True or False: Muscles are only able to pull, they never push. |
True |
Which functional group has the major responsibility for countering a specific movement? antagonists |
antagonists |
What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called? an antagonist |
an agonist (prime mover) |
A muscle that opposes, or reverses, a particular movement is a(n) ________. agonist (prime mover) |
antagonist |
In general, a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces ________. abduction |
flexion |
True or False: Muscles that help to maintain posture are best described as synergists. |
False |
Antagonist |
Muscle that opposes and reverses the action of another muscle. |
Fixator |
Muscle that stabilizes the origin of another muscle. |
Agonist |
Muscle that is primarily responsible for bringing about a particular movement. |
Synergist |
Muscle that aids another by promoting the same movement. |
What type of muscle assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an agonist acts? an agonist |
a synergist |
True or False: Muscles that help maintain upright posture are fixators. |
True |
Which description of a muscle action is NOT correct? -Agonists are the prime movers for an action. |
Fixators hold joints in place, so movement does not occur |
Which of the following is NOT used as a criterion for naming muscles? – the locations of the muscle attachments |
the nervous system’s control of the muscle |
Which of the following are correctly matched? deltoid; at a right angle to the long axis |
rectus; straight |
Which of the following muscles is named for its size? gluteus maximus |
gluteus maximus |
The sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts on the ________. – platysma |
mastoid process of the temporal bone |
Which of these is not a way of classifying muscles? muscle shape |
the type of muscle fibers |
When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle’s name, what does it tell you about the muscle? – The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively. |
The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively. |
Which of the following muscles is named for its action? gluteus minimus |
levator labii superioris |
The names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. What does the term levator mean? -The muscle elevates and/or adducts a region. |
The muscle elevates and/or adducts a region. |
Which of the following are correctly matched? -circular arrangement of fascicles; describes the deltoid muscle |
convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle |
True or False: The arrangement of a muscle’s fascicles determines its range of motion and power. |
True |
True or False: Although all skeletal muscles have different shapes, the fascicle arrangement of each muscle is exactly the same. |
False |
Which of the following statements is correct? – The more a muscle shortens, the more power it generates. |
The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be. |
What is the main factor that determines the power of a muscle? – the shape |
the total number of muscle fibers (cells) available for contraction |
True or false: Muscle power depends mostly on the total number of muscle fibers (cells) in the muscle. |
False |
What are the levers that operate at a mechanical advantage called? speed levers |
power levers |
If L = load, F = fulcrum, and E = effort, what type of lever system is described as LEF? fourth-class lever |
third-class lever |
What is the major factor controlling how levers work? – the weight of the load |
the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum |
True or False: Regardless of type, all levers follow the same basic principle: effort farther than load from fulcrum = mechanical advantage; effort nearer than load to fulcrum = mechanical disadvantage. |
True |
Which of the following statements is correct regarding muscle position and its related action? – A muscle that crosses the ankle joint anteriorly produces flexion. |
A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of the knee joint produces flexion. |
Focus your attention on sections (c) and (d) in Focus Figure 10.1. Which of the following statements is correct regarding muscle position and its related action? – A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of the hip joint produces adduction. |
The teres major crosses on the medial side of the shoulder joint to produce adduction. |
The ________ crosses the anterior side of the shoulder joint and is the prime mover of arm flexion. |
pectoralis major |
As the prime mover of arm abduction, the middle fibers of the ______ contract to move the arm laterally away from the body. |
deltoid |
The ________ is an antagonist of the _____ for arm abduction |
teres major;deltoid |
The latissimus dorsi is an antagonist of the ______ for arm flexion. |
pectoralis major |
The _______ and deltoid posterior fibers are prime movers of arm extension. |
latissimus dorsi |
First-class levers ________. – are used when standing on tip-toe |
in the body can operate at a mechanical advantage or mechanical disadvantage, depending on specific location |
Which type of lever is demonstrated by using scissors? a first-class lever |
a first-class lever |
Which of the following movements demonstrates a first-class lever? – flexing your knee to raise your heel toward your buttocks |
raising your head up off your chest |
If a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage, it means that the ________. – effort is farther than the load from the fulcrum |
load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum |
True or False: A pair of tweezers is a good example of a second-class lever. |
False |
True or False: Both first- and second-class levers operate at a mechanical disadvantage. |
False |
Which of the following joint muscles is correctly matched with its lever type? – gastrocnemius tendon at the ankle: first-class lever |
biceps brachii at the elbow; third-class lever |
Why is the body position of both a post-surgical patient and the caregiver critical in performing a safe patient move from bed to chair? – because patients are not expected to exert any effort |
so that lifting leverage can be properly applied |
The hamstrings consist of three muscles located on the posterior thigh. Why is it recommended that a caregiver squat using these muscles to help a patient sit down? -because it prevents back muscle strain |
because it prevents back muscle strain |
True or False: The muscles of facial expression insert into skin or other muscles, not bones. |
True |
The ________ helps keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth during chewing. risorius |
buccinator |
The ________ is the main chewing muscle. buccinator |
masseter |
True or False: The buccinator muscle compresses the cheek and is well developed in nursing infants. |
True |
A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling. What is this muscle called? buccinator |
buccinator |
Which of the following best describes the orbicularis oris? – It pulls the lower lip down and back. |
It closes, purses, and protrudes the lips. |
Which of the following muscles is involved in producing horizontal wrinkles in the forehead? – the medial pterygoid |
the frontal belly of the epicranius |
At the grocery store a cute, little curly-haired child is standing behind you in line. You turn around for a moment and she sticks her tongue out at you. Which tongue muscle did she use? orbicularis oris |
genioglossus |
Which of the following describes the suprahyoid muscles? – They move the pharynx superiorly during swallowing. |
They are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity. |
What do the geniohyoid, hyoglossus, and stylohyoid muscles have in common? – All act on the tongue. |
All act on the tongue. |
True or False: In order to propel food down to the esophagus, the pharyngeal constrictor muscles are used |
True |
True or False: The major head flexors are the sternocleidomastoid muscles, with the help of the muscles attached to the hyoid bone. |
True |
True or False: Muscles connecting to the hyoid bone are important for swallowing and speech. |
True |
The masseter muscle originates on the __________. -medial surfaces of the maxilla and the zygomatic arch as well as the inferior border of the zygomatic arch |
medial surfaces of the maxilla and the zygomatic arch as well as the inferior border of the zygomatic arch |
The masseter is innervated by the _____________ branch of the trigeminal nerve. maxillary |
mandibular |
What muscle "undoes" what the sternocleidomastoid "does" during head flexion? omohyoid |
splenius capitis |
What functional movement is suggested by name of the erector spinae muscle? back extension |
back extension |
Which group of muscles elevates the first two ribs and flexes and rotates the neck? the splenius |
the scalenes |
True or False: Muscle spasms of the back often are due to the erector spinae contraction. |
True |
The muscle that divides the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities is the __________. psoas major |
diaphragm |
Which of the following muscles does the phrenic nerve innervate? the external intercostals |
the diaphragm |
The supraspinatus is named for its location on the posterior aspect of the scapula above the spine. What is its action? – to extend and medially rotate the humerus and to act as a synergist of the latissimus dorsi |
to initiate abduction of the arm, to stabilize the shoulder joint and to help prevent downward dislocation of the humerus |
Which muscle(s) is (are) contracted to exhale forcibly? internal intercostals and rectus abdominus |
internal intercostals and rectus abdominus |
True or False: The diaphragm flattens and moves inferiorly during inspiration. |
True |
Which of the following is not a muscle primarily involved in the breathing process? external intercostal |
latissimus dorsi |
The ________ runs deep to the internal oblique. latissimus dorsi |
transversus abdominis |
The abnormal protrusion of the small intestine through a weak point in the muscle of the abdominal wall is called a ________. pulled muscle |
hernia |
Which of the following muscles fixes and depresses the ribs and stabilizes the pelvis during walking? external oblique |
rectus abdominis |
Donna was rushing to class and slipped on a patch of ice and fell backward. An x-ray revealed a broken coccyx. All the associated muscles were bruised. Which muscles were they? -Coccygeus and gluteus maximus |
Levator ani and coccygeus Ischiocavernosus, |
A young pregnant woman went to a childbirth class and the instructor informed them about strengthening the muscles of the pelvic floor. What are these muscles, and why should she strengthen them? -Perineal muscle, levator ani, and coccygeus; strengthening these muscles helps in the delivery of the child by resisting downward forces when "pushing." |
Levator ani and coccygeus; strengthening these muscles helps in the delivery of the child by resisting downward forces when "pushing." |
A nurse can facilitate respiratory functioning by encouraging deep breathing exercises such as diaphragmatic breathing. What is diaphragmatic breathing? – It is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm, causing a decrease in pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity and facilitating blood flow to the heart. |
It is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm, causing an increase in pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity and facilitating blood flow to the heart. |
The ________ is known as the "boxer’s muscle." flexor digitorum longus |
serratus anterior |
Which of the following is NOT a rotator cuff muscle? subscapularis |
teres major |
Which of the following describes the suprahyoid muscles? – They depress the larynx and hyoid bone if the mandible is fixed. |
They are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity. |
True or False: The broadest muscle of the back is the latissimus dorsi. |
True |
Which of the following muscles is not a rotator cuff muscle? teres minor |
levator scapulae |
A reduction in the lateral angle of the glenohumeral joint in relation to the anatomical position would be called __________. adduction |
adduction |
Movement of the shoulder laterally away from the body is called __________. flexion |
abduction |
The transversus abdominus muscle is innervated by the __________. left scapular nerve |
intercostals nerves |
Which joint is considered the most flexible joint in the body? the elbow joint |
the shoulder joint |
Muscles of the shoulder can be divided into groups based on __________. size |
distribution and functional relationships |
Which of the following groups of muscles are not muscles of the shoulder? muscles that act on the pectoral girdle |
the anterior flexor muscles |
The external intercostals elevate the rib cage during __________. expiration |
inspiration |
The gluteus medius muscle is innervated by the __________. inferior gluteal nerve |
superior gluteal nerve |
The origins of the rectus abdominus muscle are on the __________. ischial bone |
pubic bone |
The origins of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle are the __________. – medial condyle and posterior surface of the femur |
lateral condyle and posterior surface of the femur |
The gastrocnemius muscle is innervated by the __________. fibular nerve |
tibial nerve |
The two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle converge to insert onto __________. the middle phalanx of digit one |
the calcaneus |
The origin of the external obliques includes ribs __________. five through twelve |
five through twelve |
The majority of the fibers of the gluteus maximus insert onto the __________. superior border of the os coxae |
iliotibial tract |
The gluteus maximus is the most powerful muscle during __________. medial rotation |
extension |
The actions of the internal intercostals are most important during __________. forced expiration |
forced expiration |
The actions of the internal obliques include __________. – compression of the rib cage to assist in forced inspiration |
compression of the abdomen to assist in forced expiration |
The insertion of the pectineus muscle is __________ and on the __________. posterior; pubis |
posterior; femur |
The pectineus muscle __________ the thigh and is innervated by the __________ nerve. adducts and flexes; femoral |
adducts and flexes; femoral |
The rhomboid minor muscle sits __________. superficial to the rhomboid major |
superior to the rhomboid major |
The deltoid muscle fibers are separated into __________. superior, middle, and inferior |
anterior, middle, and posterior |
The middle fibers of the deltoid muscle __________. adduct the arm |
abduct the arm |
The latissimus dorsi inserts __________. on the lesser tubercle of the humerus |
on the intertubercular groove of the humerus |
One of the actions of the latissimus dorsi muscle is to __________. abduct the arm |
adduct the arm |
All fibers of the triceps brachii are innervated by the __________. humeral nerve |
radial nerve |
The infraspinatus inserts on the ____________ of the humerus. acromial process of the scapula |
greater tubercle of the humerus |
The infraspinatus muscle is included in the __________ muscles. rotator cuff |
rotator cuff |
The ________ is a synergist of the latissimus dorsi; it extends, medially rotates, and adducts the humerus. teres minor |
teres major |
________ is a powerful forearm extensor. Brachialis |
Triceps brachii |
Tennis players often complain about pain in the arm (forearm) that swings the racquet. What muscle is usually strained under these conditions? the flexor digitorum profundus |
the brachioradialis |
The main forearm extensor is the __________. brachilais |
triceps brachii |
Where are the origins of most of the muscles that move the fingers? the wrist |
the forearm |
All of the muscles that originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus have one of two functions. Which of the following pairs is correct? wrist extension and forearm supination |
wrist flexion and forearm pronation |
Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh? soleus |
iliopsoas and rectus femoris |
Which of the following muscles is involved in crossing one leg over the other to produce the cross-legged position? the sartorius |
the sartorius |
Which of the following muscles is a flexor of the thigh? adductor magnus |
adductor magnus |
Which muscle acts as both a knee (leg) extensor and hip (thigh) flexor? gluteus maximus |
rectus femoris |
True or False: The anterior compartment of the thigh is involved in lower leg extension. |
True |
The quadriceps femoris is composed of three "vastus" muscles and the ________. semimembranosus |
rectus femoris |
Which of the following muscles is NOT a member of the hamstrings group? semitendinosus |
vastus intermedius |
Paralysis of which of the following muscles would make an individual unable to flex the knee? hamstring muscles |
hamstring muscles |
Which of the following is not a member of the hamstrings? biceps femoris |
gracilis |
Which of the following is a hamstring muscle? vastus medialis |
biceps femoris |
Which of the following muscles is involved in inversion at the ankle joint? fibularis (peroneus) tertius |
tibialis anterior |
The ________ extends the great toe. gastrocneumius |
extensor hallucis longus |
True or False: The soleus is a synergist of the gastrocnemius during plantar flexion. |
True |
Which of the following muscles inserts to the posterior calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon? the semitendinosus |
the gastrocnemius |
The insertion of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle is on __________. metacarpal three |
metacarpal two |
The insertion of the extensor digitorum branches into __________. three tendons |
four tendons |
The extensor hallucis longus muscle inserts on digit __________. four |
one |
The anterior muscles of the thigh that originate on the os coxae are __________. sartorius; rectus femoris |
sartorius; rectus femoris |
The interosseous membrane is located between the __________. humerus and ulna |
radius and ulna |
Which muscle of the wrist and fingers is a deep anterior flexor? flexor digitorum superficialis |
flexor pollicis longus |
Which superficial flexor muscle of the forearm is the most lateral? flexor carpi radialis |
flexor carpi radialis |
The palmaris longus inserts on the __________. bases of the second and third metacarpals |
palmar aponeurosis |
Which muscle is a superficial anterior flexor muscle? flexor digiti minimi brevis |
flexor digitorum superficialis |
The two muscles that insert on the fifth phalanx or on the fifth metatarsal are the __________. extensor digitorum longus and fibularis tertius |
extensor digitorum longus and fibularis tertius |
The extensor muscle that branches to form four tendons on the back of the hand is the __________. extensor ulnaris |
extensor digitorum |
The deep posterior extensor of the wrist and fingers __________. controls the index finger and wrist |
controls the thumb and index finger |
Which deep posterior extensor of the wrist originates on the radius and ulna and interosseous membrane? the extensor indicis |
the abductor pollicis longus |
The prime mover of wrist extension is the __________. extensor digitorum |
extensor digitorum |
Wrist abduction occurs through the actions of __________ muscles. four |
four |
Which of the following statements about muscles of the forearm is true? The pronator quadratus originates on the radius and inserts on the ulna. |
The pronator teres originates on the medial epicondyle and inserts on the radius. |
Forearm supination is assisted by the __________. triceps brachii |
biceps brachii |
An origin of the supinator is the __________. radius |
lateral epicondyl of the humerus |
The medial muscles of the hip joint that insert on the linea aspera are the __________. gracilis, adductor magnus, pectineus, and adductor longus |
adductor magnus, adductor brevis, and adductor longus |
The muscles that extend the forearm are located __________. laterally |
posteriorly |
Which of the following statements about muscles of the elbow joint is true? The biceps brachii is a posterior extensor. |
None of these statements is correct. |
The two heads of the biceps brachii muscle come together distally to insert on the __________. deltoid tuberosity |
radial tuberosity |
The smallest of the posterior extensors of the elbow joint is the __________. brachioradialis |
anconeus |
The origin of the long head of the triceps brachii is on the __________. anterior shaft of the humerus |
infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula |
Which of the following muscles is most responsible for moving the leg laterally away from the body, such as when taking a side step? biceps femoris |
gluteus medius |
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the muscle group known as the quadriceps femoris? sartorius |
sartorius |
Which of the following muscles inserts on the tibia? iliopsoas |
sartorius |
Which muscle is a synergist of the adductor group for adducting the thighs? sartorius |
gracilis |
True or False: The deltoid is a prime mover of the arm that acts in adduction. |
False |
True or False: Most superficial thorax muscles are extrinsic shoulder muscles. |
True |
The ________ tightens the neck and draws the corners of the mouth downward as in expressing horror. sternohyoid |
platysma |
Which of the following muscles does not act in plantar flexion? tibialis posterior |
popliteus |
Which rotator cuff muscle is correctly paired with its action? teres minor; adduction |
subscapularis; medial rotation |
True or False: Deep muscles of the thorax promote movements for breathing |
True |
A&P 1- Swiger (Chapter 10)
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