A & P- Chapter 27

Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females?
A) Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer.
B) All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant.
C) The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation.
D) The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system.

The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system.

Normally menstruation occurs when ________.

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________.

in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell

Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise?

The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies.

Select the correct statement about male sexual response.
A) Sympathetic impulses are responsible for causing penile arteriolar dilation, resulting in erection.
B) Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood.
C) Expansion of the penile tissues results in dilation of the venous outflow.
D) Ejaculation is the result of parasympathetic stimulation.

Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood

Which of the choices below is not a function of testosterone?
A) stimulates the male pattern of development
B) contributes to male sexual behavior and spermatogenesis
C) stimulates protein synthesis
D) stimulates mammary gland development

stimulates mammary gland development

Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH?

inhibin

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________.

progesterone levels are at their highest

Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle.

If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.

Which of the choices below is not a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
A) hypothalamus
B) anterior pituitary gland
C) thalamus
D) interstitial cells

thalamus

Fertilization generally occurs in the ________.

fallopian tubes

Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum?
A) labia majora
B) labia minora
C) clitoris
D) vagina

labia majora

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________.

genetically identical

How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth?
A) They move close to the pelvic cavity.
B) They move away from the pelvic cavity.
C) Excessive warmth has no effect on the testicles because of their location in the scrotum.
D) Excessive warmth is actually beneficial in that it speeds up the maturation of sperm.

They move away from the pelvic cavity.

Effects of estrogen include ________.

growth of the breasts at puberty

Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________.

preparation of the mammary glands for lactation

Which of the following will occur after ovulation?
A) The corpus luteum secretes estrogen only.
B) The endometrium enters its secretory phase.
C) The secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins is enhanced.
D) The corpus luteum prepares to become a corpus albicans.

The endometrium enters its secretory phase.

Why doesn’t semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation?

The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.

Spermatogenesis ________.

involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes

Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?

LH

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis ________.

involves FSH and LH release

Select the correct statement about testosterone control.
A) GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary.
B) FSH stimulates testicular production of testosterone.
C) Inhibin and testosterone exert positive feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary.
D) The pineal gland is believed to be the gland that exerts the most influence in testosterone control.

GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary.

A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________.

decreased testosterone secretion

All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except ________.
A) FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
B) estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle
C) the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation
D) a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation

FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?
A) maximal LH secretion and menstruation
B) maximal steroid secretion by the corpus luteum and menstruation
C) early follicular development and the secretory phase in the uterus
D) regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion

regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion

The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following?

corpus spongiosum

Prostate cancer is ________.

sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient

The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________.

peristaltic contractions

The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________.

failure of the testis to make their normal decent

Which of the following glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen?

the seminal vesicles

Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
A) LH
B) FSH
C) GnRH
D) testosterone

GnRH

The genetic determinate for male reproductive development is ________.

the SRY gene

The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________.

fallopian tubes

If gametes were diploid like somatic cells, how many chromosomes would the zygote contain?

Twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur.

Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________.

they have the same number of chromosomes

The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________.

mitosis

The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________.

interstitial endocrine cells

Which of the following occurs as a result of undescended testes?
A) Male sex hormones will not be circulated in the body.
B) Sperm will have no means of exit from the body.
C) Inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced.
D) Inadequate blood supply will retard the development of the testes.

Inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced.

Erection of the penis results from ________.

a parasympathetic reflex

Which is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?

corpus luteum

Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina?
A) serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte
B) serves as a passageway for menstrual flow
C) serves as the birth canal
D) receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse

serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

All of the following things occur during meiosis I with the exception of one thing. Select the statement below that does not occur during meiosis I.

The sister chromatids are separated from each other.

Which of the following statements is true of metaphase I of meiosis I?

Homologous pairs align randomly on the spindle equator with a mix of paternal and maternal homologs destined for each of the daughter cells.

Select the statement below that is false.
A) A cell undergoing meiosis results in 4 cells while a cell undergoing mitosis results in two cells.
B) Meiosis results in haploid cells while mitosis results in diploid cells.
C) Meiosis occurs only in stem cells while mitosis can occur in any of the body’s cells.
D) Meiosis occurs only after the onset of puberty and produces genetically unique cells while mitosis occurs throughout an entire life time and produces genetically identical cells.

Meiosis occurs only in stem cells while mitosis can occur in any of the body’s cells.

Select the statement which is true regarding independent assortment.
A) Its effects are significant in meiosis and in mitosis.
B) It is a significant source of genetic variation that occurs in meiosis I and meiosis II.
C) It only occurs in meiosis II.
D) It is a significant source of genetic variation only during meiosis I.

It is a significant source of genetic variation only during meiosis I.

Select the statement which is false.
A) Further genetic variation typically does not occur after meiosis I.
B) Meiosis II is essential the same process as mitosis except the starting cells are haploid (n).
C) Meiosis II is essential the same process as mitosis except the genetic material will not replicate before division takes place.
D) Crossing over is a source of genetic variability seen in meiosis while independent assortment is a source of genetic variability seen in mitosis.

Crossing over is a source of genetic variability seen in meiosis while independent assortment is a source of genetic variability seen in mitosis.

Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes?
A) The ampulla is the narrow constricted region.
B) The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary.
C) The isthmus is the normal site of fertilization.
D) The mesometrium supports the uterine tubes along their entire length.

The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary.

Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.
A) Rising levels of estrogen start follicle development.
B) High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.
C) The follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation.
D) The LH surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte.

High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.

Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is false?
A) Chlamydia is caused by bacteria that can often be asymptomatic or bring on a wide variety of symptoms.
B) Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterium that can bring on painful discharges in males.
C) Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.
D) Genital herpes is caused by a virus that may cause intermittent lesions

Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.

Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true?
A) The spermatogonium forms the primary spermatocyte.
B) The primary spermatocyte forms two secondary spermatocytes.
C) The secondary spermatocytes each form two spermatids.
D) Each spermatid forms two sperm

Each spermatid forms two sperm.

A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.

be unable to produce viable sperm

Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true?
A) Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube.
B) Ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses.
C) Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin.
D) The monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones.

Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin.

All but one of the following statements is true of uterine function. Select the statement that is not true of uterine function.
A) The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during child birth.
B) The endometrium has a functional layer that the embryo will implant into.
C) Its rhythmic, reverse peristalsis can propel sperm toward the egg.
D) The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.

The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.

The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill" contains an estrogen and progesterone or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones taken in the pill and circulating in the blood work because.

The hormones cause the woman’s body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation.

All but one of the following statements describes the necessity of the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that does not describe a necessity of the blood testis barrier.
A) Spermatocytes undergo meiosis only during puberty, well after the immune system has come to recognize "self" from "non-self" cells.
B) Spermatogenesis produces new combinations of genes and chromosomes that results in unique antigens that the immune system may see as foreign.
C) Foreign antigens produced by the newly formed sperm could initiate an autoimmune response against the developing sperm.
D) Sperm can only be produced at temperatures lower than body temperature. Inflammation in the testis could raise the temperature too high to produce sperm.

Sperm can only be produced at temperatures lower than body temperature. Inflammation in the testis could raise the temperature too high to produce sperm.

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play?

They regulate the temperature of the testes.

All but one of the following statements are true regarding the differences between early and late spermatids. Select the answer below that does not reflect a difference between early and late spermatids.

Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid.

During spermiogenesis ________.

the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for penetration when the sperm contacts the egg during fertilization

All but one of the events described below occur during spermiogenesis. Select the event that does not occur during spermiogenesis.

Mitochondrial DNA is packaged into the nucleus to be delivered to the egg during fertilization.

All but one of the following statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that is false.
A) Sustentocytes form the barrier with tight junctions.
B) The barrier separates the spermatocytes dividing by meiosis from exposing their unique antigens to the immune system.
C) The barrier marks the border between the basal compartment and the adluminal compartment.
D) The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis.

The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis