Abnormal Psychology Chapter 17

Surveys show that ______ is a common experience for close to half of all children in the United States.
A)
worry
B)
depression
C)
anxiety
D)
substance abuse

A) worry

A large survey of parents and their children shows that parents:
A)
believe children are more concerned about school than children are.
B)
believe the greatest worry children have is about their physical appearance.
C)
generally underestimate how worried their children are.
D)
are unusually accurate in knowing about their children’s worries.

C) generally underestimate how worried their children are.

A particular concern among children and adolescents would be:
A)
racism
B)
peer pressure to have sex
C)
bullying
D)
peer pressure to try alcohol

C) bullying

Childhood disorders for which there are no similar adult disorders are called:
A)
disruptive disorders.
B)
anxiety disorders.
C)
intellectual developmental disorder.
D)
elimination disorders.

D) elimination disorders.

For which of the following anxiety disorders would you expect the childhood pattern to be MOST similar to the adult pattern?
A)
generalized anxiety disorder
B)
social anxiety disorder
C)
phobias
D)
obsessive-compulsive disorder

C) phobias

The typical child may not realize that the thoughts and beliefs of others are different from theirs, or be able to anticipate future negative events. Therefore:
A)
the symptoms of childhood anxiety tend to be different from adult symptoms.
B)
children do not experience phobias.
C)
a child cannot fully experience an anxiety disorder.
D)
anxiety is not diagnosed until adolescence.

A) the symptoms of childhood anxiety tend to be different from adult symptoms.

Behavioral and somatic symptoms, such as clinginess, sleep difficulties, and stomach pain rather than cognitive ones, are MORE characteristic of anxiety disorders:
A)
that are appropriately treated by psychotropic medications.
B)
in adolescents rather than in children.
C)
in children rather than in adults.
D)
in children of former generations rather than of the present generation.

C) in children rather than in adults.

A child does almost everything with her mother and seems extremely anxious at school, getting frequent stomachaches and wanting to go home. If the child has an anxiety disorder, it is MOST likely:
A)
agoraphobia
B)
bipolar disorder.
C)
dependent personality disorder.
D)
separation anxiety disorder.

D) separation anxiety disorder.

A similarity among children with separation anxiety and those with school refusal is that they both fear going to school and often stay home. The difference in the symptoms of these diagnoses is that:
A)
if allowed to stay home, children with school refusal generally recover.
B)
separation anxiety usually lasts into adulthood, while school refusal does not.
C)
in separation anxiety, the fear is limited to school.
D)
school refusal often involves fear of others at school, academic fear, and separation anxiety.

D) school refusal often involves fear of others at school, academic fear, and separation anxiety.

A child whose therapist asks her to draw pictures about her life, then introduces games and stories to help the child work through her conflicts and change her emotions and behavior is MOST likely receiving:
A)
cognitive therapy
B)
classroom therapy.
C)
insight therapy.
D)
play therapy.

D) play therapy.

Hormonal changes, life demands, and body dissatisfaction are all reasons to explain why:
A)
postpubertal girls have higher rates of depression than postpubertal boys.
B)
children of all ages have higher rates of depression than adults.
C)
younger children have higher rates of depression than older children.
D)
depression rates are higher than anxiety rates in children.

A) postpubertal girls have higher rates of depression than postpubertal boys.

The National Institute of Mental Health study known as TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study) about treatment for adolescent depression, produced three major surprises. Which of the following is NOT true about the study’s findings?
A)
A combination of antidepressant medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy was most effective.
B)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy alone is not much better than a placebo treatment.
C)
Antidepressant medication alone is better than cognitive-behavioral therapy alone.
D)
The danger to adolescents from antidepressants has been overemphasized and is not that significant.

D) The danger to adolescents from antidepressants has been overemphasized and is not that significant.

Imagine a child who neglects studies, work, friends, and family in order to be on the Internet. Which of the following about Internet addiction disorder is FALSE?
A)
There is no such diagnosis as Internet addiction disorder.
B)
Exposure to vivid but imaginary experiences might impact brain development in children.
C)
When deprived of the Internet, some of these children become anxious or depressed.
D)
The Internet does not represent reality nor equip children for dealing with reality.

A) There is no such diagnosis as Internet addiction disorder.

Results from TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study) BEST support which of the following conclusions?
A)
Second-generation antidepressants should not be used with adolescents because the risk for harm is too high.
B)
Treatment that works for one category of people may not be effective for another category of people.
C)
Cognitive-behavior therapy alone is the best treatment for adolescents.
D)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy cannot be used with adolescents because of their cognitive limitations.

B) Treatment that works for one category of people may not be effective for another category of people.

The MAIN concern over the rise in diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, and in particular, the treatment of bipolar disorder in children is:
A)
the use of cognitive behavioral therapy.
B)
the use of family therapy.
C)
the use of adult medications.
D)
the use of psychodynamic therapy.

C) the use of adult medications.

Childhood patterns of behavior that are diagnosed as bipolar disorder differ from adult patterns in that:
A)
children display depression while adults generally do not.
B)
children display more symptoms of mania than adults do.
C)
a higher proportion of girls than women are diagnosed with the disorder.
D)
children display rage and aggression rather than mania.

D) children display rage and aggression rather than mania.

Critics believe that bipolar disorder has become a catch-all diagnosis for children who display uncontrolled rage. DSM-5 addressed this concern by:
A)
eliminating uncontrolled rage as a symptom of bipolar disorder.
B)
creating a new disorder called disruptive mood dysregulation.
C)
not allowing a diagnosis of a bipolar disorder until children reach age 18.
D)
dividing bipolar disorder into two categories, one with and one without rage.

B) creating a new disorder called disruptive mood dysregulation.

Which of the following is a qualified criminal justice professor MOST likely to say?
A)
"The rate of crime among juveniles is almost evenly split between boys and girls."
B)
"The crimes that juvenile boys and girls commit are different."
C)
"Fortunately, the overall rate of juvenile crime is declining."
D)
"Children are not labeled as delinquent until they reach the age of 13."

B) "The crimes that juvenile boys and girls commit are different."

A child is openly hostile toward her parents. She argues with them constantly and will not do anything they say. They cannot control her. The diagnosis she is MOST likely to receive is:
A)
conduct disorder.
B)
juvenile delinquency.
C)
oppositional defiant disorder.
D)
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

C) oppositional defiant disorder.

A child will not obey his mother. When threatened with punishment, he swears, throws things, and threatens to break everything in the house. His outbreaks seem to be restricted to his parents, but he is almost completely unmanageable. This is an example of:
A)
conduct disorder.
B)
juvenile delinquency.
C)
childhood schizophrenia.
D)
oppositional defiant disorder.

D) oppositional defiant disorder.

Boys and girls have about the same percentage chance of being diagnosed with:
A)
oppositional defiant disorder if they are prepubertal.
B)
oppositional defiant disorder if they are postpubertal.
C)
conduct disorder if they are prepubertal.
D)
conduct disorder if they are postpubertal.

B) oppositional defiant disorder if they are postpubertal.

A child has repeatedly engaged in shoplifting and in hitting neighborhood pets with rocks. The child frequently is aggressive, and has engaged in an increasing number of fights. The MOST appropriate diagnosis for this child is:
A)
oppositional defiant disorder.
B)
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
C)
conduct disorder.
D)
antisocial personality disorder.

C) conduct disorder.

A child is extremely aggressive. She is always fighting with her peers and is frequently very cruel to them. She never tells the truth. Her MOST likely diagnosis is:
A)
conduct disorder.
B)
juvenile delinquency.
C)
passive-aggressive disorder.
D)
oppositional defiant disorder.

A) conduct disorder.

A child sneaks out of the home every now and then, and goes through the neighborhood breaking lawn decorations and scratching car paint. These behaviors MOST closely fit which pattern of conduct disorder?
A)
overt-destructive
B)
overt-nondestructive
C)
covert-destructive
D)
covert-nondestructive

C) covert-destructive

"That kid is pleasant enough, but will lie about practically anything, even things that don’t seem to matter much." This behavior MOST closely fits which pattern of conduct disorder?
A)
overt-destructive
B)
overt-nondestructive
C)
covert-destructive
D)
covert-nondestructive

B) overt-nondestructive

At a parent-teacher conference, a child’s parents are astounded to learn that their son has been showing up late for school, despite leaving home with more than enough time to get to school. This behavior MOST closely fits which pattern of conduct disorder?
A)
overt-destructive
B)
overt-nondestructive
C)
covert-destructive
D)
covert-nondestructive

D) covert-nondestructive

"Relational aggression" is a term used to describe a pattern of aggression MOST common among:
A)
girls diagnosed with conduct disorder.
B)
boys diagnosed with conduct disorder.
C)
boys diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder.
D)
girls diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder.

A) girls diagnosed with conduct disorder.

Carl is a terrible bully. He is very aggressive and repeatedly takes advantage of others. He will say anything to get his way or to try to stay out of trouble. Recently he was arrested for vandalism and ended up getting probation. He will MOST likely be labeled as displaying:
A)
conduct disorder.
B)
juvenile delinquency.
C)
passive-aggressive disorder.
D)
oppositional defiant disorder.

B) juvenile delinquency.

A 16-year-old teenager has just been arrested for the third time for shoplifting. He would MOST likely be labeled with:
A)
juvenile delinquency.
B)
oppositional defiant disorder.
C)
anxiety disorder.
D)
mood disregulation.

A) juvenile delinquency.

Conduct disorder has MOST often been associated with:
A)
genetic or hormonal predisposition.
B)
a history of child abuse.
C)
troubled parent-child relationships.
D)
poverty.

C) troubled parent-child relationships.

An intervention in which parents and their children who have been diagnosed with conduct disorder do behavior therapy targeting and rewarding desired behavior is called:
A)
parent-interaction therapy.
B)
video modeling.
C)
parent management training.
D)
family-consequence sensitization.

C) parent management training.

"My seven-year-old needs to get help for conduct disorder. What do you recommend?" Of the following alternatives, your BEST answer is:
A)
"Video modeling works especially well with elementary school children."
B)
"Treatment foster care is best, as long as the program is well established."
C)
"Parent management training should work best."
D)
"Parent-child interaction therapy would be my recommendation."

C) "Parent management training should work best."

Among the goals of parent-child interaction therapy are all of the following EXCEPT:
A)
helping parents set realistic goals for their child’s behavior.
B)
teaching the child better skills.
C)
encouraging parents to not change how they act with their child.
D)
teaching the parents to use fairer discipline practices

C) encouraging parents to not change how they act with their child.

The LEAST effective way to deal with conduct disorder is:
A)
prevention programs.
B)
teaching children how to deal with their anger.
C)
having children live in juvenile training centers.
D)
through family intervention.

C) having children live in juvenile training centers.

"Will that program really help? I keep hearing bad things about how kids act once they leave." Based on research, the person who said this would be MOST accurate if she or he were expressing reservations about:
A)
a juvenile training center.
B)
treatment foster care.
C)
problem-solving training.
D)
an Anger Coping and Coping Power Program.

A) a juvenile training center.

Of the following, which is MOST likely to be successful as part of a treatment foster care program?
A)
family therapy with the foster parents followed by therapy with the original parents
B)
meetings with school, parole, and probation officers if needed
C)
training and treatment that involves the child, the foster parents, and the biological parents.
D)
individual treatment with the child, followed by family therapy

C) training and treatment that involves the child, the foster parents, and the biological parents.

If your child is diagnosed with a conduct disorder, you could be confident in providing all of the following treatments EXCEPT:
A)
juvenile training centers.
B)
treatment foster care.
C)
anger coping programs.
D)
problem-solving skills training.

A) juvenile training centers.

Perhaps the biggest problem facing school administrators who try to deal with bullying is that:
A)
so many students are involved in bullying incidents, it is hard to tell who is dangerous.
B)
they really don’t care, since bullying is such an unusual occurrence in most schools.
C)
there is a very real possibility that the bullies will attack them, as well as their student victims.
D)
students really don’t rate bullying as a serious problem.

A) so many students are involved in bullying incidents, it is hard to tell who is dangerous.

Imagine that you see a video on YouTube designed to encourage young people who are gay and being bullied. It is probably part of a program called:
A)
Self-Defense is For Everyone.
B)
It Gets Better.
C)
How to Hide Your Orientation.
D)
What to Say to Your Parents.

B) It Gets Better.

A child is receiving problem-solving skills training as a treatment for conduct disorder. You can be reasonably sure that:
A)
stimulant drug (e.g., Ritalin) administration is recommended, but not required.
B)
the child is a preschooler.
C)
the child is female.
D)
the interventions used are cognitive behavioral.

D) the interventions used are cognitive behavioral.

A preadolescent child who has not received a clinical diagnosis participates in a program designed to stop the development of an antisocial pattern of behavior. MOST likely, that program is:
A)
the Anger Coping and Coping Power Program.
B)
one that involves the use of stimulant drugs such as Ritalin.
C)
Scared Straight.
D)
Parents and Children Anonymous.

C) Scared Straight.

Pat does not follow what the teacher is doing and has difficulty focusing on the task at hand. His behavior in class is disruptive because he cannot sit still, which leads to poor grades in school. These symptoms MOST likely indicate:
A)
a conduct disorder.
B)
school phobia with acting out.
C)
dyslexia with childhood anxiety.
D)
attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder.

D) attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder.

A child’s distracting behaviors occur only in a school setting, and include failure to follow instructions and finish work, answering questions before they have been completed, and a lot of seat squirming and fidgeting. Could ADHD be a diagnosis of this child?
A)
Yes; it could be a diagnosis.
B)
No; the child’s symptoms started at too young an age.
C)
No; the child’s symptoms occur in only one setting.
D)
Yes; it could be, but only if the fidgeting is distracting to others.

C) No; the child’s symptoms occur in only one setting.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is MORE common in ______ than in ______.
A)
boys; girls
B)
girls; boys
C)
adolescents; children
D)
adults; children

A) boys; girls

The two MOST common treatments for attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder have been:
A)
behavioral and drug therapies.
B)
group therapy and sociotherapy.
C)
behavioral and group therapy.
D)
insight therapy and cognitive therapy.

A) behavioral and drug therapies.

What would be the BEST answer to give to parents of a child recently diagnosed with ADHD in response to their questions about what caused it?
A)
"It is probably due to a brain malformation that can be corrected with surgery."
B)
"Family dysfunction and high levels of family stress cause ADHD."
C)
"It results from the reactions of others to a child who is just an active child."
D)
"Our best guess is that ADHD results from an interaction of several factors."

D) "Our best guess is that ADHD results from an interaction of several factors."

Among the likely causes of ADHD are all of the following EXCEPT:
A)
abnormal serotonin activity and parietal damage.
B)
negative self-concept.
C)
dysfunctional families.
D)
high levels of stress.

A) abnormal serotonin activity and parietal damage.

The drug Ritalin is classified as a(n):
A)
stimulant.
B)
depressant.
C)
tranquilizer.
D)
antidepressant.

A) stimulant.

"What should I look for in an effective ADHD treatment program?" a friend asks. Your BEST answer among the following alternatives is:
A)
"Psychodynamic therapy works best, with or without drugs."
B)
"Cognitive therapy outperforms even Ritalin."
C)
"Drugs work best."
D)
"Drugs, combined with behavior therapy, work best.

C) "Drugs work best."

The latest research on the use of Ritalin to treat ADHD suggests which of the following?
A)
Research on its effectiveness and safety has been done almost exclusively on white American children.
B)
Negative side effects are serious enough to discourage the use of Ritalin among adolescents.
C)
Fortunately, Ritalin is not effective when used as a recreational drug.
D)
Most ADHD children are better off if they are not treated with Ritalin.

A) Research on its effectiveness and safety has been done almost exclusively on white American children.

Compared to white American children, African American and Hispanic American children with similar levels of activity and attention problems are:
A)
about equally likely to be assessed for ADHD, but less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.
B)
about equally likely to be assessed for ADHD, but more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.
C)
less likely to be assessed for ADHD, and less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.
D)
more likely to be assessed for ADHD, but more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.

C) less likely to be assessed for ADHD, and less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.

Compared to white American children, African American and Hispanic American children with similar levels of activity and attention problems are:
A)
less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, and less likely to receive effective treatment.
B)
less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, but more likely to receive effective treatment.
C)
about equally likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, but less likely to receive effective treatment.
D)
more likely to be diagnosed for ADHD, but less likely to receive effective treatment.

A) less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, and less likely to receive effective treatment.

Of the following parents, the ones LEAST likely to have children who receive effective treatment for ADHD are:
A)
white Americans with private health insurance.
B)
African Americans with private health insurance.
C)
white Americans who are Medicaid-insured.
D)
African Americans who are Medicaid-insured.

D) African Americans who are Medicaid-insured.

Of the following reasons, the LEAST likely to contribute to the differences between African Americans and white Americans in receiving long-acting stimulant drug treatment for ADHD is:
A)
economic factors.
B)
social bias.
C)
stereotyping.
D)
differences in drug tolerance.

D) differences in drug tolerance.

Two children—one, African-American and the other, white American—display exactly the same symptoms of overactivity. What is MOST likely to happen?
A)
They will both be diagnosed with ADHD.
B)
The white American will be diagnosed with ADHD, and the African American will be diagnosed with possibly a lower IQ or substance abuse.
C)
The African American will be diagnosed with ADHD, and the white American will not be diagnosed with anything.
D)
Both will be diagnosed with ADHD, but it will be attributed to medical causes for the white American and social causes for the African American.

B) The white American will be diagnosed with ADHD, and the African American will be diagnosed with possibly a lower IQ or substance abuse.

A 3-year-old child is wetting the bed at night. The bed-wetting apparently is beyond the child’s control. The BESTdiagnosis is:
A)
enuresis.
B)
encopresis.
C)
oppositional defiant disorder.
D)
no diagnosis in this case.

D) no diagnosis in this case.

Elimination disorders are diagnosed when which of the following criteria has been met?
A)
The children have reached an age at which they are expected to control their bodily functions.
B)
The children have a physical illness causing the disorder.
C)
The children have been taking medications that are causing the disorder.
D)
The children hide the disorder from their parents.

A) The children have reached an age at which they are expected to control their bodily functions.

Joey has been wetting his bed since he was a baby. He is 10 years old now. As a result, he will not stay over at his friend’s house or go to camp. His condition is called:
A)
enuresis.
B)
encopresis.
C)
conduct disorder.
D)
noctural emission.

A) enuresis.

A child awakens suddenly to the sound of a bell, and heads for the bathroom. MOST likely the child is receiving:
A)
psychodynamic therapy for enuresis.
B)
psychodynamic therapy for encopresis.
C)
behavioral therapy for enuresis.
D)
behavioral therapy for encopresis.

C) behavioral therapy for enuresis.

One useful approach to treating enuresis employs:
A)
insight therapy.
B)
stimulant drugs.
C)
operant conditioning.
D)
classical conditioning.

D) classical conditioning.

A child is awakened during the night, uses the toilet, and receives a sticker and praise from a parent. Later in the week, accumulated stickers may be turned in for a highly desired toy. This child is undergoing:
A)
dry-bed training for enuresis.
B)
dry-bed training for encopresis.
C)
bell-and-battery therapy for enuresis.
D)
bell-and-battery therapy for encopresis.

A) dry-bed training for enuresis.

A teenager’s parents are down on her all the time. When they are not criticizing her, they ignore her. This is an example of:
A)
punishment.
B)
sexual abuse.
C)
parental discipline.
D)
psychological abuse.

D) psychological abuse.

You read a case study about a ten-year-old girl from a poor background who was sexually abused. This case is:
A)
common; girls from poor backgrounds are the most common victims of sexual abuse.
B)
fairly common; girls, regardless of their socioeconomic group, are the most common victims of sexual abuse.
C)
uncommon; girls from wealthy backgrounds are the most common victims of sexual abuse.
D)
very uncommon; boys from wealthy backgrounds are the most common victims of sexual abuse.

B) fairly common; girls, regardless of their socioeconomic group, are the most common victims of sexual abuse.

If there were several Parents Anonymous groups in a city near you, you could be sure that in that city:
A)
children diagnosed with conduct disorder, and who were abusing alcohol, were receiving help.
B)
children diagnosed with conduct disorder, and who were abusing alcohol or any other drug, were receiving help
C)
parents whose children were physically or verbally abusing them were getting help.
D)
parents who were themselves child abusers were receiving help.

D) parents who were themselves child abusers were receiving help.

The MOST common and successful treatments for encopresis are:
A)
medication and family therapy.
B)
behavioral and family therapy.
C)
bell and pad system.
D)
behavioral and medical treatments.

D) behavioral and medical treatments.

From which of the following pairs of disorders is a child MOST likely to recover by adulthood?
A)
autism spectrum and intellectual developmental disorders
B)
conduct disorder and specific learning disabilities
C)
ADHD and separation anxiety
D)
enuresis and encopresis

D) enuresis and encopresis

Your daughter is MORE likely than your son to be diagnosed with:
A)
encopresis.
B)
ADHD.
C)
autism.
D)
separation anxiety.

D) separation anxiety.

The child most likely to show the first symptom of autism spectrum disorder would be a:
A)
boy under 3 years old.
B)
girl under 3 years old.
C)
boy over 5 years old.
D)
girl over 5 years old.

A) boy under 3 years old.

A female child is diagnosed with autism. Later, as an adult, she is unable to hold a job and has very limited communication skills. Her case is:
A)
very rare; most people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are males, and their symptoms usually diminish substantially by early adulthood.
B)
uncommon; most people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are males, and their symptoms usually remain severe into adulthood.
C)
uncommon; most people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are females, and their symptoms usually diminish substantially by early adulthood.
D)
common; most people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are females, and their symptoms usually remain severe into adulthood.

B) uncommon; most people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are males, and their symptoms usually remain severe into adulthood.

Assume that you are alone in a room with a child suffering from a disorder of childhood. If you didn’t know what the child’s diagnosis was, what behavior of the child’s might start to convince you that the disorder is autism spectrum disorder?
A)
The child argues defiantly with parents.
B)
The child is not responsive to other people.
C)
The child screams uncontrollably when separated from parents.
D)
The child is very active and finds it difficult to stay on task.

B) The child is not responsive to other people.

The mockingbird gets its name from the fact that it often imitates the call of other birds, without conveying any particular message. A child who imitates others’ speech without any sign of understanding it, MOST likely would be diagnosed with:
A)
autism spectrum disorder.
B)
ADHD.
C)
mental retardation.
D)
oppositional defiant disorder

A) autism spectrum disorder.

One speech problem displayed by many children with autism spectrum disorder is that they repeat everything said to them. This is called:
A)
echolalia.
B)
neologism.
C)
nominal aphasia.
D)
pronominal reversal.

A) echolalia.

When a child with autism spectrum disorder says "You want a drink" when he really means that he wants a drink, he is displaying
A)
self-stimulatory behavior.
B)
delayed echolalia.
C)
limited imagination.
D)
pronominal reversal.

D) pronominal reversal.

A person who has difficulty with interpersonal interactions but is otherwise high functioning and would have been diagnosed with Asperger’s disorder in the past, will now, in DSM-5, be diagnosed with:
A)
Asperger’s disorder; nothing has changed.
B)
autism spectrum sisorder.
C)
social communications sisorder.
D)
no disorder.

C) social communications disorder.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder may react with tantrums if an object is moved to a different part of the room. This is known as:
A)
lack of responsiveness.
B)
communication difficulties.
C)
rigid and repetitive behavior.
D)
perserveration of sameness.

D) perserveration of sameness.

A child has autism spectrum disorder and does not like much variation in his life. He puts his toys on a shelf in a particular order and throws a tantrum if his mother moves any of them. Any one of several trivial changes in his daily routine can set him off. This is an example of:
A)
overstimulation.
B)
stimulus over selectivity.
C)
a self-stimulatory behavior.
D)
a perseveration of sameness.

D) a perseveration of sameness.

When a child with autism spectrum disorder jumps, flaps her arms, twists her hands and fingers and makes unusual faces, the child is engaging in:
A)
self-injurious behavior.
B)
self-communication behavior.
C)
self-motor behavior.
D)
self-stimulatory behavior

D) self-stimulatory behavior

The BEST way to characterize children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder is that they:
A)
show disturbed and contradictory patterns of reactions to stimuli.
B)
have low IQs and poor cognitive skills, but good social skills.
C)
engage in excessive amounts of abstract play.
D)
appear to be exceptionally coordinated.

A) show disturbed and contradictory patterns of reactions to stimuli.

According to one psychological view of autism, the awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own belief, and not on information they have no way of knowing, is NOT present in children with autism spectrum disorder. This ability is called:
A)
egocentrism.
B)
a theory of mind.
C)
social awareness.
D)
metacognitive knowledge.

B) a theory of mind.

"It is possible, even probable, that ‘refrigerator parents’—cold, rejecting, rigid—caused this disorder." This is a reasonable statement about the cause of many cases of:
A)
autism.
B)
Asperger’s disorder.
C)
both autism and Asperger’s disorder.
D)
neither autism nor Asperger’s disorder.

A) autism.

Research has shown that, during infancy and early childhood, autistic children are MORE likely to:
A)
have parents who divorce than are "normal" children.
B)
be raised in a family with financial difficulties than are "normal" children.
C)
have cold, rejecting parents.
D)
None of the answers are true.

D) None of the answers are true.

A child with autism is laughing, but sees another child crying. When asked what the other child is feeling, the child with autism is MOST likely to say:
A)
"sadness," because of perseveration of sameness.
B)
"sadness," because of pronominal reversal.
C)
"happiness," because of lack of responsiveness.
D)
"happiness," because of mind-blindness.

D) "happiness," because of mind-blindness.

Imagine that I just stubbed my toe and cried "Ouch." A child with autism, when asked if I was hurt, said, "No," because he wasn’t hurt. This inability to take the perspective of another is referred to as:
A)
excessive logic.
B)
self-stimulatory behavior.
C)
mind-blindness.
D)
sensory overload.

C) mind-blindness.

Which of the following statements reflects current research about the biological causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
A)
So far, researchers have found no biological causes for ASD.
B)
The problem is much more likely to be with the brain’s anatomy rather than with brain functioning.
C)
There are probably multiple biological causes, leading to a common "brain problem."
D)
Neurotransmitter dysfunction explains problems in the cerebellum, but not the brain stem.

C) There are probably multiple biological causes, leading to a common "brain problem."

The MOST recent research has provided evidence that the primary causes of autism spectrum disorder include:
A)
brain abnormalities.
B)
personality characteristics of the parents.
C)
social status.
D)
environmental stress.

A) brain abnormalities.

Recent studies show that children with autistic spectrum disorder are MORE likely than other children to have abnormalities in which section of the brain?
A)
cerebral cortex
B)
corpus callosum
C)
cerebellum
D)
hypothalamus

C) cerebellum

A person diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder listens to a piano piece at a concert. Later at home, the person plays the piano piece without the music, and without making a mistake. This behavior is best described as a:
A)
perseveration of sameness.
B)
repetitive and rigid behavior.
C)
delayed echolalia.
D)
savant skill.

D) savant skill.

Based on the MOST current research, we can conclude that:
A)
MMR vaccinations are probably related to the incidence of autism.
B)
MMR vaccinations are related to some, but not all of the cases of autism.
C)
as parents have refused MMR vaccinations for their children, the incidence of autism has declined.
D)
MMR vaccinations are not related to the development of autism.

D) MMR vaccinations are not related to the development of autism.

Studies of the use of cognitive-behavioral techniques in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder have shown that cognitive-behavioral techniques can produce:
A)
long-term gains in school achievement and intelligence test performance.
B)
only short-term gains in school achievement and intelligence test performance.
C)
long-term gains in school achievement, but only short-term gains in intelligence test performance.
D)
only short-term gains in school achievement, but long-term gains in intelligence test performance.

A) long-term gains in school achievement and intelligence test performance.

Recent work has revealed that the MOST effective treatment for autism has been the use of:
A)
drug therapy.
B)
cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C)
educational therapy.
D)
psychodynamic-humanistic therapy.

B) cognitive-behavioral therapy.

The LEAP program for treating children with autism spectrum disorder is unique because it involves the use of:
A)
reinforcement principles.
B)
medication.
C)
MMR vaccinations.
D)
typical children as models and "teachers."

D) typical children as models and "teachers."

A child with autism spectrum disorder points to a picture of a fork on a board rather than saying, "I want food." This child is using:
A)
a self-communication device.
B)
a token economy system.
C)
an augmentative communication system.
D)
an integrative motor system.

C) an augmentative communication system.

What is the BEST educational treatment for a child with a serious level of dysfunction on the autism spectrum?
A)
mainstreaming and being in a typical classroom with other children
B)
being in special classes that operate in the school district’s own facilities
C)
being sent to a special school that combines treatment and education
D)
being home-schooled

C) being sent to a special school that combines treatment and education

If a child on the autism spectrum were being encouraged to engage in child-initiated interactions, the child would be:
A)
making statements that the therapist would repeat word for word.
B)
using a communications board to make requests known.
C)
asking about things that were of particular interest to him or her.
D)
engaging in play therapy with the child’s parents.

C) asking about things that were of particular interest to him or her.

Which one of the following people would MOST correctly be diagnosed with intellectual developmental disorder?
A)
one with an IQ of 85 and significant difficulty communicating
B)
one with an IQ of 85 but no other significant difficulties
C)
one with an IQ of 65 but functioning well in life
D)
one with an IQ of 69 having problems coping with life

D) one with an IQ of 69 having problems coping with life

If you were trying to learn a new language and you could understand it better than you could speak it, you would be showing symptoms MOST like:
A)
dyslexia.
B)
developmental coordination disorder.
C)
receptive language disorder.
D)
expressive language disorder.

D) expressive language disorder.

A reading proficiency level that is much lower than would be expected based on the measure of general intelligence is called:
A)
dyslexia.
B)
perceptual deficit disorder.
C)
expressive language disorder.
D)
mixed receptive/expressive language disorder.

A) dyslexia.

A child does well in some school subjects. However, the only way that he can read is slowly, one word at a time. He must direct his gaze with his index finger. Even with great effort, he makes many errors and has poor comprehension. This is a description of:
A)
aphasia.
B)
dyslexia.
C)
echolalia.
D)
word blindness.

B) dyslexia.

The specific symptoms associated with dyslexia include:
A)
strikingly impaired mathematical skills.
B)
having difficulty comprehending and expressing language.
C)
an impairment of the ability to recognize words and to comprehend what is being read.
D)
extreme and repeated errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and paragraph organization.

C) an impairment of the ability to recognize words and to comprehend what is being read.

A child displays normal behavior and intelligence, but she does not seem to be able to explain her actions and intentions as well as you would expect. If the deficit is severe enough, she might be diagnosed with:
A)
dyslexia.
B)
a perceptual deficit.
C)
attention-deficit disorder.
D)
an expressive-language disorder.

D) an expressive-language disorder.

A child has received the diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder. You would expect that he would have a problem:
A)
expressing himself in speech.
B)
reading a sentence from a book out loud.
C)
buttoning his shirt and dressing in general.
D)
listening to a teacher explain how to do a mathematics problem.

C) buttoning his shirt and dressing in general.

Fred has an IQ of 65 and cannot do schoolwork. He lives on the streets by begging, is usually dirty, and is always hungry. He would MOST likely be diagnosed with:
A)
depression
B)
dyslexic.
C)
schizophrenic.
D)
mentally retarded.

D) mentally retarded.

Quentin is 25, has an IQ of 60, and never did well at schoolwork. However, he now lives on his own, has a job, and is able to perform the routine chores of life. He would not be considered to have intellectual developmental disorder because:
A)
he is too old.
B)
his IQ is not low enough.
C)
his daily functioning is adequate.
D)
his condition was not diagnosed before the age of 18

C) his daily functioning is adequate.

The use of IQ test results to diagnose intellectual developmental disorder has been criticized for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
A)
They do not measure functioning at the low end of the scale adequately.
B)
They are culturally biased.
C)
They do not measure adaptive functioning.
D)
They are not valid predictors of school performance.

D) They are not valid predictors of school performance.

Intelligence test results should not be the only things used to determine intellectual developmental disorder, because intelligence test scores:
A)
are not positively correlated with school performance.
B)
lack reliability.
C)
don’t indicate level of adaptive behavior.
D)
lack validity.

C) don’t indicate level of adaptive behavior.

What does it mean to say that intelligence tests are culturally biased?
A)
They measure "street smarts," so rural children are disadvantaged.
B)
They measure abilities that are related to having been in school, disadvantaging home-schooled children.
C)
They are biased against children who have experienced a great variety of cultures and who are bilingual.
D)
They are biased in favor of those from middle and upper socioeconomic levels who are exposed to the kinds of language and typical experiences that the test evaluates.

D) They are biased in favor of those from middle and upper socioeconomic levels who are exposed to the kinds of language and typical experiences that the test evaluates.

Mild mental retardation is MOST common in which socioeconomic class?
A)
lower
B)
middle
C)
upper
D)
Mild mental retardation is about equally common across socioeconomic classes.

A) lower

About what percentage of those diagnosed with mental retardation fall into the category of mild intellectual developmental disorder?
A)
less than 10 percent
B)
25 percent
C)
55 percent
D)
80 to 85 percent

D) 80 to 85 percent

MOST cases of mild intellectual developmental disorder seem to be related to:
A)
inherited traits.
B)
sociocultural and psychological factors.
C)
fetal alcohol syndrome.
D)
organic brain syndrome.

B) sociocultural and psychological factors.

Isabelle is born into a very poor family. Both parents have below-average IQs and are barely able to support and provide for themselves. Isabelle’s nutrition and health care have never been very good. She is at risk for:
A)
autistic spectrum disorder.
B)
mild intellectual developmental disorder.
C)
attention-deficit disorder.
D)
severe intellectual developmental disorder.

B) mild intellectual developmental disorder.

Early home intervention programs for those in the "mild" intellectual developmental disorder category:
A)
provide little help for children because of parental resistance.
B)
improve overall functioning, but do not improve later performance in school and in adulthood.
C)
do not improve overall functioning, but do improve later performance in school and in adulthood
D)
improve both overall functioning, and later performance in school and in adulthood.

D) improve both overall functioning, and later performance in school and in adulthood.

The percentage of individuals at the four levels of intellectual developmental disorder from mild to profound:
A)
increases steadily as the intelligence level decreases.
B)
decreases steadily as the intelligence level decreases.
C)
stays about the same as the intelligence level decreases.
D)
is highest for the "moderate intellectual developmental disorder" level.

B) decreases steadily as the intelligence level decreases.

If one knew nothing more than that the person with intellectual developmental disorder also had extensive and severe neurological dysfunction and physical handicaps, the MOST likely estimate of that person’s level of mental retardation would be:
A)
mild.
B)
mild or moderate.
C)
moderate or severe.
D)
severe or profound.

D) severe or profound.

Children with multiple physical and neurological problems that seriously limit their functioning are MOST likely to be diagnosed with which level of intellectual developmental disorder?
A)
mild
B)
moderate
C)
severe or profound
D)
They are likely to be diagnosed as having no intellectual development disorder.

C) severe or profound

Biological factors are NOT the most important causes of which level of intellectual developmental disorder?
A)
profound
B)
moderate
C)
mild
D)
Biological factors are the most important causes of all of these levels of mental retardation.

C) mild

MOST diagnosed cases of Down syndrome are of the:
A)
trisomy 21 type.
B)
mosaicism type.
C)
age-related type.
D)
translocation type.

A) trisomy 21 type.

Paula has moderate intellectual developmental disorder, a small head and flat face, as well as a protruding tongue. Her condition is MOST likely:
A)
PKU.
B)
Down syndrome.
C)
Tay-Sachs disease.
D)
fragile X syndrome.

B) Down syndrome.

The most common of the identified chromosomal causes of Down syndrome is:
A)
trisomy 21.
B)
mosaicism.
C)
translocation.
D)
PKU.

A) trisomy 21.

Individuals with Down syndrome:
A)
have a different range of personality characteristics just as do those in the general population without Down syndrome.
B)
have a similar range of personality characteristics as do those in the general population without Down syndrome.
C)
have the same range of personality characteristics as do those in the general population without Down syndrome.
D)
have a range of personality characteristics similar to those of people with fetal alcohol syndrome.

C) have the same range of personality characteristics as do those in the general population without Down syndrome.

Shy and anxious children who have mild to moderate degrees of intellectual dysfunction, language impairments, and behavioral problems are MOST likely to be diagnosed with:
A)
trisomy 21.
B)
Down syndrome.
C)
phenylketonuria.
D)
fragile X syndrome.

D) fragile X syndrome.

An infant is diagnosed with a biological disorder. As she ages, her physical and mental conditions deteriorate steadily so that she loses vision and motor control, and at the age of 3, she dies. Most likely, she was suffering from:
A)
Tay-Sachs disease.
B)
Down syndrome.
C)
fragile X syndrome.
D)
phenylketonuria (PKU).

A) Tay-Sachs disease.

Which of the following do phenylketonuria and Tay-Sachs disease have in common?
A)
Both can be detected at birth and treated.
B)
Both are caused by a double recessive gene.
C)
Both are metabolic defects involving an amino acid.
D)
People of Eastern European Jewish ancestry are at increased risk for both.

B) Both are caused by a double recessive gene.

An iodine deficiency in the diet of a pregnant woman may lead to a condition in which the baby has a dwarflike appearance and a defective thyroid gland. This disorder is called:
A)
cretinism.
B)
encephalitis.
C)
Down syndrome.
D)
Tay-Sachs disease.

A) cretinism.

If a pregnant woman wishes to avoid having a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), what should she do?
A)
avoid drinking alcohol, since no safe level of drinking while pregnant has been established.
B)
avoid only binge drinking, since only binge drinking is associated with FAS.
C)
drink no more than the equivalent of one ounce of alcohol per day.
D)
drink no more than the equivalent of two ounces of alcohol per day.

A) avoid drinking alcohol, since no safe level of drinking while pregnant has been established.

Most colleges and universities now require students to have a meningitis vaccination before enrolling. Untreated meningitis can lead to:
A)
cretinism.
B)
encephalitis.
C)
autism.
D)
intellectual development disorder.

D) intellectual development disorder.

Anoxia, one possible source of intellectual developmental disorder, involves brain damage resulting from:
A)
ingestion of lead-based paint.
B)
lack of oxygen during or after delivery.
C)
poisoning from pesticides or fertilizer nitrates.
D)
seizures induced by inhalants or automobile exhaust fumes.

B) lack of oxygen during or after delivery.

In poor inner-city neighborhoods, children sometimes eat paint that is flaking off walls. This can sometimes lead to intellectual developmental disorder due of:
A)
meningitis.
B)
encephalitis.
C)
microcephaly.
D)
lead poisoning.

D) lead poisoning.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the criteria for remaining in state schools changed, and many individuals with intellectual developmental disorders were released into the community. This is an example of:
A)
deinstitutionalization.
B)
a normalization program.
C)
mainstreaming.
D)
special education.

A) deinstitutionalization.

MOST children with intellectual developmental disorder live:
A)
at home.
B)
in "normalization" residences.
C)
in relatively small, county-run institutions.
D)
in relatively large, state-run institutions.

A) at home.

Nations that pioneered "normalization" in the treatment of intellectual developmental disorder include:
A)
the United States and Canada.
B)
the former Soviet Union and China.
C)
Japan and Great Britain.
D)
Denmark and Sweden.

D) Denmark and Sweden.

A woman is in a facility for those with intellectual developmental disorder. She has her own apartment, dresses herself, and goes to the dining room, where she orders breakfast off a menu. She then goes to work in a sheltered workshop. At the end of the day, she goes home to her apartment and gets ready for dinner. This arrangement is part of:
A)
deinstitutionalization.
B)
a normalization program.
C)
mainstreaming.
D)
special education.

B) a normalization program.

A child is in public school, but he is grouped with other low-IQ children like him. He and his classmates have a specially designed program that is different from that of the other children in the school. This is MOST likely an example of:
A)
mainstreaming.
B)
special education.
C)
deinstitutionalization.
D)
a normalization program.

B) special education.