|
Which of the following bones belong in the appendicular skeleton? |
metatarsal |
|
Which of the following facial bones contain a sinus? |
Maxillary |
|
Which facial bones makeup the central portion of the bridge of the nose? |
Nasal |
|
What is the anatomical name for the facial bones known as "cheekbones"? |
Zygomatic bones |
|
Which facial bones fuse to form the upper jaw? |
Maxillary |
|
Identify the small facial bones found in the medial wall of the orbit. |
Lacrimal |
|
Identify the shield shaped top of the sternum. |
Manubrium |
|
Name the type of connective tissue that anchors the ribs onto the sternum. |
Hyaline cartilage |
|
Identify the central portion of the sternum. |
Body |
|
What part of the sternum is palpated prior to giving CPR? |
Xiphoid Process |
|
How many pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum? |
7 |
|
A __________ is a slit-like opening. |
fissure |
|
The interconnecting bony struts of spongy bone are known as __________. |
trabeculae |
|
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra? |
Atlas |
|
What is the name of the second cervical vertebra? |
Axis |
|
Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes". |
Occipital bone – atlas |
|
Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no". |
Atlas – axis |
|
Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas. |
Occipital condyles |
|
Name the opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes. |
Foramen magnum |
|
Identify the location of the occipital bone. |
Posterior surface and base of the cranium |
|
Identify the area of the occipital bone that articulates with the vertebral column. |
Occipital condyles |
|
dentify the occipital bone landmark that can not be palpated from the surface of the head. |
Occipital condyles |
|
Identify the large suture on the posterior surface of the skull at the border of the occipital bone. |
Lambdoid |
|
Which bone is found within the pelvis? |
ilium |
|
Which of the following bones contains a diaphysis? |
tibia |
|
Identify the region of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygomatic arch. |
Zygomatic process |
|
A synergist ________. |
promotes the action of the agonist |
|
What ion enters the muscle cell upon activation of the acetylcholine receptors? |
sodium |
|
Which of the following is a globular protein that binds to calcium? |
troponin |
|
An aponeuroses is most similar to a ________. |
tendon |
|
Which of the following is the main component of thick filaments? |
myosin |
|
What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction? |
acetylcholine |
|
Upon arriving in the laboratory classroom, you drop the ink pen that you were planning to use for documenting your observations. Identify the muscle that allows for flexion of the vertebral column, allowing you to bend at the waist to retrieve the pen. |
rectus abdominis |
|
An agonist ________. |
is also known as a prime mover. Contraction results in a specific action |
|
What is the anatomical name for the tube-like structures that are continuous with the sarcolemma? |
T-tubules |
|
What would most likely happen if there were a decrease in the number of acetylcholine receptors in the NMJ? |
decreased action potential generation at the motor endplate |
|
What is it called when the myosin heads pivot and pull on the actin filaments? |
power stroke |
|
What is the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to an action potential known as? |
excitation-contraction coupling |
|
Which of the following is a structural component of thin filaments? |
actin |
|
__________ attach muscles to bones |
Tendons |
|
Which of the following terms might be found in the name of a muscle that increases the angle at a joint? |
extensor |
|
Based on the name gluteus maximus, which of the following statements about the muscle is true? |
This is the largest muscle of the gluteal region. |
|
Describe the relationship between the origin and insertion of a contracting muscle. |
The origin remains fixed and the insertion moves. |
|
What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell called? |
What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell called? |
|
Which of the following terms might be found in the name of a muscle that is the larger of two similar muscles in a specific location? |
major |
|
An antagonist ________. |
opposes a specific action |
|
Which structure stores calcium ions for release in the muscle cell? |
sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
Which of the following is a double-stranded protein that blocks actin-binding sites? |
tropomyosin |
|
depolarization |
sodium enters |
|
action potential |
tip on the arch happenes in the nodes of render |
|
repolerization |
potassium leaves |
|
hyperpolarization |
goes below the threshold |
|
what is the net charge on the OUTSIDE of the cell membrane when it is in "resting potential"? |
negative |
|
what is the net charge on the INSIDE of the cell membrane when it is in "resting potential"? |
positive |
|
when an action potential occurs, what part of the neuron does the electrical impulse travel along? |
axon |
|
at resting membrane potential, where is the concentration of potassium higher? |
inside the cell |
|
at resting membrane potential, where is the concentration of sodium higher? |
outside the cell |
|
what is the job of Na/K pump? |
It functions in the active transport of sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane against their concentration gradients |
|
why is ATP energy needed to move the NA and K ions using the NA/K pump? |
to give the channel the energy to change its shape to move sodium |
|
Depolarization: 1. What ions are involved and where do they move? 2. What channels open and/or close? 3. What happened to the potential inside the cell? |
1. sodium ions are moving into the cell 2. sodium channels open 3. inside of cell becomes positive |
|
Repolarization: 1. What ions are involved and where do they move? 2. What channels open and/or close? 3. What happened to the potential inside the cell? |
1. potassium ions are moving out of the cell 2. potassium channels open 3. inside the cell becomes negative |
|
Return to resting: 1. What ions are involved and where do they move? 2. What channels open and/or close? 3. What happened to the potential inside the cell? |
1. sodium= moving out / potassium= moving in 2. sodium potassium pump (NA/K pump) moves the sodium back out and the potassium back in 3. inside of the cell becomes negative again |
|
Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE? |
the exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge |
|
During depolarization, which of the following statements about voltage-gated ion channels is TRUE |
Na+ gates open before K+ gates |
|
Depolarization occurs because |
more Na+ diffuse into the cell than K+ diffuse out of it |
|
The sodium-potassium pump is involved in establishing the resting membrane potential. |
True |
|
The nerve impulse is an electrical current that travels along dendrites or axons. |
True |
|
action potential |
a brief reversal of membrane charge that moves down the axon, causing an electrical impulse to be transmitted |
|
axon |
a long extension of a nerve cell that transfers an electrical impulse from the nerve to a synapse |
|
concentration gradient |
the difference of a particular substance concentration between two areas |
|
ion |
an atom that has an electrical charge |
|
K+ ion |
positively charged ion that necessary for transmission of electrical nerve impulses |
|
Na+ ion |
positively charged ion that is necessary for transmission of electrical nerve impulses |
|
Na+/K+ pump |
an enzyme in the cell membrane that uses active transport to move 3 Na+ ions out of and 2 K+ ions into the cell. helping to maintain a correct balance of Na+ and K+ |
|
nerve |
a group of neurons bundled together |
|
membrane polarity |
electrical charge difference across the cell membrane |
|
neuron |
a single nerve cell used to conduct electrical impulses between the brain and other parts of the body |
|
polarity |
electrical charge difference |
|
potassium channel |
pore-forming proteins that span across the cell membrane, selectively controlling the flow of potassium in and out of the cell |
|
schwann cell |
cells that wrap around axons to help action potentials transmit faster to the next synapse |
|
sodium channel |
pore-forming proteins that span across the cell membrane, selectively controlling the flow of sodium in and out of the cell |
|
voltage gated channel |
a transmembrane ion channel that opens or closes in response to an electrical charge difference near the channel |
|
What cells support and protect neurons? |
Glial cells (or neuroglia) |
|
What is the structure that is responsible for secreting the hormone melatonin? |
pineal gland |
|
The white matter of the cerebellum is referred to as the _______. |
arbor vitae |
|
__________ form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system, whereas __________ form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system. |
Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes |
|
Which of the following activities would be altered by damage to the olfactory nerve? |
smelling roses |
|
Myelin sheaths form an insulating layer around the axons of neurons in the central and peripheral and central nervous systems. These structures function to speed up the transmission of impulses along the axon. |
true |
|
The __________ regulates the autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland. |
hypothalamus |
|
A junction specialized for communication between neurons is called a __________. |
synapse |
|
Which of the following types of neurons serves as motor neurons for voluntary and involuntary movements? |
Multipolar neurons |
|
The __________ is the dural fold that separates the cerebral hemispheres. |
falx cerebri |
|
Saltatory propagation differs from continuous propagation in that ________. |
Saltatory propagation occurs when an action potential moves from node to node along myelinated axons. |
|
Neuron processes that receive impulse from other neurons are called __________. |
dendrites |
|
__________ contains mostly myelinated nerve fibers, whereas __________ contains mostly unmyelinated nerve fibers. |
White matter; gray matter |
|
What is the name of the structure that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, allowing for interhemispheric communication? |
corpus callosum |
|
There are __________ pairs of cranial nerves |
12 |
|
Which of the following correctly lists the meninges in order from deep to superficial? |
pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater |
|
The __________, located in each of the ventricles, produce cerebrospinal fluid. |
choroid plexuses |
|
Which of the following cell types produces cerebrospinal fluid? |
ependymal cells |
|
The __________ separates the two cerebral hemispheres. |
longitudinal fissure |
|
Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord? |
Medulla oblongata |
|
How many regions make up the brain stem? |
3 |
|
Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina? |
Midbrain |
|
Which ventricle is located within the brain stem? |
Fourth ventricle |
|
The inferior colliculi are part of the corpora quadrigemina. |
true |
|
Which of the following correctly differentiates between white matter and gray matter? |
White matter is myelin, while gray matter is unmyelinated parts of neurons. |
|
The __________ are a series of interconnected cavities that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. |
ventricles |
|
The brain and spinal cord are covered by connective tissue membranes called __________. |
meninges |
|
The ________ lies between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes |
synaptic cleft |
|
Which ventricles are divided by the septum pellucidum? |
Lateral ventricles |
|
What type of tissue makes up the cerebral cortex? |
gray matter |
|
What is the function of white matter? |
Transmits messages |
|
The composition of gray matter includes neuron cell bodies. |
true |
|
White matter has a fatty consistency. |
true |
|
The brain is a solid organ that lacks cavities |
false |
|
The gray matter of the cerebrum consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia. Myelinated axons and neuroglia appear white and are insulated. |
true |
|
Which of the following types of glial cells connects neurons to blood vessels; helps form the blood-brain barrier; and assists in the regulation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients? |
Astrocytes |
|
A __________ is an automatic, involuntary, and predictable response to a stimulus. |
reflex |
|
The cone-shaped terminal end of the spinal cord is called the ________. |
conus medullaris |
|
The area between the dura mater and the vertebrae is known as the ________. |
epidural space |
|
Which of the following elements of a reflex arc is responsible for delivering sensory impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord? |
sensory neuron |
|
One difference between the meninges of the brain and the spinal cord is that ________. |
… |
|
the dura mater of the spinal cord is not attached to the inner surface of vertebrae as the dura mater of the brain is attached to the inner surface of the cranial bones |
the dura mater of the spinal cord is not attached to the inner surface of vertebrae as the dura mater of the brain is attached to the inner surface of the cranial bones |
|
Which component of a reflex arc responds to external or internal stimuli? |
sensory receptor |
|
Which element of a reflex arc is responsible for carrying out an action in response to a stimulus? |
effector organ |
|
In the spinal cord, the grey matter is __________ to the white matter. |
deep |
|
Spinal nerves are classified as mixed nerves because they ________. |
contain both sensory and motor nerve fibers |
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