Gonadocorticoid(s) ________. |
production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty |
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. |
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release |
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________. |
entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei. |
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. |
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells |
Eicosanoids do not include ________. |
Hydrocortisones |
Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? |
Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood |
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. |
Second messengers |
ACTH ________. |
secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion |
Oxytocin ________. |
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism |
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acidbased hormones? |
calcium |
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. |
Thymus gland |
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. |
Hormones |
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________. |
targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released |
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. |
hypophyseal portal system |
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? |
Epinephrine |
Leptin is secreted by ________. |
Adipocytes |
Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? |
type of horomone |
The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________. |
TH |
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. |
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene |
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? |
humoral stimulation |
ADH ________. |
is inhibited by alcohol |
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. |
cortisol |
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? |
the heart |
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________. |
down-regulation |
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? |
enzyme |
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? |
All of these are signs. |
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. |
cortisol |
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? |
direct control of the nervous system |
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. |
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes |
The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. |
aldosterone |
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. |
up-regulation |
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? |
a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell’s DNA |
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. |
possible activation of several different second-messenger systems |
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. |
epinephrine |
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. |
during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes |
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. |
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ |
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. |
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP |
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. |
is partly contained within the infudibulum |
Which organ does not have hormone production? |
liver |
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? |
By increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure. |
A&P 2 Chapter 16
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