peripheral nervous system |
PNS functionally divided into sensory and motor divisions 1) general visceral motor part 2) autonomic nervous system (ANS) - parasympathetic - sympathetic sensory receptors, nerves, ganglia, motor endings |
XI |
the spinal root of which cranial nerve pair innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles a) IV b) V c) VIII d) XI e) XII |
VIII |
Which cranial nerve, along with cranial nerve pair II, relays specific somatic sensory impulses a) I b) II c) IV d) V e) VIII |
IV |
of the cranial nerve pairs listed below, which nerve, along with XI and XII relay only somatic motor impulses a) I b) II c) IV d) V e) VIII |
sensory receptors |
pick up stimuli from inside or outside the body two main categories: 1) free nerve endings - monitor general sensory info 2) complete receptor cells - special sensory info location categories: 1) exteroceptors 2) interoceptors 3) proprioceptors stimulus detected categories: 1) mechanoreceptors 2) thermoreceptors 3) chemoreceptors 4) photoreceptors 5) nociceptors structure classification categories: 1) general sensory receptors |
general sensory receptors |
structure classification of sensory receptors nerve endings monitor touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, pain, temperature, proprioception divided into two groups: 1) free nerve endings 2) encapsulated nerve endings |
exteroceptors |
location of sensory receptors sensitive to stimuli arising from outside the body include receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature |
interoceptors |
location of sensory receptors receive stimuli from internal viscera location: digestive tube, bladder, and lungs function: change chemical concentration, taste, stretching of tissues, temperature |
proprioceptors |
location of sensory receptors located in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments monitor degree of stretch send inputs on body movement to the CNS three types: 1) muscle spindles 2) intrafusal muscle fibers 3) anulospiral endings |
muscle spindles |
type of proprioceptor measure the changing length of a muscle embedded in the perimysium between muscle fascicles |
intrafusal muscle fibers |
type of proprioceptor modified skeletal muscle fibers located within muscle spindles |
anulospiral endings |
type of proprioceptor located around middle of intrafusal fibers are stimulated by rate and degree of stretch |
nerves |
bundles of peripheral axons |
ganglia |
clusters of peripheral neuronal cell bodies |
motor endings |
axon terminals of motor neurons innervate effectos |
mechanoreceptors |
stimulus detected from sensory receptor respond to mechanical forces - touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, and itch - baroreceptors - monitor blood pressure four types 1) Meissner's corpuscles 2) Pacinian corpuscles 3) bulbous corpuscles 4) proprioceptors |
thermoreceptors |
stimulus detected from sensory receptor respond to temperature change |
chemoreceptors |
stimulus detected from sensory receptor respond to chemicals in solution |
photoreceptors |
stimulus detected from sensory receptor responds to light located in the eye |
nociceptors |
stimulus detected from sensory receptor respond to harmful stimuli that result in pain |
free nerve endings |
general sensory receptor abundant in epithelia and underlying CT respond to pain and temperature two types 1) epithelial tactile complexes - receptor for light touch 2) hair follicle receptors - wrap around hair follicles |
encapsulated nerve endings |
general sensory receptor consist of one or more end fibers of sensory neurons enclosed CT contains the mechanoreceptors |
meissners corpuscles |
encapsulated nerve endings tactile corpuscle spiraling nerve ending surrounded by schwann cells OCCUR IN DERMAL PAPILLAE light touch receptors |
lamellar corpuscles |
encapsulated nerve endings single nerve ending surrounded by layers of flattened schwann cells occur in hypodermis sensitive to deep pressure - rapidly adapting receptors |
bulbous corpuscles |
encapsulated nerve endings located in the dermis and respond to pressue monitor continuous pressure on the skin - adapt slowly |
spinal nerves |
31 pairs - contain thousands of nerve fibers 8 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal connect to the spinal cord by the dorsal root and ventral root branch into dorsal ramus and ventral ramus - contain sensory and motor fibers |
dorsal root |
contains sensory fibers |
ventral root |
contains motor fibers arising from anterior gray column |
dorsal rami |
innervates back muscles follow a neat, segmented pattern - innervate a horizontal strip of muscle and skin |
ventral rami |
innervates thoracic region arranged in a simple pattern form nerve plexuses intercostal nerves - supply skin and abdomin |
cervical plexus |
located deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle formed by ventral rami of first four cervical nerves PHRENIC NERVE - INNERVATES DIAPHRAGM |
brachial plexus |
lies in the neck and axilla formed by ventral rami of C5-C8 upper limbs |
musculocutaneous |
main branch of the lateral cord innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis *LOCATION - |
median |
originates from both lateral and medial cords innervates anterior forearm muscles and lateral palm |
ulnar |
branches from the medial cord innervates intrinsic hand muscles and skin of the medial hand |
lumbar plexus |
femoral nerve - largest nerve branching smaller branches innervate the posterior abdominal wall and psoas muscle obturator nerve - innervates adductor muscles |
sacral plexus |
arises from spinal nerves L4-S4 caudal to the lumbar plexus sciatic nerve - largest nerve of the sacral plexus two nerves in one sheath 1) tibial nerve 2) common fibular nerve |
sciatic nerve |
two nerves in one sheath 1) tibial nerve - posterior lower limb 2) fibular nerve - anterolateral leg |
dermatome |
an area of skin innervated by spinal nerve skin is supplied by nerves of the brachial plexus |
shingles |
viral infection stems from childhood chicken pox stress |
migraine headache |
relates to sensory innervation of cerebral arteries - arteries dilate and compress and irritate sensory nerve endings TRIGEMINAL CRANIAL NERVE |
peripheral neuropathy |
pathological condition of peripheral nerves symptoms: pain, buring, loss of sensation, paresthesia muscle weakness, paralysis causes: trauma, HIV, diabetes |
olfactory |
what is the I cranial nerve |
optic |
what is the II cranial nerve |
oculomotor |
what is the III cranial nerve |
trochlear |
what is the IV cranial nerve |
trigeminal |
what is the V cranial nerve GIVES HEADACHES |
abducens |
what is the VI cranial nerve |
facial |
what is the VII cranial nerve |
vestibulocochlear |
what is the VIII cranial nerve |
glossopharyngeal |
what is the IX cranial nerve |
vagus |
what is the X cranial nerve |
accessory |
what is the XI cranial nerve |
hypoglossal |
what is the XII cranial nerve |
visceral sensory |
Does the Olfactory nerve have sensory or motor function? what is the function? |
somatic sensory |
does the Optic nerve have sensory or motor function? what is the function? |
somatic motor |
does the Oculomotor nerve have sensory or motor function? |
movement of eyes |
what is the somatic motor function in the Oculomotor nerve |
controls lens |
what is the visceral motor function in the Oculomotor nerve |
somatic motor |
does the trochlear nerve have sensory or motor function |
innervates superior oblique |
what is the somatic motor function of the Trochlear nerve |
general somatic sensory |
does the trigeminal nerve have sensory or motor function |
trigeminal |
what is the largest cranial nerve that has 3 divisions which pass through different foramens of the skull HEADACHES |
innervates the face |
what is the general somatic sensory function of the trigeminal nerve |
contracts muscles to chew |
what is the somatic motor function of the trigeminal nerve |
somatic motor |
does the abducens nerve have sensory or motor function |
innervates lateral rectus |
what is the somatic motor function of the abducens hint: names because it abducts the eye |
general somatic sensory |
does the facial nerve have sensory or motor function |
innervates facial muscles |
what is the somatic motor function of the facial nerve five major branches 1) temporal 2) zygomatic 3) buccal 4) mandibular 5) cervical |
innervates glands |
what is the visceral motor function of the facial nerve |
taste |
what is the general visceral sensory function of the facial nerve makes up 2/3 of the anterior tongue |
small patch of skin on the ear |
what is the general somatic sensory function of the facial nerve |
somatic sensory |
does the vestibulocochlear nerve have sensory or motor function? |
hearing |
what is the somatic sensory function of the vestibulocochlear nerve |
general somatic sensory |
does the glossopharyngeal nerve have sensory or motor function? |
taste |
what is the special visceral sensory function of the glossopharyngeal nerve makes up 1/3 of the posterior tongue |
resperation |
what is the general visceral sensory function of the glossopharyngeal nerve |
small patch of skin on external ear |
what is the general somatic sensory function of the glossopharyngeal nerve |
innervates pharynx |
what is the somatic motor function of the glossopharyngeal nerve |
innervates salivary glands |
what is the visceral motor function of the glossopharyngeal nerve |
general somatic sensory |
does the vagus nerve have sensory or motor function |
somatic motor |
does the accessory nerve have sensory or motor function |
somatic motor |
does the hypoglossal nerve have sensory or motor function |
thoracic and abdominal viscera |
what is the general visceral sensory function of the vagus nerve |
taste buds on epiglottis |
what is the special visceral sensory function of the vagus nerve |
small patch of skin on external ear |
what is the general somatic sensory function of the vagus nerve |
innervates skeletal muscle of pharynx |
what is the somatic motor function of the vagus nerve |
innervates heart, lungs, abdomin |
what is the visceral motor function of the vagus nerve |
innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles |
what is the somatic motor function of the accessory nerve hint: DOES NOT RISE FROM BRAIN STEM |
innervates muscles of the tongue |
what is the somatic motor function of the hypoglossal nerve hint: helps to speak |
hypoglossal |
origin: arise from a series of roots from the ventral medulla oblongata |
hypoglossal |
Pathway: exit the skull through the hypoglossal canal and travels to the tongue |
accessory |
origin: forms from ventral rootlets arising from C1-C5 of the spinal cord. Long considered to have both a cranial and a spinal portion, cranial rootlets have been shown to be part of the vagus nerves |
accessory nerve |
pathway: spinal rootlets merge to form the nerves, pass into the skull through the foramen magnum and exit the skull through the jugular foramen |
vagus |
origin: fibers emerge from medulla oblongata |
vagus |
pathway: fibers exit the skull through the jugular foramen and descend through the neck into the thorax and abdomen |
glossopharyngeal |
origin: fibers emerge from the medulla oblongata |
glossopharyngeal |
pathway: fibers pass through the jugular foramen and travel to the pharynx |
facial |
origin: fibers emerge from the pons, just lateral to abducens |
vestibulocochlear |
origin: sensory receptors in the inner ear for hearing and equilibrium |
facial |
pathway: fibers enter the temporal bone via the internal acoustic meatus and branch off to innervate the two salivary glands and tongue |
vestibulocochlear |
pathway: from the inner ear cavity within the temporal bone, fibers pass through the internal acoustic meatus merge to form the nerve and enter the brain stem at the pons |
abducens |
origin: in the inferior pons |
abducens |
pathway: pass through the superior orbital fissure to enter the orbit |
trigeminal |
origin: sensory receptors in the skin of face |
trigeminal |
pathway: through the skull: 1) superior orbital fissure 2) foramen rotundum 3) foramen ovale mandibular foramen cutaneous branch: 1) supraorbital foramen 2) infraorbital forament 3) mental forament |
trochlear |
origin: in the dorsal midbrain |
trochlear |
pathway: pass ventrally around the midbrain pass through the superior orbital fissure to enter the orbit |
oculomotor |
origin: ventral midbrain |
oculomotor |
pathway: pass through the superior orbital fissure to enter orbit innervate the iris and ciliary muscle |
olfactory |
origin: nasal cavity |
olfactory |
pathway: pass through the CRIBRIFORM foramina of the ethmoid bone to synapse the bulb |
optic |
origin: retina of the eye |
optic |
pathway: pass through the optic canal of the sphenoid bone |
all of the above |
which cranial nerves are involved in innervating the eye? a) oculomotor b) abducens c) trochlear d) oculomotor and abducens only e) all of the above |
accessory an dglossopharyngeal |
Which cranial nerve(s) is/are transmitted through the jugular foramina of the skull? a) accessory b) glossopharyngeal c) hypoglossal d) accessory and glossopharyngeal e) All of the listed responses are correct. |
tongue movements during speech and swallowing |
which answer choice correctly identifies functions of the hypoglossal nerve a) food mixing and manipulation by the tongue; somatic motor fibers to the trapezius muscle b) tongue movements during speech and swallowing c) innervation of skeletal muscles of the pharynx; parasympathetic innervation to pupil constrictor muscles d) special sensory fibers carry information about taste; parasympathetic fibers control tear production from the lacrimal gland |
trigeminal |
branches of the ______ cranial nerve are desensitized when a dentist gives a shot of Novocain which prevents pain impulse transmission from the teeth and gums |
vestibulocochlear |
the ______ nerve transmits afferent impulses for the special senses of hearing and balance |
jugular foramen |
through which hole in the skull do the glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves pass? a) foramen ovale b) internal acoustic meatus c) foramen magnum d) jugular foramen |
cranial nerves III,IV,VI |
which nerves innervate muscles that move the eye a) Cranial nerves IV,V,VI b) Cranial nerves III,IV,VI c) cranial nerves II,III,IV d) cranial nerves II and III |
olfactory and optic nerves |
All except which two cranial nerves attach to the brain at the brainstem a) glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves b) trigeminal and vagus nerves c) olfactory and optic nerves d) oculomotor and trochlear nerves |
facial and vestibulocochlear |
which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus a) facial and vestibulocochlear nerves b) vestibulocochlear nerve and branches of trigeminal nerve c) glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves d) oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves |
they all transmit special sensory impulses |
what do cranial nerves I, II, and VII have in common a) they all transmit gustatory (taste) impulses b) they all transmit special sensory impulses c) they all transmit general somatic motor impulses d) they all transmit visceral motor impulses |
vagus |
the _______ nerve is the only cranial nerve to innervate structures of the thoracic cavity and abdomen |
double vision and reduced ability to rotate the eye inferolaterally |
paralysis or damage to the trochlear nerve results in __________ a) the eyeball turning medially when at rest b) diminished ability to swallow c) double vision and reduced ability to rotate the eye inferolaterally d) diminished ability to speak e) loss of sympathetic motor innervation to the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera |
facial |
if your patient had problems tasting on the anterior two thirds of his tongue, you would suspect damage to the _______ nerve |
glossopharyngeal |
the ______ nerve transmits parasympathetic visceromotor impulses to the parotid salivary gland and relays sensory impulses from chemoreceptors in the carotid body |
directs somatic motor axons to four of the six extrinsic eye muscles and also transmits parasympathetic visceromotor impulses to pupillar constrictor muscle of the eye |
the oculomotor nerve _____ a) directs somatic motor impulses to the superior oblique muscle b) rotates the eye inferolaterally c) directs somatic motor axons to four of the six extrinsic eye muscles and also transmits parasympathetic visceromotor impulses to pupillar constrictor muscle of the eye d) direct somatic motor impulses to the lateral rectus muscles and relays proprioceptive impulses from the same muscle to the brain e) directs visual impulses to the primary visual cortex |
facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus |
Identify ALL of the cranial nerves that transmit gustatory (taste) impulses a) trigeminal and facial b) hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, and vagus c) trigeminal and hypoglossal d) only facial and glossopharyngeal e) facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus |
each contain general visceral motor axons and are characterized as nerves of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X a) are primarily or exclusively motor nerves that are comprised of somatic motor axons to skeletal muscles of the eye, neck, and tongue b) each contain general visceral motor axons and are characterized as nerves of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
motor to the muscles of the tongue |
which type of fibers are found in the hypoglossal nerve a) sensor and motor to the entire tongue b) motor to the muscles of the tongue c) sensory from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue; motor to extrinsic muscles of the tongue d) motor to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue |
IV |
which cranial nerve, along with the abducens and oculomotor nerves, has somatic motor fibers that pass through the superior orbital fissure |
VIII |
which cranial nerve pair has two sensory branches which both pass through the internal acoustic meatus |
IV |
which nerve, along with XI and XII relays only somatic motor impulses |
II |
which cranial nerve pair is characterized by somatic sensory fibers crossing at the ventral midline of the brain |
IV |
which cranial nerve pair along with nerve III has fibers that pass through the superior orbital fissure |
XII |
which cranial nerve pair, similar to cranial nerve II, runs through a canal that bears the same name |
XII |
damage to which cranial nerve pair can cause difficulties in speech and swallowing |
VIII |
damage to which cranial nerve pair can cause deafness and problems with equilibrium |
V |
which cranial nerve pair has three major branches, the maxillary, mandibular, and ophthalmic divisions LARGEST IN DIAMETER |
XI |
which cranial nerve pair along with the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, exits through the jugular foramen |
I |
damage to which cranial nerve pair may result in anosmia |
trochlear |
cranial nerve that provides innervation to one of the extrinsic eye muscles |
XI |
what is the only cranial nerve that has fibers that enter and leave the skull through different foramen |
IX and X |
which cranial nerves have fibers that relay somatic motor impulses to pharyngeal muscles during swallowing a) IX and X b) V and XII c) I and II d) VI and VII |
VII |
a person that cannot blink or smile could have damage to this nerve |
accessory |
cranial nerve pair is comprised of ventral rootlets from C1-C5 |