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Which of these represents the majority of whole blood by volume? |
plasma |
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What is a hematocrit? Hematocrit is the percentage of leukocytes and platelets in a whole blood sample. |
Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample. |
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Which of these is true of the materials making up the buffy coat in centrifuged blood? They are denser then plasma and erythrocytes. |
They are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma. |
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Which of the following is NOT regulated by the blood? pH level |
nutrient levels |
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Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? hormone production |
hormone production |
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Which of the following is NOT a formed element in whole blood? erythrocytes |
albumin |
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Which of the following plasma proteins is improperly matched with its function? fibrinogen: clotting |
gamma globulins: lipid transport Gamma globulins are also called immunoglobulins and are part of the immune response. |
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Which of the following would NOT be a characteristic of normal blood? pH of 7.4 |
less viscous than water |
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In a centrifuged sample of blood, what should NOT be in the plasma portion of the sample? electrolytes |
platelets |
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Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to clotting? albumin |
fibrinogen |
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Which of the formed elements is present in the greatest concentration? erythrocytes |
erythrocytes |
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Athletes who choose to use industry-produced EPO as a performance-enhancing drug to increase the effects of their naturally-produced EPO, will experience ______. decreased production of EPO by their kidneys |
decreased production of EPO by their kidneys |
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Which of the following is true of the structure of an erythrocyte? |
Erythrocytes can bend and twist to fit through vessels. |
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What is the name of the protein found in erythrocytes that transports respiratory gases? |
hemoglobin |
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What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production to make new red blood cells? |
reduced availability of oxygen |
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Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport? |
amino acids of the globin |
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How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule? |
four |
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During which phase in erythrocyte development does the color of hemoglobin overcome the color of the stained ribosomes? |
phase 2 |
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What is a young, anucleate erythrocyte called?
polychromatic erythroblast |
reticulocyte |
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What part of the body does erythropoietin (EPO) target to increase erythropoiesis? bone marrow |
bone marrow |
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What part of the hemoglobin molecule is eventually metabolized to stercobilin in the feces? |
a portion of the heme group |
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What erythrocyte production disorder results from an autoimmune disease associated with vitamin B12 absorption? aplastic anemia |
pernicious anemia |
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Suppose that an individual injects himself with erythropoietin in order to raise his level of endurance, an act that is usually illegal in competitive sports. Which of the following could result? |
polycythemia |
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Which of the following does NOT stimulate erythrocyte production? |
hyperventilating |
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Mature erythrocytes lack a nucleus. |
True |
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Choose the statement that is true concerning hemoglobin. It can bind a maximum of three oxygen molecules. |
It is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups. |
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Bilirubin is created when red blood cells are recycled. How is it removed from the blood stream? the liver |
the liver |
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Which of the following is correctly matched? hemolytic anemia: results from inadequate iron intake |
pernicious anemia: results from a vitamin B12 deficiency |
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Abnormally low levels of erythrocytes caused by excessive bleeding is called______. sickle-cell anemia |
hemorrhagic anemia |
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In a cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy, the decision to utilize a CSF capable of specifically stimulating the production of only the granular leukocytes would require that the CSF acts exclusively on ______. lymphoid stem cells |
myeloblasts |
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Blood is a type of connective tissue. What primary germ layer is responsible for producing both blood and phagocytic brain glial cells? ectoderm |
mesoderm |
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When a person has an acute bacterial infection, such as bacterial meningitis or appendicitis, which type of leukocyte increases in number? basophils |
neutrophils |
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Which type of leukocyte is responsible for antibody production? lymphocytes |
lymphocytes |
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Identify the leukocytes in the figure in order. monocyte, eosinophil, lymphocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil |
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte |
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Which of these develops from lymphoid stem cells? monocytes |
lymphocytes |
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Which cells of the myeloid stem cell pathway have accumulated granules? |
myelocytes |
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From which cell do the granulocytes descend? |
myeloblast |
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On a blood smear slide prepared using Wright’s stain, you observe a large cell with a U-shaped nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm. This cell is most likely a(n) __________. basophil |
monocyte |
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Which granulated leukocyte is most likely to be active during a bacterial infection? monocytes |
neutrophils |
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All lymphocytes are also leukocytes. |
True Lymphocytes are specialized leukocytes. Lymphocytes include T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. |
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Which of the following is NOT a functional characteristic of leukocytes? positive chemotaxis |
leukocytosis |
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Which leukocyte might you expect to find in higher quantities in a person experiencing allergies? neutrophil |
eosinophil |
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Which of the following leukocyte is NOT correctly matched with its function? eosinophil: bacterial macrophage |
eosinophil: bacterial macrophage |
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What part of the pathway to produce platelets is shared with other formed elements? reticulocyte |
hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast) |
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Which of the following best explains how platelets enter the blood? They are formed in the spleen and are released directly into the blood. |
They are passed through the wall of a bone marrow capillary. |
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Which formed element can be described as membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic fragments? |
platelets |
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What factor stimulates platelet formation? plasmin |
thrombopoietin |
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Which of the following is FALSE regarding the role of platelets in hemostatic reactions? Platelets release chemicals that attract and bind other platelets. |
Platelets release the only chemical factors that can initiate coagulation. |
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During which event of hemostasis do clotting factors (procoagulants) assist with the transformation of blood from a liquid to a gel? |
D The gelling of blood due to formation of insoluble fibrin occurs during the coagulation stage. |
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What "clot buster" enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred during fibrinolysis? plasminogen |
plasmin |
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Which of the following would NOT lead to a bleeding disorder? thrombocytopenia |
excess calcium in the diet |
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Which step in hemostasis involves activation of formed elements in the blood? vascular spasm |
platelet plug formation |
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Hemostasis is important for __________. stoppage of bleeding |
stoppage of bleeding |
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Which of the following represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways? One is triggered by tissue damage, while the other cannot be triggered by tissue damage. |
One is faster than the other. |
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Digesting a clot after it is formed requires activation of what plasma protein by tPA? plasminogen |
plasminogen |
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What protein involved in coagulation provides the activation for the final step in clotting? thrombin |
thrombin |
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During erythroblastosis fetalis, a Rh- mother’s anti-Rh antibodies that have crossed the placenta will cause agglutination of the fetus’s Rh+ RBCs. However, the reverse problem never happens when a Rh+ mother is pregnant with a Rh- fetus, that is, antibodies produced by the fetus cannot cause agglutination of the mother’s Rh+ RBCs. This is true because ______. agglutinins are physically too large to pass across the placenta |
antibodies that can cause this agglutination are not produced by a fetus |
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AB blood type is the universal blood recipient because of that type’s lack of agglutinogens. |
False AB blood type is the universal blood recipient because of that type’s lack of antibodies. |
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Choose the incompatible transfusion. |
Donate type B blood to a recipient with type O blood. |
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A person who lacks agglutinogen A but has agglutinogen B would have blood type __________. B |
B |
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Which of the following scenarios could result in HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn)? AB-negative female pregnant with an AB-negative baby |
B-negative female pregnant with an AB-positive baby |
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Which statement is true? Type A blood cannot be given to people with type B blood. |
Type A blood cannot be given to people with type B blood. |
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Which ABO blood type is considered to be the universal recipient? O |
AB |
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A patient has a suspected electrolyte imbalance, what blood test would reveal an electrolyte imbalance? platelet count |
Comprehensive Medical Panel (CMP) |
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Which of the following sets of measurements from Harold’s CBC does his doctor use to evaluate his body’s ability to oxygenate his tissues? |
hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC |
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Which of the following sets of measurements from Harold’s CBC does his doctor use to evaluate the health of his immune system? |
WBC, neutrophil, basophil count |
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Doctors have determined that Harold is anemic. Which of the following pieces of evidence directly supports this diagnosis? |
fatigue, dizziness, and low hematocrit |
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Based on Harold’s history of gastritis, his doctor ordered a blood test in order to measure his levels of vitamin B12. Which of the following explains why his doctor would take this action? |
The stomach makes intrinsic factor, which is required for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine. |
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There are many different types of anemia. Based on the evidence in this case, what type of anemia does Harold likely have? |
pernicious anemia |
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Harold’s doctor noted that he was experiencing a mild tachycardia. Which of the following best explains why Harold would be experiencing tachycardia in this case? |
Harold is showing signs and symptoms of having trouble oxygenating his tissues. The elevated heart rate helps to compensate for this problem. |
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The three types of formed elements of blood are ________. |
leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes |
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The two most abundant components of whole blood, in order of most abundant and second-most abundant, are _________. |
plasma, erythrocytes |
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Maggie’s cuts are successfully treated, and the physician elects not to transfuse any blood products. A week later she visits her primary physician to have her sutures removed, and her hematocrit has improved. Calculate this HCT: the total volume is 5 ml, and the plasma volume is 3.4 ml. Is it normal? |
32%. This value is low for a woman. In this question, students must calculate packed cell volume by subtracting the plasma volume value from the total blood volume (5 – 3.4 = 1.6 ml); then, 1.6/5 ml × 100 = 32%. The normal hematocrit in healthy females is approximately 42% ± 5%, and in a healthy male, it is 47% ± 5%. |
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Assuming all of the following fluid-replacement options are equal (with respect to risks, availability, and cost), which would be the most optimal for Maggie when you consider her significant blood loss? |
whole blood (blood that is the normal consistency of blood in the body) |
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A test tube of Maggie’s blood goes unused in the lab, and the stagnant blood coagulates. This is due to which pathway of blood clotting? |
intrinsic pathway |
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In the laboratory, the technician determines Maggie’s blood type. Maggie’s blood agglutinates in anti-A antibodies, but has no reaction in anti-B or anti-D antibodies. What is Maggie’s blood type? |
A- |
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What blood type(s) can Maggie safely receive? |
A- and O- |
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If Maggie needed a blood transfusion immediately upon her arrival to the ED, before her blood type could be established, what type could be safely transfused? |
O- |
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The infusion of mismatched blood causes a "transfusion reaction" in which the infused RBCs go through __________. |
agglutination and hemolysis |
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