1. Answer: D 2. Answer: B 3. Answer: E 4. Answer: C 5. Answer: A |
Using Figure 16.1, match the following: 1) Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. 2) Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. 3) Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics. 4) Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. 5) Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ |
Growth Hormone = A |
Growth Hormone = ? Follicle Stimulating Hormone = ? Prolactin = ? Adrenocorticotropic Hormone = ? Thyroid Stimulating Hormone = ? |
A) Diabetes mellitus 11) An autoimmune problem 12) Hyposecretion of growth 13) Hyposecretion of the 14) Hyposecretion of the adrenal 15) Hypersecretion of growth |
11) C 12) E 13) A 14) B 15) D |
A) Cushing’s disease 16) Hyposecretion of the thyroid 17) Hypersecretion of the adrenal 18) Hypersecretion of growth 19) Hyposecretion of the thyroid |
16) B 17) A 18) D 19) C |
A) Hypophysis 20) The size and shape of a pea; 21) The gland that controls the 22) Produces hormones that 23) Produces a hormone that 24) Produces the bodyʹs major |
20) A 21) E 22) B 23) D 24) C |
TRUE or FALSE: The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin-parathormone. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. |
FALSE |
TRUE or FALSE: Addison’s disease is due to a deficit output of glucocorticoids only. |
FALSE |
TRUE or FALSE: Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: In aged individuals, chronic stress increases blood levels of cortisol and appears to contribute to memory deterioration. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: Type 2 diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: Most type 2 diabetics do not produce insulin. |
FALSE |
TRUE or FALSE: Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant. |
FALSE |
TRUE or FALSE: Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine. |
TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE: The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid. |
FALSE |
TRUE or FALSE: Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones. |
FALSE |
TRUE or FALSE: Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress. |
FALSE |
TRUE or FALSE: Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system. |
FALSE |
TRUE or FALSE: All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA. |
TRUE |
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. |
D) cortisol |
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. |
D) thymus gland |
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. |
D) second messengers |
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? |
A) enzyme |
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. |
D) hormones |
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. |
B) is partly contained within the infundibulum |
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? |
D) polycythemia |
Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? |
B) type of hormone |
Oxytocin ________. |
A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism |
ADH ________. |
D) is inhibited by alcohol |
Which of the folowing is not a type of hormone interaction? |
D) feedback |
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? |
B) stimulates production of an action potential |
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential |
D. direct control of the nervous system |
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. |
C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ |
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. |
C) hypophyseal portal system |
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. |
D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release |
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. |
A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene |
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. |
D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP |
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. |
C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers |
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. |
B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells |
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. |
B) epinephrine |
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? |
D) humoral stimulation |
The major targets of growth hormone are ________. |
D) bones and skeletal muscles |
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________. |
B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released |
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? |
A) the heart |
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. |
C) cortisol |
Leptin is secreted by ________. |
B) adipocytes |
The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. |
B) aldosterone |
Which of the following is <b>not</b> a steroid-based hormone? |
C) epinephrine |
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is: |
B) parathyroid hormone |
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. |
A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems |
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. |
D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system |
ACTH ________. |
B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone |
Aldosterone ________. |
B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption |
Which organ does <b>not</b> produce hormones? |
C) spleen |
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. |
C) up-regulation |
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. |
C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. |
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? |
B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. |
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? |
A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure |
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acidbased hormones? |
B) calcium |
FILL IN THE BLANK: Which hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? |
Steroids |
FILL IN THE BLANK: Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? |
Prolactin |
FILL IN THE BLANK: Acromegaly and gigantism are the result of _______ of growth hormone. |
hypersecretion |
FILL IN THE BLANK: The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the ________. |
thyroid |
FILL IN THE BLANK: Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs? |
erythropoietin |
FILL IN THE BLANK: Alpha islet cells produce ________, an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone. |
glucagon |
FILL IN THE BLANK: The ________ gland may influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity. |
pineal |
FILL IN THE BLANK: The ________ gland is especially large in early childhood; then declines in size and function with age. |
thymus |
FILL IN THE BLANK: Hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure can result in a condition called _____. |
acromegaly |
FILL IN THE BLANK: As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. |
ACTH |
SHORT ANSWER: Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands |
– Endocrine glands are ductless, and release to the blood to be transported to other organs – Exocrine glands have ducts through which products are released |
SHORT ANSWER: Why should the hypothalamus instead of the adenohypophysis be called the "master endocrine gland" |
-Adenohypophysis has many hormonal products -The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary activity through regulatory factors |
SHORT ANSWER: Why would one not expect to continue increasing in height |
-Growth hormone decreases with age. -Closure of epiphyseal plates prohibits further growth in long bones |
SHORT ANSWER: A woman iwth excessive body hair, deep voice, and enlarged clitoris shows the outward symptoms of which hormonal dysfunction |
– Hypersecretion of androgens |
SHORT ANSWER: A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently. Why? |
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion |
SHORT ANSWER: How is the heart involved as an endocrine gland |
– few cardiac cells create ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP) – helps regulate sallt output by kidney – ANP inhibits aldosterone and signals the kidney to remove more salt |
SHORT ANSWER: Briefly discuss target cell activation by hormone-receptor interaction |
Setp 1: binding to target cell, but depends on: – blood levels of hormone – relative number of receptors on or in target cell – affinity of the union between hormone and receptor |
SHORT ANSWER: Glucagon and insulin both target cells of the liver and are both made in the pancrease yet have very different effects on the cells they target. What accounts for this fact. |
– They use different cell surface receptors |
SHORT ANSWER: Basal metabolism declines with age. What factors contribute to that decline |
– thyroid follicles fill with colloid, fibrosis occurs – decline in hormone synthesis and release – increase in body fat relative to muscle, muscle is more active metabollically than fat |
SHORT ANSWER: List 4 mechanisms involved in the regulation of aldosterone |
1. the renin-angiotensin mechanism 2. plasma concentration of Na+ and K+ 3. Control exerted by ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) 4. Plasma concentration of ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) |
SHORT ANSWER: What is the difference between autocrines and paracrines |
– AUTOCRINES: self regulating, target is cel they were manufactured from – PARACRINES: act locally, only affect cells immediately around them |
SHORT ANSWER: Give an example of synergism in hormones |
-liver will release glucose in presence of glucagon or epinepherine. -if both are present amount of glucose is released is 150% |
A&P Chapter 16- The Endocrine System
Share This
Unfinished tasks keep piling up?
Let us complete them for you. Quickly and professionally.
Check Price