correctly?

Schwann cells provide the myelination in the peripheral nervous system.

The rate with which an action potential travels along an axon _______.

is called the conduction velocity and is measured in meters/sec

Which of the following describes a B fiber?

medium diameter, lightly myelinated

The nodes of Ranvier are _______.

locations on the axon where the myelin sheath is absent

Which fibers generate the smallest value for conduction velocity?

C Fibers

The time interval for conduction would be shortest with

the largest and most heavily myelinated axons

ncreasing the amount of myelination _______.

decreases the time between action potentials

In this activity, the stimulus voltage used was _______.

the same for all of the axons and suprathreshold for all of the axons

The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the

synaptic cleft

A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a

neurotransmitter

When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,

they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.

When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron,

ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside,

the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.

A synaptic cleft, or synaptic gap, can be found between a neuron and ______.
another neuron.
a gland.
a muscle cell.

All of them

The membrane potential that occurs when neurotransmitters bind to their receptors is called

a postsynaptic potential

The release of neurotransmitter occurs _______.

at the axon terminal

Which of the following occurs first?

An action potential arrives at the axon terminal.
Synaptic vesicles exit by exocytosis.
Voltage-gated calcium channels are opened.
Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal.

An action potential arrives at the axon terminal.

At a chemical synapse, the intensity of the stimulus is coded by _______.

the amount of neurotransmitter released and the amount of calcium that enters the axon terminal

When the calcium was removed from the extracellular solution, _______.

no neurotransmitter was released

When magnesium was added to the extracellular solution, _______.

the amount of neurotransmitter released decreased

Calcium and magnesium are both _______.

divalent cations

What type of conduction takes place in unmyelinated axons?

continuous conduction

An action potential is self-regenerating because __________.

depolarizing currents established by the influx of Na+ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment

Why does regeneration of the action potential occur in one direction, rather than in two directions?

The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close in the node, or segment, that has just fired an action potential.

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals.

What changes occur to voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels at the peak of depolarization?

Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close, while activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open.

In which type of axon will velocity of action potential conduction be the fastest?

Myelinated axons with the largest diameter

A single action potential is described as _______.

no graded

A suprathreshold stimulus results in _______.

more action potentials

A depolarizing synaptic potential is also known as _______.

an excitatory postsynaptic potential

The stimulus for graded potentials includes _______.

sensory stimuli and neurotransmitter

A weak, subthreshold stimulus will result in _______.

a small depolarization at the receiving end of the neuron

Which stimulus was at or above threshold?

the moderate and strong stimuli

increasing the strength of the stimulus applied to the sensory receptor increased _______.

the frequency of action potentials in the sensory neuron, the amount of neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal of the sensory neuron and the frequency of action potentials in the interneuron

An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs _______.

at the receiving end of the interneuron

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